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Soil metabolomics is an emerging approach for profiling diverse small molecule metabolites, i.e., metabolomes, in the soil. Soil metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, sugars, and volatile organic compounds, often contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and are directly linked to soil biogeochemical cycles driven by soil microorganisms. This paper presents an overview of methods for analyzing soil metabolites and the state-of-the-art of soil metabolomics in relation to soil nutrient cycling. We describe important applications of metabolomics in studying soil carbon cycling and sequestration, and the response of soil organic pools to changing environmental conditions. This includes using metabolomics to provide new insights into the close relationships between soil microbiome and metabolome, as well as responses of soil metabolome to plant and environmental stresses such as soil contamination. We also highlight the advantage of using soil metabolomics to study the biogeochemical cycles of elements and suggest that future research needs to better understand factors driving soil function and health.

In this paper, honeysuckle was used as raw material to compare the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme extraction (EE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE) and ultrasonic-enzyme extraction (UEE) on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharide extracted by the four methods from high to low was UE-LJP (7.74%), EE-LJP (4.35%), UEE-LJP (3.38%) and HWE-LJP (2.13%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods all contain uronic acid, and the polysaccharide was an acidic polysaccharide. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Lonicerae japonicae Flos had the lowest protein content (0.16%), the strongest water holding capacity and hydration characteristics. The total sugar content of polysaccharide extracted by enzymatic method was higher (38.68%). The antioxidant activity showed that the four polysaccharides had strong antioxidant activity. Among them, HWE-LJP, UE-LJP and EE-LJP had strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.067, 0.104 and 0.093 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of hydroxyl radicals, UEE-LJP showed strong scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.390 mg/mL. Therefore, different extraction methods had significant effects on the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. UE method and EE method could be used as the most suitable methods for extracting Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. This paper would provide reference for the development of functional food and antioxidant and other functional drug raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method for the extraction of 31 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) has been developed. Unlike previously published methods, this method utilizes the high-throughput nature of PLE (as opposed to Soxhlet or sonication methods) without using potentially harmful organic solvents like methylene chloride. Combinations of hexane and acetone and hexane and ethyl acetate at various temperatures were examined. Extracts were concentrated and analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The final optimized method utilized 1:1 v/v hexane/ethyl acetate at 100 °C for three static cycles (5 min each) at 80% flush volume and a 100 s N2 purge. This provided average surrogate corrected target analyte percent recoveries in spike and recovery experiments (n = 6) for OPEs and NOPEs of 106 ± 13%, with average surrogate recoveries of 88.6 ± 7.3%. The developed method was further validated using standard reference materials and was then applied to atmospheric particulate matter samples collected in the city of Providence, RI. The dataset reflected ambient concentrations of 16 OPEs and NOPEs (reported in pg m−3) for the first time in the greater Providence metropolitan area, including one of the first reports of NOPEs in atmospheric particulate matter in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) are known for their tendency to evaporate from source regions and undergo atmospheric transport to distant areas. Cold condensation intensifies dry deposition, particle deposition, and scavenging by snow and rain, allowing SVOCs to move from the atmosphere into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine and polar regions. However, no standardized methods exist for the sampling, laboratory processing, and instrumental analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in snow. The lack of reference methods makes these steps highly variable and prone to errors. This study critically reviews the existing literature to highlight the key challenges in the sampling phase, aiming to develop a reliable, consistent, and easily reproducible technique. The goal is to simplify this crucial step of the analysis, allowing data to be shared more effectively through standardized methods, minimizing errors. Additionally, an innovative method for laboratory processing is introduced, which uses activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as adsorbents, streamlining the analysis process. The extraction method is applied to analyze polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides (α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, HCB, and PeCB). The entire procedure, from sampling to instrumental analysis, is subsequently tested on snow samples collected on the Svalbard Islands. To validate the efficiency of the new extraction system, quality control measures based on the EPA methods 1668B and 1699 for aqueous methods are employed. This study presents a new, reliable method that covers both sampling and lab analysis, tailored for detecting POPs in snow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different extraction methods on the physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from Polygonatum sibiricum residue were investigated. The complex enzyme method (CE), ultrasonic-assisted complex enzyme method (UCE) and enzyme-alkali method (CEA) were used to extract IDF. The composition, physicochemical properties, glucose adsorption capacity, cation exchange capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of three IDFs were analyzed. Results showed that the yield of ultrasound-assisted compound enzyme method was the highest (84.68%). Three IDFs had a higher purity and mainly consisted of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The purity of UCE-IDF was up to 82.24%. UCE-IDF had the best water holding capacity (4.74±0.66) g/g, oil holding capacity (3.84±0.29) g/g, binding capacity (3.29±0.09) g/g, the highest total phenol content (7.77±0.07) mg/g, the best cation exchange capacity (0.40±0.003) mmol/g, and the antioxidant capacity. CEA-IDF had the highest swelling capacity (5.33±0.11) mL/g and flavonoid content (1.88±0.03) mg/g. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity (19326.67±41.63) μmol/g. Physical and chemical characterization indicated that the structure of UCE-IDF was more irregular and had higher thermal stability. The infrared spectra suggested that the three IDFs had the characteristic absorption peaks of cellulose. The X-ray results revealed that the three IDFs were cellulose I crystal. In summary, there were differences in physical and chemical properties and functional characteristics among the three IDFs. UCE-IDF showed significant advantages in several physical and chemical properties, such as water holding, oil holding thermal stability, and antioxidant activity. CEA-IDF was distinguished by its high flavonoid content and the best swelling power. CE-IDF had the best glucose adsorption capacity. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the application of IDF in food processing industry.

In this paper, honeysuckle was used as raw material to compare the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), enzyme extraction (EE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE) and ultrasonic-enzyme extraction (UEE) on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results showed that the yield of polysaccharide extracted by the four methods from high to low was UE-LJP (7.74%), EE-LJP (4.35%), UEE-LJP (3.38%) and HWE-LJP (2.13%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods all contain uronic acid, and the polysaccharide was an acidic polysaccharide. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Lonicerae japonicae Flos had the lowest protein content (0.16%), the strongest water holding capacity and hydration characteristics. The total sugar content of polysaccharide extracted by enzymatic method was higher (38.68%). The antioxidant activity showed that the four polysaccharides had strong antioxidant activity. Among them, HWE-LJP, UE-LJP and EE-LJP had strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.067, 0.104 and 0.093 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of hydroxyl radicals, UEE-LJP showed strong scavenging ability, and the half inhibitory concentration was 0.390 mg/mL. Therefore, different extraction methods had significant effects on the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. UE method and EE method could be used as the most suitable methods for extracting Lonicerae japonicae Flos polysaccharides. This paper would provide reference for the development of functional food and antioxidant and other functional drug raw materials.

Earwax, a semi-solid substance, of both humans and non-human animals contains the stress hormone cortisol. Extraction of cortisol from earwax requires the use of organic solvents to eliminate interference factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of organic solvents on the extraction efficiency of earwax cortisol from Hanwoo cattle. A factorial arrangement was used to determine the effects of solvent source (methyl alcohol [MA], diethyl ether [DE]) and assay diluent buffer (ADB) (0 and 1 mL) on earwax cortisol concentration (ECC) in Hanwoo cattle (parity 3, body weight = 462 kg). A 25 mg portion of the earwax sample was suspended in ADB, while another 25 mg portion was not suspended prior to extraction with MA and DE. The ECC was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cortisol kit. The results indicated that cortisol can be extracted from earwax with or without ADB. The extraction yield of cortisol from earwax was higher with MA than with DE (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MA is the preferred solvent for cortisol extraction owing to its high extraction yield, simple extraction process, and relatively low solvent consumption. Moreover, earwax cortisol can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the degree of chronic stress in Hanwoo cattle.

Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) contains bioactive phytochemicals supporting its wide array of pharmacological activities. Aucubin, a bioactive iridoid glycoside found in P. major, has been used as a marker substance for quality control. This study’s objective was to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on P. major leaf extracts based on the aucubin level. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the impact of process parameters on the UAE. The compound’s studies were developed and validated by the utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-PDA). Four independent variables were studied: extraction temperature (°C), extraction time, ethanol concentration (%), and ratio of solute to solvent. The analytical method used HPLC-PDA to quantify the aucubin content as the dependent variable. The study’s findings indicate that the most favorable conditions for UAE were attained at a temperature of 20°C for 20 min, an ethanol concentration of 25%, and a ratio of 1:5 g/mL. The HPLC-PDA approach that has been verified demonstrates its efficacy as a technique for quantifying the concentration of aucubin in the extract of P. major leaves. The obtained experimental values (5.736% mg/g) for the aucubin content, under the optimal conditions of UAE, exhibited a satisfactory level of concurrence with the values predicted by the RSM (5.774% mg/g). This finding showed that UAE and RSM can be developed as an efficient extraction method for P. major leaves.

In this paper, the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE), cellulase assisted extraction (CE), pectinase assisted extraction (PE), and ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction (UME) on the physicochemical properties and activities of polysaccharide from Apocinae venetiana (AVP) were studied. The results showed that the extraction rate in the order of AVP-PE (13.6%)>AVP-CE (13.4%)>AVP-UME (12.4%)>AVP-UE (12.1%)>AVP-HWE (9.2%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were mainly composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose in a different molar ratio, however, the proportion of each monosaccharide was different. The arabinose was the predominant monosaccharide for AVP-HWE and AVP-CE, and glucose for the others. Different polysaccharides exhibited typical infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharide compounds without a triple helix structure, and showed different surface structures. The polysaccharides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, among which AVP-HWE had the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability, with half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 0.219 and 0.072 mg/mL, respectively. AVP-UE had the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, with IC50 of 0.298 mg/mL. AVP-CE had the strongest ferrous ion chelating ability, with IC50 of 0.107 mg/mL, and there were few differences for the total reducing power between different polysaccharides. In summary, different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structure and activity of AVP, and UE and CE are more suitable for the extraction of AVP. This paper may be providing reference for the development and utilization of polysaccharides resources from Apocynum venetum leaves.

Background: Different methods for the extraction of trypsin inhibitors in beans (Phaseolus spp.) were investigated. Two randomised complete laboratory experiments were performed, one on the seeds and one on the pods. In the first, the seeds of common bean variety KIS Marcelijan, breeding line Ref_316 × 498 and runner bean variety Bonela were examined. In the second, the fresh pods of five common beans (three breeding lines, two varieties) were analysed. Four extraction methods were used, including ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15 and 30 min and shaking-assisted extraction for 60 and 180 min. Results: The results showed a significant increase in trypsin inhibitor activity-related traits in UAE compared to shaking extraction, with the 15 min ultrasonic process showing better efficacy than the one with 30 min duration. In the seed experiment, the breeding line Ref_316 × 498 showed the highest Trypsin Units Inhibited (TUI) and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min UAE. In the pod experiment, the breeding line 228_4aa_ca also showed the highest TUI and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min extraction with UAE. These results underline the potential of UAE to maximise trypsin inhibitor content. In addition, remarkable correlations between TUI, TUI/mg sample and the percentage of trypsin inhibition (%TIn) were observed in both experiments. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights into the relationship between bean genetic resources, extraction methods and trypsin inhibitor content in bean pods and seeds and serve as a basis for refining extraction protocols. The study encourages further research on the practical implications of investigated protocols for breeding programmes and agricultural practices.How to cite: Tavakoli Hasanaklou H, Pipan B, Meglič V, et al. Trypsin inhibitors in seeds and pods of Phaseolus vulgaris/coccineus: A comparative study of shaking and ultrasonic extraction methods. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.05.003.

Gardenia fruit oil is an edible vegetable oil extracted from gardenia fruit, which possesses various health benefits including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, and liver protection. Its unsaturated fatty acids account for more than 70% of the total fatty acids, and it also contains phenolic acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and other active components. In this review, the extraction process, nutritional composition and health effects of gardenia fructus oil were systematically introduced, and the key work that should be focused on the high-value utilization of gardenia fructus oil in food, cosmetics and biomedicine was prospected.

Pectin, a heteropolysaccharide derived from plant cell walls, is essential in the food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. Currently, citrus and apple peels are the primary sources for commercial pectin production. The yield and quality of pectin extracted from various plant sources significantly differ based on the extraction methods employed, which include physical, chemical, and biological processes. The complex structures of pectin, composed of polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan, influence its physicochemical properties and, consequently, its functionality. As a common polysaccharide, pectin finds applications across multiple sectors. In the food industry, it acts as a gelling agent and a packaging material; in pharmaceuticals, it is utilized for drug delivery and wound healing. Environmentally, pectin contributes to wastewater treatment by adsorbing pollutants. Current research focuses on alternative sources, sustainable extraction methods, and multifunctional applications of pectin. Ongoing studies aim to enhance extraction technologies and broaden the applications of pectin, thereby supporting sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV filters and parabens, as ingredients of cosmetics, are commonly occurring water pollutants. In our work, nutshells were used as biosorbents in the developed analytical procedure for the determination of UV filters and parabens in water samples. The shells obtained from walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts and pistachios were applied as biosorbents. The proposed analytical method can be used as a powerful alternative to other methods for the analysis of UV filters and parabens in water samples. A method of carrying out the sorption step and its parameters, i.e., the effect of time, pH, and salt addition, was developed. A method for the desorption of analytes was also developed, in which the type and volume of solvent, and the desorption time, were established. The recoveries were in the range of 59–117% for benzophenones and lower recoveries from 14 to 75% for parabens. The results showed that nutshells can be used as low-cost, efficient and eco-friendly biosorbents for the determination of parabens and UV filters in water samples. These materials can be used as a 'greener' replacement for the commercially available adsorbents for the extraction of cosmetic ingredients from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) contains bioactive phytochemicals supporting its wide array of pharmacological activities. Aucubin, a bioactive iridoid glycoside found in P. major , has been used as a marker substance for quality control. This study's objective was to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on P. major leaf extracts based on the aucubin level. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the impact of process parameters on the UAE. The compound's studies were developed and validated by the utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-PDA). Four independent variables were studied: extraction temperature (°C), extraction time, ethanol concentration (%), and ratio of solute to solvent. The analytical method used HPLC-PDA to quantify the aucubin content as the dependent variable. The study's findings indicate that the most favorable conditions for UAE were attained at a temperature of 20°C for 20 min, an ethanol concentration of 25%, and a ratio of 1:5 g/mL. The HPLC-PDA approach that has been verified demonstrates its efficacy as a technique for quantifying the concentration of aucubin in the extract of P. major leaves. The obtained experimental values (5.736% mg/g) for the aucubin content, under the optimal conditions of UAE, exhibited a satisfactory level of concurrence with the values predicted by the RSM (5.774% mg/g). This finding showed that UAE and RSM can be developed as an efficient extraction method for P. major leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UE), cellulase assisted extraction (CE), pectinase assisted extraction (PE), and ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction (UME) on the physicochemical properties and activities of polysaccharide from Apocinae venetiana (AVP) were studied. The results showed that the extraction rate in the order of AVP-PE (13.6%)>AVP-CE (13.4%)>AVP-UME (12.4%)>AVP-UE (12.1%)>AVP-HWE (9.2%). The polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were mainly composed of arabinose, glucose and galactose in a different molar ratio, however, the proportion of each monosaccharide was different. The arabinose was the predominant monosaccharide for AVP-HWE and AVP-CE, and glucose for the others. Different polysaccharides exhibited typical infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharide compounds without a triple helix structure, and showed different surface structures. The polysaccharides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, among which AVPHWE had the strongest DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability, with half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 0.219 and 0.072 mg/mL, respectively. AVP-UE had the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, with IC50 of 0.298 mg/mL. AVP-CE had the strongest ferrous ion chelating ability, with IC50 of 0.107 mg/mL, and there were few differences for the total reducing power between different polysaccharides. In summary, different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structure and activity of AVP, and UE and CE are more suitable for the extraction of AVP. This paper may be providing reference for the development and utilization of polysaccharides resources from Apocynum venetum leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, the use of bioactive compounds in various foods and cosmetic industry sectors through the development of general foods, functional foods, cosmetics, customized cosmetics and several pharmaceuticals has become one of the key technological sources. The most critical step in isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from natural plant materials is the extraction process. Over the past five years, there has been a reasonable compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements, resulting in safer and more efficient traditional and non-traditional extraction methods. This literature review aims to comprehensively review green extraction technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials from 2020 to 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom polysaccharides, key components of fungal cell walls, exhibit various biological properties and hold significant medicinal and industrial value. These polysaccharides are known for their medicinal properties like antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties. Mushroom polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, α-glucans, and chitin, have been associated with various health benefits. β-glucans are well studied for their bioactivities, while α-glucans and chitin have gained attention for their prebiotic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. The therapeutic effects of these polysaccharides are closely linked to their chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond types. This work aims to review the studies on mushroom polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structural composition to deepen medicinal properties of mushroom polysaccharides. Also, the extraction methods and the pharmaceutical application of polysaccharides will be revised in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Different methods for the extraction of trypsin inhibitors in beans (Phaseolus spp.) were investigated. Two randomised complete laboratory experiments were performed, one on the seeds and one on the pods. In the first, the seeds of common bean variety KIS Marcelijan, breeding line Ref_316 × 498 and runner bean variety Bonela were examined. In the second, the fresh pods of five common beans (three breeding lines, two varieties) were analysed. Four extraction methods were used, including ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15 and 30 min and shaking-assisted extraction for 60 and 180 min. Results The results showed a significant increase in trypsin inhibitor activity-related traits in UAE compared to shaking extraction, with the 15 min ultrasonic process showing better efficacy than the one with 30 min duration. In the seed experiment, the breeding line Ref_316 × 498 showed the highest Trypsin Units Inhibited (TUI) and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min UAE. In the pod experiment, the breeding line 228_4aa_ca also showed the highest TUI and TUI/mg sample after a 15 min extraction with UAE. These results underline the potential of UAE to maximise trypsin inhibitor content. In addition, remarkable correlations between TUI, TUI/mg sample and the percentage of trypsin inhibition (%TIn) were observed in both experiments. Conclusions These results provide valuable insights into the relationship between bean genetic resources, extraction methods and trypsin inhibitor content in bean pods and seeds and serve as a basis for refining extraction protocols. The study encourages further research on the practical implications of investigated protocols for breeding programmes and agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The intrusion of objects into track areas is a significant issue affecting the safety of urban rail transit systems. In recent years, obstacle detection technology based on LiDAR has been developed to identify potential issues, in which accurately extracting the track area is critical for segmentation and collision avoidance. However, because of the sparsity limitations inherent in LiDAR data, existing methods can only segment track regions over short distances, which are often insufficient given the speed and braking distance of urban rail trains. As such, a new approach is developed in this study to indirectly extract track areas by detecting references parallel to the rails (e.g., tunnel walls, protective walls, and sound barriers). Reference point selection and curve fitting are then applied to generate a reference curve on either side of the track. A centerline is then extrapolated from the two curves and expanded to produce a 2D track area with the given size specifications. Finally, the 3D track area is acquired by detecting the ground and removing points that are either too high or too low. The proposed technique was evaluated using a variety of scenes, including tunnels, elevated sections, and level urban rail transit lines. The results showed this method could successfully extract track regions from LiDAR data over significantly longer distances than conventional algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild jujube, known as “green gem”, is rich in polysaccharides. This study evaluated the effects of various extraction techniques, including hot water extraction, alkali extraction, acid extraction, and enzyme extraction, on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides extracted from wild jujube flesh (WJFP). The results showed significant variations in polysaccharide yield and characteristics among five WJFPs. The total polysaccharide content ranged from 47.31% to 67.60%, while the protein content ranged from 1.29% to 1.87%. Despite similar monosaccharide compositions (arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucuronic acid), their proportions showed notable differences. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that the samples contained similar typical polysaccharide peaks, while nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed consistent glycosyl residue types across all WJFPs. In terms of bioactivity, WJFP-Ac exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging, while WJFP-HA and WJFP-E demonstrated effective α-glucosidase inhibition. WJFP-HA also demonstrated strong antioxidant abilities, including DPPH scavenging and total antioxidant characteristics. The findings of this study highlighted how molecular weight and monosaccharide composition influenced the bioactivity of WJFP, providing a foundation for optimizing the extraction and utilization of WJFPs in various applications.

During mango (Mangifera indica) processing, significant by-products like peel and kernel are generated. Mango seed kernels are cost-effective and readily available materials for starch extraction. This study explores low-cost methods to extract mango kernel starch (MKS) from Surjapuri (X) and Amrapali (Y) varieties using distilled water and alkaline solution. Proximate analysis revealed starch yield variations from 44.49 % to 62.11 %, with moisture content between 4.32 % and 5.89 %, protein content from 0.067 % to 0.069 %, fat content from 0.22 % to 0.24 %, and ash content from 0.12 % to 0.14 %. X-variety starch extracted using distilled water had a higher yield (62.11 %), foaming capacity (5.94 %), and emulsion capacity (6.36 %), while alkaline extraction showed higher water absorption (0.16 %) and oil absorption (0.15 %). Y-variety starch showed higher amylose content (23.50 %) with distilled water extraction and higher pH (7.94) with alkaline extraction. X-variety starch had higher swelling power (11.35 g g-1) with distilled water extraction and higher solubility (0.27 %) with alkaline extraction at 90 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA), Heat map, and Pearson correlation analyses highlighted significant relationships between proximate and physicochemical properties. These results suggest that distilled water extraction is an effective, low-cost method for isolating high-quality MKS, with potential applications in various industries.

The natural vegetable oil known as Korean pine seed oil is well-known for its high content of being various unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic, linoleic and pinopuric acid. It has been proved that Korean pine seed oil has several physiological benefits such as lowering blood lipids, enhanceing immunity, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and anti-tumor. This review summarized the extraction methods and pharmacological effects of Korean pine seed oil in recent years, and put forward good suggestions for its application in edible oil and industrial production.

Mushroom polysaccharides, key components of fungal cell walls, exhibit various biological properties and hold significant medicinal and industrial value. These polysaccharides are known for their medicinal properties like antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties. Mushroom polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, α-glucans, and chitin, have been associated with various health benefits. β-glucans are well studied for their bioactivities, while α-glucans and chitin have gained attention for their prebiotic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. The therapeutic effects of these polysaccharides are closely linked to their chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond types. This work aims to review the studies on mushroom polysaccharides, with a particular focus on their structural composition to deepen medicinal properties of mushroom polysaccharides. Also, the extraction methods and the pharmaceutical application of polysaccharides will be revised in this work.

As the main by-product of rice processing, rice bran is rich in many nutriments, such as oil, protein, and bioactive substances. The protein content in rice bran accounts for about 15%~17% of rice bran, which is divided into albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin with the amino acid composition close to the pattern recommended by FAO/WHO. It is a high-quality plant protein source with low allergenicity and high bio-efficacy. The acquisition of rice bran protein can increase the added value of rice and has broad application prospects in the fields of food and medicine. Therefore, this paper reviewes the extraction methods, functional properties and functional complexes of rice bran protein, and the application status of rice bran protein and its complexes in the fields of bioactive peptides, infant food, food additives, nutrition delivery system are also introduced. Finally, the challenge of future research on rice bran protein is proposed. This review provides certain ideas and references for the industrial production and high-value utilization of rice bran protein.

Soil metabolomics is an emerging approach for profiling diverse small molecule metabolites, i.e., metabolomes, in the soil. Soil metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, organic acids, sugars, and volatile organic compounds, often contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and are directly linked to soil biogeochemical cycles driven by soil microorganisms. This paper presents an overview of methods for analyzing soil metabolites and the state-of-the-art of soil metabolomics in relation to soil nutrient cycling. We describe important applications of metabolomics in studying soil carbon cycling and sequestration, and the response of soil organic pools to changing environmental conditions. This includes using metabolomics to provide new insights into the close relationships between soil microbiome and metabolome, as well as responses of soil metabolome to plant and environmental stresses such as soil contamination. We also highlight the advantage of using soil metabolomics to study the biogeochemical cycles of elements and suggest that future research needs to better understand factors driving soil function and health.

Abstract In order to obtain the best mass spectrometry identification results for using the most appropriate methods in clinical practice, we explore the optimal pretreatment methods for different species and morphologies of filamentous fungi. 98 fungal strains were treated with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, extraction method, and other methods using a medium element mass spectrometer (EXS3000) as a platform. Each strain had three targets, and the identification rates and confidence differences under different pre-treatment methods were compared to evaluate the identification effects of these methods. The mass spectrometry identification rates of 98 filamentous fungi obtained after pre-treatment with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, and extraction method were 85.71%, 82.65%, and 75.51%, respectively. The identification rate of the formic acid sandwich method was significantly higher than the other two methods (P

Abstract Background Phytophthora sojae, a soil-borne oomycete pathogen, has been a yield limiting factor for more than 60 years on soybean. The resurgence of P. sojae (Phytophthora sojae) is primarily ascribed to the durable oospores found in soil and remnants of the disease. P. sojae is capable of infesting at any growth periods of the soybean, and the succeed infestation of P. sojae is predominantly attributed to long-lived oospores present in soil. Comprehending the molecular mechanisms that drive oospores formation and their significance in infestation is the key for effective management of the disease. However, the existing challenges in isolating and extracting significant quantities of oospores pose limitations in investigating the sexual reproductive stages of P. sojae. Results The study focused on optimizing and refining the culture conditions and extraction process of P. sojae, resulting in establishment of an efficient and the dependable method for extraction. Novel optimized approach was yielded greater quantities of high-purity P. sojae oospores than traditional methods. The novel approach exceeds the traditional approaches with respect to viability, survival ability, germination rates of new oospores and the pathogenicity of oospores in potting experiments. Conclusion The proposed method for extracting P. sojae oospores efficiently yielded a substantial quantity of highly pure, viable, and pathogenic oospores. The enhancements in oospores extraction techniques will promote the research on the sexual reproductive mechanisms of P. sojae and lead to the creation of innovative and effective approaches for managing oomycete diseases.

In this study, for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds found in high amounts in aronia fruit, three different extraction methods (classical, ultrasound, and ultrasonic), three different traditional solvents (water, ethanol, acidified 80% methanol) as well as five different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used. Color indices as L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total antioxidant capacity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential assays), and phenolic compounds of the aronia fruit extracts were analyzed. There were significant differences in the measured parameters depending on the extraction method and solvent type. Extracts in ultrasound and classical extraction had similar and higher TPC than those in ultrasonic extraction. The highest TFC (66.87 mg of QE/g) was determined in the extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the highest TMA content (1551.08 mg of Cyn-3-glu/kg) was determined in the extracts by ultrasonic extraction. In the statistical evaluations, the highest average TPC (66.71 and 60.97 mg of GAE/g, respectively) was determined in the aronia extracts prepared with choline chloride:acetic acid and choline chloride:citric acid. Using NADES increased the TPC, and TFC while providing results close to methanol in the TMA content. Based on these results, better results will be obtained using these solvents in obtaining extracts used in the production of functional foods in the food industry with high TPC, TFC, and monomeric anthocyanin content. The present study shows the potential for creating ecofriendly solvents with enhanced extraction capabilities compared to classical solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from aronia fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Phytophthora sojae, a soil-borne oomycete pathogen, has been a yield limiting factor for more than 60 years on soybean. The resurgence of P. sojae (Phytophthora sojae) is primarily ascribed to the durable oospores found in soil and remnants of the disease. P. sojae is capable of infesting at any growth periods of the soybean, and the succeed infestation of P. sojae is predominantly attributed to long-lived oospores present in soil. Comprehending the molecular mechanisms that drive oospores formation and their significance in infestation is the key for effective management of the disease. However, the existing challenges in isolating and extracting significant quantities of oospores pose limitations in investigating the sexual reproductive stages of P. sojae. Results: The study focused on optimizing and refining the culture conditions and extraction process of P. sojae, resulting in establishment of an efficient and the dependable method for extraction. Novel optimized approach was yielded greater quantities of high-purity P. sojae oospores than traditional methods. The novel approach exceeds the traditional approaches with respect to viability, survival ability, germination rates of new oospores and the pathogenicity of oospores in potting experiments. Conclusion: The proposed method for extracting P. sojae oospores efficiently yielded a substantial quantity of highly pure, viable, and pathogenic oospores. The enhancements in oospores extraction techniques will promote the research on the sexual reproductive mechanisms of P. sojae and lead to the creation of innovative and effective approaches for managing oomycete diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain the best mass spectrometry identification results for using the most appropriate methods in clinical practice, we explore the optimal pretreatment methods for different species and morphologies of filamentous fungi. 98 fungal strains were treated with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, extraction method, and other methods using a medium element mass spectrometer (EXS3000) as a platform. Each strain had three targets, and the identification rates and confidence differences under different pre-treatment methods were compared to evaluate the identification effects of these methods. The mass spectrometry identification rates of 98 filamentous fungi obtained after pre-treatment with formic acid sandwich method, dispersion method, and extraction method were 85.71%, 82.65%, and 75.51%, respectively. The identification rate of the formic acid sandwich method was significantly higher than the other two methods (P < 0 005) has the best identification ability and the obtained confidence is also higher than the other two methods. The use of formic acid sandwich method for mass spectrometry identification of filamentous fungi can achieve ideal identification results, which is suitable for mass spectrometry identification of filamentous fungi in conventional laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond oil is a kind of functional edible oil with rich nutrition and high medicinal value. This paper reviews the various functional properties of almond oil such as antioxidation, hypoglycemic effect and cardiovascular disease prevention, as well as the extraction and microencapsulation technology at home and abroad. The benefits and drawbacks of all these technical methods are made clear by comparing various extraction techniques, such as mechanical expression, solvent extraction, and water extraction of almond oil, as well as microencapsulation techniques, such as spray drying, complex coacervation, extrusion, and freeze-drying. The study provides a feasible, quick, effective, and secure technology for the industrial production and preparation of almond oil and might serve as a theoretical reference for its stable preparation and rational utilization.

The obligatory will, constituting one-third of the deceased's estate, is a legal provision ensuring inheritance to the descendants of a child who passed away either during the deceased's lifetime or simultaneously. This concept, absent in the doctrines of ancient jurists such as Abu Hanifa, Malik, Al-Shafi’I, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, and even the Jaafari jurists, has evolved and become established in contemporary legal frameworks. Contrary to the Imami school's stance, which doesn't deem a will as obligatory, modern law has incorporated and standardized the obligatory will. However, extracting this obligatory will poses a practical challenge for judicial experts, particularly when individuals with inheritance rights are involved. The question arises: should the obligatory will be extracted from the entire estate, leaving the inheritance unchanged, or should the remaining estate be redistributed among the heirs after extracting the will? The preferred approach, as we advocate, is to extract the obligatory will first and subsequently redistribute the remaining estate among the heirs, ensuring a judicious resolution to this intricate inheritance matter.

Background and Aim: Hermetia illucens, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and convert them into nutrient-rich biomass, including proteins, lipids, chitin, and minerals. This study investigated the best extraction method by comparing the fatty acid profiles, percentage yield, and antioxidant properties of BSFL oil extracted using different extraction methods. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and free radical scavenging ability of BSFL oil were analyzed using six extraction methods. Results: Ultrasonic extraction with hexane resulted in the highest yields compared with different extraction methods. Lauric acid (28%–37%) was the most abundant fatty acid in all extracts, followed by palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Compared with other methods, aqueous extraction showed the highest lauric acid composition and free radical scavenging activities. In addition, high-temperature aqueous extraction resulted in higher oil yield and free radical scavenging activities than low-temperature extraction. Conclusion: High-temperature aqueous extraction is the best extraction method because it is rich in lauric acid, has antioxidant ability, and can be further developed to produce novel sustainable biomaterials for humans and animals.

Geum japonicum Thunb. var. Chinese F. Bolle, a traditional Miao medicine with significant clinical potential, is rich in polysaccharides. Despite its importance, there is a scarcity of research on the structure and activities of these polysaccharides. In this study, polysaccharides from Geum japonicum (GJPs) were extracted using various methods, including heated reflux extraction (HRE), acidic extraction (ACE), alkaline extraction (AAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzymatic extraction (EAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and deep eutectic solvents extraction (DESE). The extraction yield, physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and antioxidant activities of these polysaccharides were comprehensively investigated and compared. Physicochemical analysis, including FT-IR spectral features and monosaccharide compositions, revealed that the GJPs are acidic heteropolysaccharides with both α- and β-configurations. DESE and ACE were the most effective methods for obtaining the highest neutral and acidic sugars with yields of 29.1%/64.2%, and 39.8%/55.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, AAE was preferable for extracting the polysaccharide–protein complex, achieving a yield of 14.21% and exhibiting superior thermal stability. In particular, DESE and PLE showed the best homogeneity with distinct molecular weights of 39.5 kDa and 17.6 kDa, respectively. In addition, biological evaluation indicated that DESE and MAE exhibited relatively stronger antioxidant activities as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS assays. Conversely, ACE demonstrated highest Fe2+ chelating ability but the lowest activity in DPPH and ABTS assays. Furthermore, the results of correlation analysis showed that the monosaccharides composition, protein and polyphenol content were significantly associated with the antioxidant activity. The choice of extraction method greatly affects the property and activity of G. japonicum polysaccharides. Polysaccharides extracted by deep eutectic solvents from G. japonicum show promise as natural antioxidants in the food and medicine industries.

Dragon fruit peel, often discarded, is a valuable source of commercial pectin. This study investigates different extraction methods, including cold-water (CW), hot-water (HW), ultrasound (US), and novel enzyme extraction (xylanase: EZX), to extract pectins from dragon fruit peel and compare their characteristics. The pectin yield ranged from 10.93% to 20.22%, with significant variations in physicochemical properties across methods (p < 0.05). FTIR analysis revealed that extraction methods did not alter the primary structural configuration of the pectins. However, molecular weights (Mws) varied significantly, from 0.84 to 1.21 × 103 kDa, and the degree of esterification varied from 46.82% to 51.79% (p < 0.05). Monosaccharide analysis identified both homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectic configurations in all pectins, predominantly comprising galacturonic acid (77.21–83.12 %mol) and rhamnose (8.11–9.51 %mol), alongside minor side-chain sugars. These properties significantly influenced pectin functionalities. In the aqueous state, a higher Mw impacted viscosity and emulsification performance, while a lower Mw enhanced antioxidant activities and promoted the prebiotic function of pectin (Lactis brevies growth). This study highlights the impact of extraction methods on dragon fruit peel pectin functionalities and their structure–function relationship, providing valuable insights into predicting dragon fruit peel's potential as a food-grade ingredient in various products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to optimize the extraction of crocin from saffron through various methods and energy levels, and to investigate its stability during storage and heat treatment. Three extraction techniques-maceration, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)-were evaluated at different energy levels to determine the most efficient method. The resulting extracts were then subjected to stability tests under varying storage temperatures (-12 to 35 °C) and heat treatment conditions (100 to 200 °C). Our findings indicate that MAE and UAE, particularly at higher energy levels for 5 minutes, yielded the most efficient extraction, with an average coloring strength of 265. During storage, crocin degradation followed a zero-order kinetic model, with the degradation rate increasing with higher storage temperatures. The shortest half-life was observed at freezing temperature (100 hours), while the shortest half-life at 35 °C was less than 10 hours. Similarly, during heat treatment, crocin degradation followed a zero-order kinetic model at 100 and 150 °C, with half-lives of 260 and 74 minutes respectively. At 200 °C, the degradation kinetics shifted to first order, with a half-life of 20 minutes. Our results suggest that MAE and UAE at high energy levels are optimal for crocin extraction, and highlight the impact of temperature on crocin stability during storage and heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Hermetia illucens, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and convert them into nutrient-rich biomass, including proteins, lipids, chitin, and minerals. This study investigated the best extraction method by comparing the fatty acid profiles, percentage yield, and antioxidant properties of BSFL oil extracted using different extraction methods. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and free radical scavenging ability of BSFL oil were analyzed using six extraction methods. Results: Ultrasonic extraction with hexane resulted in the highest yields compared with different extraction methods. Lauric acid (28%-37%) was the most abundant fatty acid in all extracts, followed by palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Compared with other methods, aqueous extraction showed the highest lauric acid composition and free radical scavenging activities. In addition, high-temperature aqueous extraction resulted in higher oil yield and free radical scavenging activities than low-temperature extraction. Conclusion: High-temperature aqueous extraction is the best extraction method because it is rich in lauric acid, has antioxidant ability, and can be further developed to produce novel sustainable biomaterials for humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedless chestnut rose (Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi, RS) is a fresh type of R. roxburghii Tratt with copious functional components in its fruit. Polysaccharides are recognized as one of the vital bioactive compounds in RS fruits, but their antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties have not been extensively explored. Hence, in this study, accelerated solvent extraction (RSP-W), citric acid (RSP-C), 5% sodium hydroxide/0.05% sodium borohydride (RSP-A), and 0.9% sodium chloride (RSP-S) solution extraction were individually utilized to obtain RS fruit polysaccharides. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and biological activities were then compared. Results indicated that extraction methods had significant influences on the extraction yield, uronic acid content, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, particle size, thermal stability, triple-helical structure, and surface morphology of RSPs apart from the major linkage bands and crystalline characteristics. The bioactivity tests showed that the RSP-S, which had the greatest amount of uronic acid and a comparatively lower molecular weight, exhibited more potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory property. Furthermore, all RSPs inhibited α-glucosidase through a mixed-type manner and quenched their fluorescence predominantly via a static quenching mechanism, with RSP-S showing the highest binding efficiency. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for utilizing RSPs as functional ingredients in food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most abundant natural polysaccharides that possess good biological activity, chitosan is extracted from chitin. Its application in the food field is being increasingly valued. However, chitosan extraction is difficult, and its poor solubility limits its application. At present, the extraction methods include the acid–base method, new chemical methods, and biological methods. The extraction rates of chitin/chitosan are 4–55%, 13–14%, and 15–28%, respectively. Different chemical modifications have different effects on chitosan, making it applicable in different fields. This article reviews and compares the extraction and chemical modification methods of chitosan, emphasizing the importance of green extraction methods. Finally, the application prospects of chitosan in the food industry are discussed. This will promote the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods for chitosan as well as the relationship between modification and application, providing valuable insights for the future development of chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil was extracted from melon seeds with three different methods (Soxhlet, cold-pressed, aqueous enzymatic extraction), aiming to evaluate its physicochemical properties and oxidative stability. The melon seed oil contained high levels of linoleic acid (53.6 %–70.8 %, w/w), squalene (101.1–164.7 mg/100 g), and β-sitosterol (119.5–291.9 mg/100 g). Results showed that the choice of the extraction method did not alter the fatty acid composition, but impacted on the physicochemical properties, the content of bioactive compounds and oxidative stability of the oil. Specifically, melon seed oil obtained by aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) exhibited higher tocopherol content and better oxidative stability compared to the oil obtained by other two extraction methods. Overall, AEE is a promising oil extraction method and could be an alternative to conventional oil extraction methods that could be implemented for the production of high-quality melon seed oil.

Goupi plaster, a representative preparation of black plaster, has demonstrated promising effects in treating knee osteoarthritis. However, high temperature used in traditional frying extraction may cause decomposition of its effective components, thus limiting the efficacy. This study aimed to explore the scientific nature of the traditional preparation technology of Goupi plaster, and to compare the effects of different extraction methods on the types of chemical components and the content of index components. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and UPLC-MS/MS technologies which have high efficiency, sensitivity and accuracy, were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the chemical components of Goupi plaster under different preparation processes. The results show that the extraction solvent approach is different from the traditional frying extraction method, and has a positive effect. However, the mechanism of action of Goupi plaster is complex and its pharmacological effects are diverse. Future studies should explore whether it necessary to change the frying extraction method. This experiment provides a theoretical basis that will guide further scientific discussion and research into the frying extraction of Goupi plaster.

To enhance the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots, the Response Surface Methodology was utilized to optimize the protein extraction process of Chimonobambusa purpurea Hsueh f. & T.P.Yi (syn. Chimonobambusa neopurpurea T.P.Yi) bamboo shoots. Choline chloride and proline were utilized as hydrogen bond acceptors in a total of eight deep eutectic solvents, whereas glucose, sucrose, glycerol, ethylene glycol, acetylpropionic acid, malic acid, and lactic acid were used as hydrogen bond donors. This work examined the protein extraction from bamboo shoots using deep eutectic solvents. Single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the optimal composition of the deep eutectic solvents, along with the ideal gradients of material-liquid ratio gradients, water content, extraction time, and water bath temperature. The impact and interplay of various variables on the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots were examined using the Box-Behnken Design and Response Surface Methodology. Both the water bath temperature and the extraction time significantly influenced the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots. Notably, the interaction between extraction time and water bath temperature had the most substantial effect on the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots. The quadratic response surface regression equation for the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots relative to the actual values of each factor was obtained as follows: Protein extraction rate = −193.3275 + 3.8395 A - 18.7075 B + 6.3285 C + 0.2125 AB - 0.0089 AC + 0.024 BC - 0.02885 A2 + 0.685 B2 - 0.06455 C2. Finally, this work predicted optimum extraction parameters for bamboo shoots with choline chloride-sucrose (molar ratio 1:2), a material-liquid ratio of 1:50, a water content of 74 %, an extraction time of 4 h, and a water bath temperature of 44 ℃. Under the optimal conditions, the protein extraction yield was 59.39±0.45 %, which aligned with the predicted value from the response surface fitting equation. This indicated that the optimised regression equation may have practical significance. Compared with conventional extraction using a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, deep eutectic solvents extraction of bamboo shoots is more environmentally friendly, non-toxic and harmless. It provides a theoretical and experimental reference for industrial extraction and offers a reference for deep eutectic solvent development in bamboo shoot resource utilization.Key message:To enhance the protein extraction rate of bamboo shoots, the Response Surface Methodology was utilized to optimize the protein extraction process of bamboo shoots.

In this study, the structural characters, antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides (HRPs) obtained by the commonly used hot water (HRP-W), pressurized hot water (HRP-H), ultrasonic (HRP-U), acid (HRP-C) and alkali (HRP-A) assisted extraction methods were investigated. The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, particle size, triple-helical structure, and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability. The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities. Moreover, the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network (HRP-C, HRP-W and HRP-U), which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity. The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.