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Low-pressure gas chromatography (LPGC) has been known to be advantageous compared to standard GC since Giddings first described the concept in 1962, but a practical solution for its use eluded analytical chemists until the year 2000, when de Zeeuw fashioned a simple guard column restrictor concept to maintain positive inlet pressure for a wide-bore analytical column under vacuum. Initially introduced as rapid mass spectrometry (MS), de Zeeuw’s invention made LPGC practical in nearly any GC application using MS for detection. Lehotay and associates have demonstrated the advantageous features, excellent performance, and practical utility of LPGC–MS in dozens of publications since 2001. In our experience, LPGC–MS is the most practical and beneficial fast-GC technique available to achieve

Food analysis demands fast methods for routine control and high throughput of samples. Chromatographic separation enables simultaneous determination of numerous compounds in complex matrices, several approaches increasing separation efficiency and speed of analysis were involved. In this work, modern types of column with monolithic rod or superficially porous particles were employed and compared for determination of eight synthetic food dyes, their chromatographic performance was evaluated. During method optimization, cyano stationary phase Chromolith Performance CN 100 &times, 4.6 mm and Ascentis Express ES-CN 100 &times, 4.6 mm, 5 &micro, m were selected for the separation of polar colorants. The separation was performed by gradient elution of acetonitrile/methanol and 2% water solution of ammonium acetate at flow rate 2.0 mL min&minus, 1. Mobile phase composition and the gradients were optimized in order to enable efficient separation on both columns. The method using fused-core particle column provided higher separation efficiency, narrow peaks of analytes resulted in increased peak capacity and shortening of analysis time. After the validation, the method was applied for analysis of coloured beers, soft drinks and candies.

Security control is becoming a major global issue in strategic locations, such as airports, official buildings, and transit stations. The agencies responsible for public security need powerful and sensitive tools to detect warfare agents and explosives. Volatile signature detection is one of the fastest and easiest ways to achieve this task. However, explosive chemicals have low volatility making their detection challenging. In this research, we developed and evaluated fast chromatographic methods to improve the characterization of volatile signatures from explosives samples. The headspace of explosives was sampled with solid phase micro-extraction fiber (SPME). Following this step, classical gas chromatography (GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC) were used for analysis. A fast GC approach allows the elution temperature of each analyte to be decreased, resulting in decreased thermal degradation of sensitive compounds (e.g., nitro explosives). Using fast GC×GC, the limit of detection is further decreased based on the cryo-focusing effect of the modulator. Sampling of explosives and chromatographic separation were optimized, and the methods then applied to commercial explosives samples. Implementation of fast GC methods will be valuable in the future for defense and security forensics applications.

A fast liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination in human urine of seventeen benzodiazepines, four relevant metabolites together plus zolpidem and zopiclone. The sample preparation, optimized to take into account the matrix effect, was based on enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction. The separation of the twenty-three analytes was achieved in less than eight minutes. The whole methodology was fully validated according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 rules and 2006 SOFT/AAFS guidelines. Selectivity, linearity range, identification (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits, precision, accuracy and recovery were evaluated. For all the species the signal/concentration linearity was satisfactory in the 50-1000 ng/mL concentration range. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 30 ng/mL and LOQs from 1.7 to 100.0 ng/mL. Precisions were in the ranges 5.0-11.8%, 1.5-11.0% and 1.1-4.4% for low (100 ng/mL), medium (300 ng/mL) and high (1000 ng/mL) concentration, respectively. The accuracy, expressed as bias% was within ± 25 % for all the analytes. The recovery values, evaluated at 300 ng/mL concentration, ranged from 56.2% to 98.8%. The present method for the determination of several benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone in human urine proved to be simple, fast, specific and sensitive. The quantification by LC-MS/MS was successfully applied to 329 forensic cases among driving re-licensing, car accidents and alleged sexual violence cases.

Background A rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived free oxysterols and cholesterol in human plasma and atherosclerotic plaque. Method In vitro autoxidation of cholesterol during sample pretreatment was avoided by applying only one protein precipitation and re-concentration step using 80 μl plasma. For preparation of 10 mg atherosclerotic plaques an additional liquid–liquid extraction was included. Free 7-keto-, 7-α/s-hydroxy-, 5,6-α-epoxy-, 5,6-β-epoxycholesterol, cholestane-3s,5α,6s-triol and cholesterol were separated within 7 min on a monolithic column. An API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer was applied in positive ionization mode using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Results The detection limit was 0.1 ng/ml and the linearity ranged from 0.5 to 0.75 to 2000 ng/ml for the oxysterols and from 50 to 1000 μg/ml for cholesterol. Recovery was between 80.9 and 107.9%. Between-run imprecision ranged from 7.9 to 11.7%. Analysis of plasma samples from additional 50 middle-aged volunteers revealed a large inter-individual variability (e.g. 7-ketocholesterol 2.63-30.47 ng/ml). Oxysterol concentrations normalized to cholesterol were about 43 times higher in carotid plaque compared to plasma (n = 5). Conclusion This rapid LC–MS/MS method enables reliable quantification focused on especially ROS-derived oxysterols in human plasma and atherosclerotic plaque samples under high-throughput conditions.

12 pages, 7 figures.-- PMID: 16301074 [PubMed].-- Printed version published Nov 25, 2005.-- Issue title: "Chemical Separations and Chemometrics". Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) is shown to be a powerful tool to resolve coelution problems in liquid chromatograpy–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) in scan mode. This investigation was performed using two types of LC columns, one traditional LC column of 25 cm length with a slow gradient and a shorter LC column of 7.5 cm with a rapid gradient which allowed much faster analysis and save of reagents and solvents. Mixtures of multiple biocide compounds were simultaneously analyzed in standard mixtures and in environmental samples (sediment and wastewater samples) with little sample pretreatment. Using the more traditional LC 25 cm column, all biocide compounds were properly resolved by MCR-ALS and quantitatively analyzed with estimated errors always below 20%. When fast chromatography (LC column of 7.5 cm) was used, MCR-ALS resolution of the more strongly coeluted compounds was also achieved but limitations were found in their simultaneous quantitative determination, specially for environmental samples. This research was supported by the Spanish MCYT (BQU2003-00191).