Search

Recent studies suggest that lactate intake has a positive effect on glycogen recovery after exercise. However, it is important to verify the effect of lactate supplementation alone and the timing of glycogen recovery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the effect of lactate supplementation immediately after exercise on glycogen recovery in mice liver and skeletal muscle at 1, 3, and 5 h after exercise. Mice were randomly divided into the sedentary, exercise-only, lactate, and saline-treated groups. mRNA expression and activation of glycogen synthesis and lactate transport-related factors in the liver and skeletal muscle were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle glycogen concentration showed an increasing trend in the lactate group compared with that in the control group at 3 and 5 h after post-supplementation. Additionally, exogenous lactate supplementation significantly increased the expression of core glycogen synthesis enzymes, lactate transporters, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 1 in the skeletal muscles. Conversely, glycogen synthesis, lactate transport, and glycogen oxidation to acetyl-CoA were not significantly affected in the liver by exogenous lactate supplementation. Overall, these results suggest that post-exercise lactate supplement enables glycogen synthesis and recovery in skeletal muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In intensive dairy goat farms, artificial lactation is used for kids, often with only the colostrum from the first milking being used, discarding the milk from the second milking, or transition milk. On the other hand, in modern pig breeds, the number of piglets born with low birth weight is increasing, mainly due to the growth in litter sizes. These piglets are less likely to survive in the first hours of life due to their low energy reserves, among other factors. The aim of this study was to improve the current knowledge of goat colostrum for its use as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets. In order to assess the similarity of sow and goat colostrum, the fatty acid (FA) composition of both was examined in detail. The major FAs (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids) were the same in both species, although they were found in different proportions. Goat colostrum is mainly characterized by a high proportion of short- and medium-chain FAs (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, and 10:0), which are absent in sow colostrum. This group of FAs may play an important role in colostrum, as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed to strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, the surplus of goat colostrum and milk from the second milking not used for feeding kids could be a promising energy supplement for newborn piglets, especially for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need. Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating its removal, since kids are exclusively fed colostrum through lactation solely within the initial day of birth. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of colostrum from sows and goats, together with possible influencing factors such as sow parity and the postpartum day of the goat, for possible use as an energy supplement for neonatal piglets. Swine colostrum was collected from sows with a 0–5 parity. In addition, samples of goat colostrum were collected on their first (D1) and second (D2) days of postpartum milking. The FA profiles of the colostrum were analyzed via gas chromatography. The parity value of the sows did not affect (p > 0.05) the FA colostrum composition. High proportions of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found in both types of colostrum. Levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were significantly higher in D1 goat colostrum, whereas saturated FAs of less than 14 carbons (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) were found in higher proportions in D2. These FAs play an important role in colostrum as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, goat colostrum, especially D2, could be used as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets, in particular for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating its removal, since kids are exclusively fed colostrum through lactation solely within the initial day of birth. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of colostrum from sows and goats, together with possible influencing factors such as sow parity and the postpartum day of the goat, for possible use as an energy supplement for neonatal piglets. Swine colostrum was collected from sows with a 0–5 parity. In addition, samples of goat colostrum were collected on their first (D1) and second (D2) days of postpartum milking. The FA profiles of the colostrum were analyzed via gas chromatography. The parity value of the sows did not affect (p > 0.05) the FA colostrum composition. High proportions of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found in both types of colostrum. Levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were significantly higher in D1 goat colostrum, whereas saturated FAs of less than 14 carbons (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) were found in higher proportions in D2. These FAs play an important role in colostrum as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, goat colostrum, especially D2, could be used as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets, in particular for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need.

Introduction: Insufficient prenatal nutrition can affect fetal development and lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic transcriptional responses and innate immune function in piglets suffering from IUGR compared to normal-sized piglets at 3 days of age and explore whether the provision of an energy-rich supplement at birth could modulate these parameters. Methods: A total of 68 piglets were included in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested for LPS stimulation, and organs were harvested post-mortem to quantify relative weights. Liver tissue was utilized for RNA sequencing coupled with gene-set enrichment analysis. Results: IUGR resulted in increased expression of genes such as PDK4 and substantial alterations in transcriptional pathways related to metabolic activity (e.g., citric acid and Krebs cycles), but these changes were equivalent in piglets given an energy-rich supplement or not. Transcriptomic analysis and serum biochemistry suggested altered glucose metabolism and a shift toward oxidation of fatty acids. IUGR piglets also exhibited suppression of genes related to innate immune function (e.g., CXCL12) and pathways related to cell proliferation (e.g., WNTand PDGF signaling). Moreover, they produced less IL-1β in response to LPS stimulation and had lower levels of blood eosinophils than normal-sized piglets. Discussion: Taken together, our results indicate that IUGR results in early-life alterations in metabolism and immunity that may not be easily restored by the provision of exogenous energy supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on fractional differential equations, this paper proposes an optimization modeling method for the mental health quality of vocational students. This article quantifies the psychology of higher vocational students from the perspective of fractional differential equations. At the same time, we use alertness to characterize the risk of mental fatigue and propose a mental health energy equation. We propose a mental health energy replenishment function and consumption function and describe mental health energy during sleep. Finally, we use fractional differential equations to reason about the model deductively. The research shows that it is feasible for us to apply fractional differential equations to predict the mental health problems of vocational students.

Introduction: Insufficient prenatal nutrition can affect fetal development and lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic transcriptional responses and innate immune function in piglets suffering from IUGR compared to normal-sized piglets at 3 days of age and explore whether the provision of an energy-rich supplement at birth could modulate these parameters.Methods: A total of 68 piglets were included in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested for LPS stimulation, and organs were harvested post-mortem to quantify relative weights. Liver tissue was utilized for RNA sequencing coupled with gene-set enrichment analysis.Results: IUGR resulted in increased expression of genes such as PDK4 and substantial alterations in transcriptional pathways related to metabolic activity (e.g., citric acid and Krebs cycles), but these changes were equivalent in piglets given an energy-rich supplement or not. Transcriptomic analysis and serum biochemistry suggested altered glucose metabolism and a shift toward oxidation of fatty acids. IUGR piglets also exhibited suppression of genes related to innate immune function (e.g., CXCL12) and pathways related to cell proliferation (e.g., WNT and PDGF signaling). Moreover, they produced less IL-1β in response to LPS stimulation and had lower levels of blood eosinophils than normal-sized piglets.Discussion: Taken together, our results indicate that IUGR results in early-life alterations in metabolism and immunity that may not be easily restored by the provision of exogenous energy supplementation.

A voltage compensation and energy supplement-based power conversion system (VC-PCS) is proposed in this paper. A VC-PCS is a series connected to a battery that only processes fractional battery power; therefore, it has lower rated voltage and power in comparison with traditional PCSs. Compared with results of previous studies, the VC-PCS proposed herein can output bipolar voltage to meet voltage variation requirements and is a necessary and comprehensive improvement to previous research. First, its topology structure, working principle, and control strategy are comprehensively examined in this paper. Next, results of the simulations and physical experiments carried out are presented; the results show that the proposed VC-PCS is feasible in principle, and can be realized in physical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Malnutrition, mainly caused by inadequate energy intake, predicts poor prognostic outcome in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. In this study, we aim to explore the effect of non-protein energy supplement in CKD stage 3b-5 (CKD3b-5) malnourished patients with or without receiving continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods and Study Design: 30 patients with CKD3b-5 and 20 patients who received PD were identified as malnourished according to Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), and enrolled into this clinical study. Compared with the control group which just received regular nutrition counseling, an additional nonprotein energy supplement (600 kcal) was given to the participants for 12 weeks in the intervention group. Before and after study, the nutritional status of patients was judged by human body composition measurement, anthropometric parameters, physical fitness test, and quality of life survey. Other biochemical indexes relating to nutrition, renal function and inflammatory response were also included for disease evaluation. Results: After 12 weeks of oral non-protein energy supplementation, the body weight, body fat and associated anthropometric parameters significantly increased upon intervention. Also, the participants showed enhanced physical fitness and better life quality in the intervention group. Consistently, the improved nutritional status was further confirmed by biochemical examinations. However, we did not observe a perceptible change of renal function, measured residual renal function, or general inflammatory response indices after intervention. Conclusions: 12 weeks of oral non-protein energy supplement could efficiently improve the nutritional status of CKD3b-5 patients and those who receive peritoneal dialysis; meanwhile, it has little effect on renal function and inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In coal mine working face, there are problems such as uneven energy distribution of wireless monitoring network, the difficulty of manual maintenance and node battery replacement and energy limitation of some monitoring nodes. In order to solve the above problems, an energy optimization method of wireless monitoring network in coal mine working face based on mobile nodes is proposed by using the characteristics of periodic movement of the shearer. This method installs mobile nodes on the shearer to forward data that collected by monitoring nodes in the network to reduce multi-hop data transmission, and reduces redundant data transmission by setting transmission thresholds to reduce node energy consumption. The mobile nodes are used to radiate radio frequency energy to the monitoring nodes, which provides targeted energy supplement to the monitoring nodes so as to achieve energy balance of the network nodes. The experimental results show that compared with LEACH protocol, this method can make the wireless monitoring network energy distribution more balanced, reduce the network energy consumption and monitoring node mortality rate effectively under the same operation round, and extend the effective life of the network by 2.8 times.

A voltage compensation and energy supplement-based power conversion system (VC-PCS) is proposed in this paper. A VC-PCS is a series connected to a battery that only processes fractional battery power; therefore, it has lower rated voltage and power in comparison with traditional PCSs. Compared with results of previous studies, the VC-PCS proposed herein can output bipolar voltage to meet voltage variation requirements and is a necessary and comprehensive improvement to previous research. First, its topology structure, working principle, and control strategy are comprehensively examined in this paper. Next, results of the simulations and physical experiments carried out are presented; the results show that the proposed VC-PCS is feasible in principle, and can be realized in physical applications.

The farrowing process is one of the most energy-demanding activities for the modern hyperprolific sow. This study evaluated the effects of supply of energy on the expected date of farrowing on the farrowing kinetics and piglets’ performance during the first 24 h after birth. A total of 80 sows were used. The sows and their respective litters were considered as the experimental unit. On the expected day of farrowing, the sows were allocated to one of the following groups: sows that did not have access to feed from farrowing induction until the end of the farrowing process (CON, n = 40); sows fed 500 g of energetic supplement, which consisted of 250 g of the basal lactation diet plus 250 g of cane sugar, 18 h after farrowing induction (SUP, n = 40). The farrowing duration, farrowing assistance, birth interval, number of total born, stillborn and mummified piglets were recorded for each sow. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and 24 h later. The interval from birth to first suckle was evaluated individually for each piglet in 16 randomly selected litters (eight litters per treatment group). Blood glucose concentrations of six sows were measured shortly after expulsion of the first piglet. Farrowing duration, farrowing assistance and stillborn rate tended to be greater (P = 0.06, P = 0.09 and P = 0.07, respectively) in sows from the CON group compared to sows from the SUP group. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the groups for birth interval. Colostrum intake was greater (P < 0.05) for piglets from the SUP group compared to piglets from the CON group. Additionally, BW gain of the piglets suckling the SUP group was greater (P < 0.05) than those suckling the CON group at 24 h after birth. The blood glucose concentrations during the expulsive stage of farrowing were greater (P < 0.05) in the SUP group than for sows from the CON group. In conclusion, supplying modern hyperprolific sows energy on the expected day of farrowing is a valuable nutritional intervention to improve the farrowing kinetics and piglets’ performance in early life.

Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effects of the activator of AMPK and high glucose on the differentiation of mouse SMSCs, primary SMSCs were isolated from mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle and grown to near confluence (80%). Postconfluent cells were cultured in a growth medium with different inductors: AICAR, glucose, and AICAR mixed with glucose. The specific protein expressions of SMSCs, myoblasts, adipocytes, and brown adipocytes were analyzed on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10. The results showed treatment with AICAR in SMSCs markedly activated AMPK phosphorylation (p <.05) and increased protein expression of Pax7 and MyoD (p <.05), high concentrations of intracellular glucose upregulated UCP‐1 protein expression and enhanced lipid accumulation (p <.05), the cowork of AICAR and glucose affected a decrease on MyoD, PPARg, and UCP‐1 expression (p <.05) and an increase on Pax7. The present study indicated that the certain energy supplements influence the direction of SMSC differentiation which may contribution on the structure of muscle and meat quality, sequentially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farrowing process is one of the most energy-demanding activities for the modern hyperprolific sow. This study evaluated the effects of supply of energy on the expected date of farrowing on the farrowing kinetics and piglets' performance during the first 24 h after birth. A total of 80 sows were used. The sows and their respective litters were considered as the experimental unit. On the expected day of farrowing, the sows were allocated to one of the following groups: sows that did not have access to feed from farrowing induction until the end of the farrowing process (CON, n = 40); sows fed 500 g of energetic supplement, which consisted of 250 g of the basal lactation diet plus 250 g of cane sugar, 18 h after farrowing induction (SUP, n = 40). The farrowing duration, farrowing assistance, birth interval, number of total born, stillborn and mummified piglets were recorded for each sow. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and 24 h later. The interval from birth to first suckle was evaluated individually for each piglet in 16 randomly selected litters (eight litters per treatment group). Blood glucose concentrations of six sows were measured shortly after expulsion of the first piglet. Farrowing duration, farrowing assistance and stillborn rate tended to be greater (P = 0.06, P = 0.09 and P = 0.07, respectively) in sows from the CON group compared to sows from the SUP group. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the groups for birth interval. Colostrum intake was greater (P < 0.05) for piglets from the SUP group compared to piglets from the CON group. Additionally, BW gain of the piglets suckling the SUP group was greater (P < 0.05) than those suckling the CON group at 24 h after birth. The blood glucose concentrations during the expulsive stage of farrowing were greater (P < 0.05) in the SUP group than for sows from the CON group. In conclusion, supplying modern hyperprolific sows energy on the expected day of farrowing is a valuable nutritional intervention to improve the farrowing kinetics and piglets' performance in early life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to analyze the ingestive behavior, forage intake and pasture characteristics when beef heifers are kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or receiving ground corn grain as supplement (0.9% of body weight (BW )) with or without addition of crude glycerin (0.2% BW). Experimental animals were Angus heifers with initial age and body weight of eight months and 166.2 ± 9.5 kg, respectively. The grazing method was continuous with variable number of animals. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures. Dry matter intake was estimated using chromium oxide as an indicator of fecal output. Heifers ingested a similar amount of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Forage intake was 19.0% lower when heifers receiving ground corn grain as supplement with or without addition of crude glycerin and these reduction in dry matter intake of forage provided increase of 38.2% in the stocking rate. Heifers that received crude glycerin as a supplement spent more time in the trough than heifers that received only ground corn grain.

Com a crescente produção de biodiesel no Brasil, aumenta também a produção de glicerina, co-produto dessa indústria. O principal componente da glicerina é o glicerol, altamente energético e, por isso, ela já vem sendo usada como alimento animal em vários países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química da glicerina produzida por indústrias de biodiesel no Brasil e discutir seu potencial de utilização na alimentação animal. Dezesseis usinas, responsáveis por 85,1% do biodiesel produzido no país, forneceram 41 amostras para análise. Cromo, cádmio e chumbo não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Apenas quatro usinas, responsáveis por 36,8% da produção, produzem glicerina que atendem os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para os teores de umidade e glicerol. Apenas uma usina, responsável por 14,1% da produção, produz glicerina apta para uso na alimentação de ruminantes, por não utilizar sebo bovino como matéria prima para o biodiesel.The increasing production of biodiesel in Brazil also increases glycerin production, a co-product of this industry. The main component of glycerin, glycerol, is highly energetic and because of that, glycerin is already used as animal feed in many countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the chemical composition of glycerin produced by biodiesel plants in Brazil and discuss its potential utilization as animal feed. Forty one samples of glycerin from sixteen biodiesel plants, that together yield 85.1% of Brazilian biodiesel, were analyzed. Chromium, cadmium and lead were not detected in any studied sample. Only four plants, that together yield 36.8% of Brazilian glycerin, comply the glycerol and moisture content levels established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Only one, responsible for 14.1% of Brazilian glycerin, delivers glycerin with the potential to be used as ruminant feed once it doesn't use animal fat to produce biodiesel.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of an energy supplement on the basis of propylene glycol on the values of metabolic profile parameters in periparturient cows. Fifteen days before calving, 40 cows were selected and divided into two groups: control (n=20) and experimental (n=20). From day 15 before to day 30 after calving, the experimental group of cows received an energy supplement based on propyleneglycol added in food ("OSIMOL“, Veyx-Pharma GmbH, Germany). Blood samples were taken 15 days before and 10 days after calving. Concentrations of glucose and betahydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) were determined immediately after blood was taken. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea and total bilirubin were determined in the blood serum. There was no significant difference in the average values of the measured parameters between the control and the experimental group of cows. After parturition glycemia in cows of the control group was lower than physiologically acceptable (x=1.93±0.43 mmol/L), and glucose in cows of the experimental group was at the upper physiological limit (x=3.13±0.33 mmol/L) and signicantly higher (p

The objective of the investigations presented in this work was to establish the effects of a glycerol-based energy supplement in the diet of high-yield dairy cows on their body condition and production results during the early stage of lactation. Forty-seven cows were selected before calving, and they were divided into two groups: controls (n=26) and experimental (n=21). Cows of the experimental group were administered the preparation 'Energy Top' (Biochem GMBH, Germany), in a quantity of 250 ml daily during the final two weeks of the dry period and until the 60th day of lactation. The body condition score (BCS) of all cows was determined 10 days before calving, and on days 15 and 60 after calving. Blood samples were taken 10 days before and 15 days after calving, and concentrations of glucose and beta hydroxi-butyric acid (BHBA) were determined in all samples. Average daily milk production of all cows was measured on days 30 and 60 of lactation. The results showed that the differences in BCS between the dry period and puerperium, or the dry period and the 60th day of lactation, were within physiological values in the experimental group of cows, and higher than physiological values in the control group. Glucose concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group of cows 10 days before calving (p

Improving livestock production through nutrition and breeding can increase efficiency and has the potential to mitigate methane (CH 4) emissions. Additionally, supplementing beef cattle in the rainy season balances the dietary protein:energy (P:E) ratio, which can increase animal performance and reduce energy losses from CH 4 production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation strategy (SS) and genetic group (GG) on the intake, digestibility, performance, and enteric CH 4 emissions of growing beef bulls grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. One hundred sixty-two growing beef bulls averaging (mean ± SD) 10 ± 2 months old and 262 ± 31 kg of initial body weight (BW) were distributed, according to their BW, in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Factors included (1) two SSs (mineral supplementation at 0.3 g/kg of BW per day and a corn-based supplementation at 3 g/kg of BW per day) and (2) three GGs (Nellore [NN], ½Senepol½Nellore [SN], and ½Angus½Nellore [AN]). Animals were allocated in 12 paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés for 99 days during the rainy season. Regardless of the GG, the intakes of total DM, supplement DM, OM, CP, aNDFom, EE, and NFC were increased in animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. The SN bulls had a greater digestibility of DM, OM, and CP, and animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement had greater CP and EE digestibility. There was an interaction between GG and SS for NFC digestibility, which was decreased in AN animals fed a corn-based supplement. However, the corn-based supplementation improved the animal's performance and carcass characteristics as demonstrated by the increase of final BW (kg), ADG (kg), REA (cm2), and FT (mm). Moreover, NN animals fed a corn-based supplement showed an increase in ADG (kg). An interaction between SS and GG was observed for GPH (kg/ha) and CaG (kg), with the greatest values observed in NN and SN animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. Enteric CH 4 emissions (g/d, g/kg of DMI, and g/kg of dOM) were lower in animals fed a corn-based supplement. A decrease in CH 4 emissions (g/d) was observed in SN compared to NN animals. In addition, there was an interaction between SS and GG for CH 4 emissions (g/kg of CaG), with the lowest values for NN and SN animals supplemented with a corn-based supplement. Taken together, our results demonstrate that corn-based supplementation is an effective nutritional strategy for use in the rainy season, especially for NN and SN genetic groups, to improve animal's performance and carcass characteristics and to decrease enteric CH 4 emissions, per unit of product, of growing beef bulls grazing tropical grass. • Corn-based supplementation in the rainy season improved animal performance and carcass characteristics of grazing cattle. • Corn-based supplementation in the rainy season decreased CH 4 emissions, per unit of product, of grazing cattle. • Crossbreeding can be used for reducing CH 4 emissions (g/d) of grazing cattle. • Body weight and carcass weight were greater in Nellore and ½Senepol½Nellore animals supplement with corn-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recently, slow release tablets have been developed to prolong energy release throughout the day. The efficacy of the delivery of slow-release caffeine alone is fairly well documented; however, an assessment of safety and tolerability of prolonged use of slow-release energy supplements is lacking. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of daily ingestion of a slow-release energy supplement for 28 days on blood chemistry and resting cardiovascular measures in healthy men and women. Methods Forty healthy individuals (20 males, 20 females; age: 22.73 ± 3.06 years; height: 171.68 ± 10.45 cm; mass: 74.49 ± 15.51 kg; BMI: 25.08 ± 3.66 (kg • m2) -1) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Following a 12-hour fast, participants reported for pre-testing. Testing consisted of resting heart rate (RHR) and blood pressure (BP) measures, followed by assessment of metabolic blood chemistry, blood lipids and complete cell counts. Participants then supplemented with either Energize™ (SUPP) or placebo (PL) for 28 days. Post-testing occurred 24-hours after ingestion of the final dose and consisted of the same protocol at the same time of day as pre-testing. Results No significant changes in outcome measures were observed. A significant difference between groups was observed for plasma glucose concentrations; however, follow-up testing revealed that pre- to post-supplementation changes were not significant for either SUPP or PL. All variables remained within normal adult reference ranges. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions These findings indicate that 28 consecutive days ingestion of a slow release energy supplement containing caffeine in caffeine users is both safe and tolerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing production of biodiesel in Brazil also increases glycerin production, a co-product of this industry. The main component of glycerin, glycerol, is highly energetic and because of that, glycerin is already used as animal feed in many countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the chemical composition of glycerin produced by biodiesel plants in Brazil and discuss its potential utilization as animal feed. Forty one samples of glycerin from sixteen biodiesel plants, that together yield 85.1% of Brazilian biodiesel, were analyzed. Chromium, cadmium and lead were not detected in any studied sample. Only four plants, that together yield 36.8% of Brazilian glycerin, comply the glycerol and moisture content levels established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Only one, responsible for 14.1% of Brazilian glycerin, delivers glycerin with the potential to be used as ruminant feed once it doesn't use animal fat to produce biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty dry pregnant multiparous Holstein cows housed in a free stall barn on a commercial dairy were blocked and assigned randomly to treatments to evaluate the effect of feeding an energy supplement for 3 weeks prepartum and 3 weeks postpartum on milk production and composition, and incidence of ketosis. The energy supplement, which was in powder form, contained 78.43% propionic acid, 21.36% calcium, 0.155% zinc and 0.053% copper (DM basis). Diets were fed as total mixed rations (TMR) for ad libitum intake and contained (DM basis) approximately 56% forage and 44% concentrate for dry cows, and 44% forage and 56% concentrate for lactating cows. In addition, cows fed the supplemental diet received 0.11 kg per day of the energy supplement (DM basis). Prepartum DM intake by cows fed the TMR containing the energy supplement and cows fed the control TMR were 13.1±2.6 and 12.6±1.9 kg per day, respectively. Feeding cows the TMR containing the energy supplement decreased milk fat percentage (P=0.02) and fat yield (P=0.02), compared with cows fed the control TMR, during weeks 1–3 postpartum. There were no differences between treatments in milk yield, milk CP, milk true protein, milk urea N and somatic cell counts during weeks 1–3 postpartum, and urine ketone scores during weeks 1 and 2 postpartum. Feeding cows the TMR containing the energy supplement tended (P=0.07) to decrease serum non-esterified fatty acids during week 1 postpartum, and decreased subclinical ketonuria during week 1 (P=0.03) and week 2 (P<0.01) postpartum compared with the control TMR. After feeding of the energy supplement was discontinued at week 3, cows previously fed the TMR containing the energy supplement tended (P=0.17) to continue to produce milk containing a lower fat percentage during weeks 4–8 postpartum compared to cows fed the control TMR. There were no differences in milk yield, change in body condition score, milk CP, milk true protein, milk urea N, and somatic cell counts between treatments during weeks 4–8. Feeding an energy supplement containing largely propionic acid to Holstein cows for 3 weeks prepartum and 3 weeks postpartum lowered milk fat yield and tended to decrease the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids, thus suggesting lowered catabolism of adipose tissue in early lactation. Feeding this supplement to close up dry cows through early lactation could prevent fat mobilization and subclinical ketosis normally associated with calving. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effects of protein and energy supplementation on milk production responses were studied in three experiments. In experiment 1, eight cows were used in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square design to study the effects of a commercial conventionally produced rapeseed meal and organically cultivated field pea (Pisum sativum L.) as protein supplements for organic grass-red clover silage-based diets. Silage was fed ad libitum and concentrates at a rate of 8 kg per day. A mixture (1:1) of oats and barley was used as a control supplement (C). Rapeseed meal (R), a mixture of (1:1 on a CP basis) of rapeseed and field pea (RP) or field pea (P) were incorporated into three other supplements. Compared with C, R increased (P<0.05) silage intake by 0.64 kg per day and improved the daily yields of milk (1.7 kg), energy corrected milk (ECM) (1.6 kg), and milk protein (78 g), but decreased (P<0.001) the efficiency of dietary N utilisation from 0.295 to 0.264. Replacement of R with P linearly decreased (P<0.05) ECM yield from 24.5 to 23.3 kg per day and milk protein yield from 764 to 719 g per day. In experiment 2, the effects of energy (organically grown oats–barley, 1:1) and protein (commercial rapeseed meal) supplements on milk production in cows grazing organic grass swards was studied in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of herbage alone (H), 4 kg per day of energy supplement (E), 1.25 kg per day of protein supplement (P) and 2.75 kg per day of energy and 1.25 kg per day of protein supplements (EP). Both E and P supplementation improved (P<0.01) the daily yields of milk (2.3 and 1.4 kg, respectively) and milk constituents. Yields of milk and milk protein were highest when part of the E supplement was replaced with P. In experiment 3, the effects of supplement (g per day, oats (450), barley (450), rapeseed meal (100)) level (2.5 or 5 kg per day) and herbage allowance (HA, 18 or 24 kg DM per day) on milk production of cows at pasture was studied in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square. Higher levels of supplementation increased (P<0.01) milk yield and protein output by 1.7 kg and 64 g per day, respectively. In conclusion, the protein value of pea was markedly lower than that of rapeseed meal, while both the use of energy and protein supplements improved milk production at pasture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (body weight = 359.5 >± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation [VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)] and rate of gain [GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d vs. moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d] during the first 83 d of gestation on trace mineral concentrations in fetal liver, muscle, and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids. The VTM treatment (113 g supplement•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated a minimum 71 d before breeding. At breeding, heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG) or received the MG diet by adding a protein/energy supplement to the basal diet. On d 83 of gestation, samples of fetal liver, muscle, ALF, and AMF were collected and analyzed for trace mineral concentrations. In fetal liver, Se, Cu, Mn, and Co concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.04) for VTM than NoVTM, while Mo and Co greater (P ≤ 0.04) for LG than MG. In fetal muscle, VTM increased (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of Se and Zn, whereas LG increased (P < 0.01) Zn. In ALF, Mo concentrations were affected (P = 0.03) by a VMSUP × GAIN interaction, with VTM-MG greater than NoVTM-MG; while VTM increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se and Co. Trace mineral concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) in AMF. In conclusion, VTM increased fetal liver Se, Cu, Mn, and Co concentrations; fetal muscle Se and Zn; and ALF Se and Co; while LG increased fetal liver Mo and Co concentrations and fetal muscle Zn. Our results confirm that managerial decisions associated with vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain can alter fetal reserves of trace elements during early pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of the activator of AMPK and high glucose on the differentiation of mouse SMSCs, primary SMSCs were isolated from mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle and grown to near confluence (80%). Postconfluent cells were cultured in a growth medium with different inductors: AICAR, glucose, and AICAR mixed with glucose. The specific protein expressions of SMSCs, myoblasts, adipocytes, and brown adipocytes were analyzed on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10. The results showed treatment with AICAR in SMSCs markedly activated AMPK phosphorylation ( p  < .05) and increased protein expression of Pax7 and MyoD ( p  < .05), high concentrations of intracellular glucose upregulated UCP-1 protein expression and enhanced lipid accumulation ( p  < .05), the cowork of AICAR and glucose affected a decrease on MyoD, PPARg, and UCP-1 expression ( p  < .05) and an increase on Pax7. The present study indicated that the certain energy supplements influence the direction of SMSC differentiation which may contribution on the structure of muscle and meat quality, sequentially., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2020 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Mood State, Energy Drink, Bench Press, Posttest Score, Energy Supplement Further examination of posttest main effects revealed a significant difference between pre and posttest scores on the Dynavision™ reaction test for both the placebo, t(8) = -3.12, I p i <= 0.01, and the treatment I t i (9) = -2.92, I p i <= 0.05. Keywords: Mood State; Energy Drink; Bench Press; Posttest Score; Energy Supplement EN Mood State Energy Drink Bench Press Posttest Score Energy Supplement 1 2 2 04/05/22 20131202 NES 131202 Background Consumption of caffeine-containing liquid energy supplements has increased dramatically over the past several years. [Extracted from the article]