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The upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) is a common chronic cough in children, and it has gradually increased in recent years. Chinese medicine believes that the main location of the disease is nasopharynx, which is closely related to the spleen and kidney. The most common pathological factor is wind, phlegm, deficiency and stasis, and the basic pathogenesis is upward inversion of lung Qi. Chinese medicine treatment mainly focuses on the combination of disease and syndrome differentiation, the combination of body and syndrome differentiation, staged Chinese medicine differentiation and treatment, cold and heat syndrome differentiation, viscera syndrome differentiation, Chinese medicine external treatment and combination of Chinese medicine and western medicine in order to regulate lung Qi. This article mainly elaborates on the differentiation and treatment of Chinese medicine for pediatric UACS, as well as its clinical treatment effects to provide some reference for further research on the treatment of pediatric UACS with Chinese medicine.

Data on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are presented: prevalence, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical observations demonstrating successful recognition and treatment of BPPV are presented.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion defects or insulin resistance. The global incidence of DM has been gradually increasing due to improvements in living standards and changes in dietary habits, making it a major non-communicable disease that poses a significant threat to human health and life. The pathogenesis of DM remains incompletely understood till now, and current pharmacotherapeutic interventions are largely inadequate, resulting in relapses and severe adverse reactions. Although DM is not explicitly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and clinical practice, it is often classified as “Xiaoke” due to similarities in etiology, pathogenesis, and symptoms. With its overall regulation, multiple targets, and personalized medication approach, TCM treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical manifestations of DM and prevent or treat its complications. Furthermore, TCM exhibits desirable therapeutic effects with minimal side effects and a favorable safety profile. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison and contrast of Xiaoke and DM by examining the involvement of TCM in their etiology, pathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and other relevant aspects based on classical literature and research reports. The current TCM experimental research on the treatment of DM by lowering blood glucose levels also be generalized. This innovative focus not only illuminates the role of TCM in DM treatment, but also underscores the potential of TCM in DM management.

Introduction. Despite that ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS) is an extremely rare disease, it is of great medical and social importance by taking into account very high level of overall mortality, recurrence, metastasis, and economic costs.Aim: to summarize current data on various aspects of OCS.Materials and Methods. The search strategy for English written papers published in databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar was based on the following keyword queries: «ovarian carcinosarcoma», «etiology and pathogenesis», «epidemiology», «classification», «clinical picture», «diagnosis», «treatment». The search depth was limited within the years 2010–2022, by prioritizing the search depth within the last 5 years (2017–2022).Results. We found 48 articles in English, published from 2016 to 2022, of which 47 (97.9 %) articles were published within the last 5 years. Scientific data are represented by studies with a small patient sample and with low evidence base. The results of the analysis for identified publications showed a limited, fragmented and inconsistent scientific data both in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment, as well as an impact of OCS stages, age and other risk factors on the likelihood of relapses.Conclusion. The lack of extensive clinical studies along with observed substantial number of controversial issues may be accounted for by OCS low prevalence and complex pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the results obtained during the generalization of scientific knowledge provide a realistic insight into the current state of global science about this medical and social disease and may be used to improve the diagnostics and treatment of OCS patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin secretion defects or insulin resistance. The global incidence of DM has been gradually increasing due to improvements in living standards and changes in dietary habits, making it a major non-communicable disease that poses a significant threat to human health and life. The pathogenesis of DM remains incompletely understood till now, and current pharmacotherapeutic interventions are largely inadequate, resulting in relapses and severe adverse reactions. Although DM is not explicitly mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and clinical practice, it is often classified as "Xiaoke" due to similarities in etiology, pathogenesis, and symptoms. With its overall regulation, multiple targets, and personalized medication approach, TCM treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical manifestations of DM and prevent or treat its complications. Furthermore, TCM exhibits desirable therapeutic effects with minimal side effects and a favorable safety profile. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison and contrast of Xiaoke and DM by examining the involvement of TCM in their etiology, pathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and other relevant aspects based on classical literature and research reports. The current TCM experimental research on the treatment of DM by lowering blood glucose levels also be generalized. This innovative focus not only illuminates the role of TCM in DM treatment, but also underscores the potential of TCM in DM management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history in the treatment of psoriasis, and its different understanding angle and treatment mode from modern medicine have unique wisdom. In this article, we consulted a large number of literatures and collected data in order to systematically clarify how CM understands psoriasis, including the classification and judgment of syndrome types, the diagnosis and thinking of etiology and pathogenesis, the application of treatment ideas, principles, methods and various prescriptions, and suggestions on patient care, so as to provide a clear CM treatment process and experience for the world clinic. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety through clinical data, and summarize the methods and prescriptions worthy of promotion, so as to provide reference for doctors to prescribe prescriptions and medication. Finally, we found that compared with modern medicine, CM has unique advantages in the treatment of psoriasis, including the uniqueness of syndrome classification, the abundantly and flexibility of treatment ideas. Not only many famous doctors have studied the ideas in ancient books, but also made great efforts to innovate, which has left a lot of valuable experiences for clinical practice. Moreover, a large number of treatment methods, prescriptions and medicines have achieved high effectiveness and safety in clinical practices for many years, which has been proved to be worthy of clinical reference and in-depth research. In addition, we also think about the deficiencies of CM in the treatment of psoriasis and the direction of breakthrough combined with modern medicine. The treatment of psoriasis with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients.

This paper summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), TCM formula, diet and nutrition guidance and oral care. The targeted TCM nursing interventions by syndrome differentiation were carried out, helping to relieve disease-associated symptoms and pain, and achieving better patient compliance with treatment. (本文从慢性盆腔炎的中医病因病机、中药组方、饮食指导、中药口服护理等方面进行了总结, 通过辨证用药, 实施针对性的中医护理干预, 有助于改善慢性盆腔炎患者的临床症状, 缓解疼痛, 且患者更易于接受。)

Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history in the treatment of psoriasis, and its different understanding angle and treatment mode from modern medicine have unique wisdom. In this article, we consulted a large number of literatures and collected data in order to systematically clarify how CM understands psoriasis, including the classification and judgment of syndrome types, the diagnosis and thinking of etiology and pathogenesis, the application of treatment ideas, principles, methods and various prescriptions, and suggestions on patient care, so as to provide a clear CM treatment process and experience for the world clinic. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety through clinical data, and summarize the methods and prescriptions worthy of promotion, so as to provide reference for doctors to prescribe prescriptions and medication. Finally, we found that compared with modern medicine, CM has unique advantages in the treatment of psoriasis, including the uniqueness of syndrome classification, the abundantly and flexibility of treatment ideas. Not only many famous doctors have studied the ideas in ancient books, but also made great efforts to innovate, which has left a lot of valuable experiences for clinical practice. Moreover, a large number of treatment methods, prescriptions and medicines have achieved high effectiveness and safety in clinical practices for many years, which has been proved to be worthy of clinical reference and in-depth research. In addition, we also think about the deficiencies of CM in the treatment of psoriasis and the direction of breakthrough combined with modern medicine. The treatment of psoriasis with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a type of cell signaling proteins that are mostly produced by macrophages. They are essential for a variety of biological activities involved in normal development. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is the newest and youngest member of the FGF endocrine subfamily, along with fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In this study, we conduct a systematic review of all known literature to identify the risk of elevated FGF23 in the cardiovascular system. The analysis includes the risk of cardiovascular disease for both primary and secondary causes of elevated FGF23, such as chronic renal insufficiency. This systematic literature review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards. A total of 4,793 records were identified across different databases. After that, 273 records were retrieved and reviewed. After carefully examining the titles and summaries of each report, 249 additional entries were eliminated. About 24 studies from the remaining records were chosen by primary and secondary authors for screening, and they performed a quality assessment using common quality check tools. Finally, this review included 11 studies. Following a thorough analysis, we came to the conclusion that FGF23 can be regarded as a novel biomarker and should be included in the group of heart biomarkers that have already been identified, such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), for the early identification of a variety of highly prevalent cardiovascular disorders., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Amaravadi et al.)

The paper gives an update on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It points out the role of acetylcholine and glutamatergic components of neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as their interactions, which is important to keep in mind to have a potentiated response to therapy that includes both these components. Different approaches to AD therapy are considered on the basis of the current ideas on the pathogenetic mechanisms of a degenerative process and with regard to the clinical features of the disease (the nature of the psychopathological symptoms of the disease and its stage). Particular emphasis is placed on compensatory therapy for deficient cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Whether psychopharmacological agents may be used and psychotherapeutic work with the relatives of patients with AD should be done are also highlighted. Data on the efficiency of replacement therapy for different dementia stages, which promotes a delay in degenerative processes and a definite stabilization of the mental status, are presented.

Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal sinuses mucosa, characterized by prolaps of edematous mucosa, most commonly from the area of anterior ethmoid. The mean histological characteristics are proliferation of pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane, focal fibrosis and eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria. Although etiology is unknown, two hypotheses are dominant among the scientists: ”hypothesis of staphylococcal superantigens“ and ”hypothesis of immune barrier dysfunction“. Although we have not yet achieved a full understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease, it is known that nasal polyposis is associated with intensive chronic inflammation, followed by dysregulation of chemotaxis, migration, activation and function of eosinophils. A great number of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules are involved in the regulation of these complex mechanisms. After activation, eosinophils produce and release enzymes, which can lead to the damage of mucosa and tissue remodeling. Hyperactive eosinophils release a new amount of chemokines and cytokines, attracting new eosinophils into the site of inflammation, and may cause the persistence of chronic inflammation.

Funnel chest is the most common chest deformity characterized by the depression of sternum and rib cartilages. In spite of the centuries-old history of pectus excavatum investigation, plenty of publications on etiology and pathogenesis and many theories on this theme no one of them is generally accepted. This article is to summarize the modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of funnel chest.

Liver cirrhosis remains a major public health issue. Liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis is the terminal stage of various chronic liver diseases. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis. Patients with cirrhosis often have hematological abnormalities, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, which have multifactorial etiologies. Anemia in cirrhosis could be related to bleeding leading to iron deficiency anemia or other nutritional anemia such as vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. The pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis has been postulated to range from splenic sequestration to bone marrow suppression from toxic agents, such as alcohol. It often complicates management due to the risk of bleeding with severely low platelets. This review aimed to highlight pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis, hematological abnormalities in liver cirrhosis, and their clinical significance., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Lingas et al.)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which can progress to severe AP, with a high risk of death. It is one of the most complicated and clinically challenging of all disorders affecting the abdomen. The main causes of AP are gallstone migration and alcohol abuse. Other causes are uncommon, controversial and insufficiently explained. The disease is primarily characterized by inappropriate activation of trypsinogen, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and destruction of secretory cells. According to the revised Atlanta classification, severity of the disease is categorized into three levels: Mild, moderately severe and severe, depending upon organ failure and local as well as systemic complications. Various methods have been used for predicting the severity of AP and its outcome, such as clinical evaluation, imaging evaluation and testing of various biochemical markers. However, AP is a very complex disease and despite the fact that there are of several clinical, biochemical and imaging criteria for assessment of severity of AP, it is not an easy task to predict its subsequent course. Therefore, there are existing controversies regarding diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, their effectiveness and complications in the treatment of AP. The main reason being the fact, that the pathophysiologic mechanisms of AP have not been fully elucidated and need to be studied further. In this editorial article, we discuss the efficacy of the existing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, complications and treatment failure in the management of AP., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article., (©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Basing upon the study of conjunctive tissue frame and unstriped muscles of colon from autopsy material, as well as analysis of over 2000 clinical observations the authors set forth a new concept of etiopathogenesis of infant's chronic constipations by interpreting the functional disorders as a consequence of genetically determined status of conjunctive tissue frame. principles of conservative therapy and indications to surgery correction are considered.Key words: chronic constipation, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, lactulose, surgical intervention, children.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer of the gastrointestinal system but the most prevalent cancer of the biliary tract. This tumor is a highly fatal condition. The importance of early diagnosis cannot be overstated because GBC develops quietly with late detection. Several genetic and environmental variables have been associated with the onset of GBC. Cholelithiasis and chronic inflammation from the biliary tract and parasite infections are prime examples of environmental factors that significantly influence the development of GBC. Abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junction and biliary cysts are examples of congenital causes. In the past decade, new imaging technologies and a more radical and aggressive surgical approach have improved patient outcomes and aided prolonged survival for GBC patients. This review article focuses on the epidemiology of GBC, its risk factors, and clinical characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Halaseh et al.)

Abstract: Herpes zoster in HIV/AIDS patients is characterized by high incidence, wide skin damage, intractability, long course, and high recurrence rate. It is an important opportunistic infection among HIV/AIDS patients. By summarizing clinical practice and the theories in ancient books and recent manuscripts, we argue that the key to pathogenesis is the exogenous pathogenic toxin and endoretention of damp heat, resulting in herpes in the skin. HIV/AIDS herpes zoster localizes in the liver and gallbladder, in addition to being closely related to the heart and the spleen, according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories. The syndrome types of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster include heat stagnation in the liver channel, spleen deficiency with dampness, qi-stagnation, and blood stasis. In this article, we discussed clinical research of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster in TCM with reference to its disease characteristics, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and syndrome differentiation, in addition to the treatment of HIV/AIDS herpes zoster patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]