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This article is dedicated to a general review of initiatives promoted by Romania at the United Nations after its admission to the world organization on 14 December 1955. Special attention is paid to proposals related to youth, disarmament, regional cooperation, protection of environment, good neighbourliness, peaceful settlement of disputes, strengthening the role of the United Nations, the right to education. Information is offered on all these issues on the basis of official documents, as well as updatings on the discontinuation of some initiatives, while stressing the topicality of a number of Romanian proposals in 2024.

Abstract The first Better evidence and RecommendatIons for the next Generation HealTh—BRIGHT symposium was held in Chongqing, China between June 21 and 23, 2024. The symposium did not only showcase the recent progress made by multidisciplinary teams in generating and translating evidence for children's healthcare, guideline development and evaluation, and the utilization of AI applications in pediatrics but also fostered transnational and transregional cooperation to promote the advancement of high‐quality evidence and guidelines in this field. The symposium contributed significantly to the future development and transformation of research endeavors in pediatrics.

Introduction: The National Health Summit is a policy discussion platform that advocates the policy statement stated by National Health Policy 2019 which results in a set of declarations to address issues in the health system. This study’s objective is to monitor the extent of declaration’s implementation, its facilitators-barriers, and to formulate recommendation for future National Health Summit declarations and implementation strategies. Methods: This is a qualitative study conducted by Nepal Medical Association. in November-December 2024. Ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council, Ethical Review Board (Reference number: 1069). The study was designed using the Realistic Evaluation Framework to look into the “context” which are the external factors impacting implementation of the declarations, the “mechanism” which are key elements facilitating or hindering policy changes, and the “outcome” which were the tangible results of NHS declarations. Results: Review and analysis of the participant responses identified policy influene and advocacy as contexts. The mechanisms identified were political and bureaucratic challenges, collaboration, finaicial hurdles, commitment, accountability, leadership, evidence based practices. The outcome discussed were health system strengthening, health workforce, governance, innovation, advocacy and digaital transformations. Conclusions: Implementation of declaration is challenging, with fragmentation as major health issues, however, continuous advocacy has had a synergistic effect in implementation and prioritization of the policy.

Special attention is paid to the issue of identification and safety of children's products, which is aimed at ensuring the safety and quality of this category of goods. In the scientific article, the issue of classification of goods of group 95 in accordance with the Ukrainian Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity was considered, and a study of the practice of appointing customs examinations was conducted. The main identifying features of the classification of scooters in the category of goods for children are: purpose; design features, their modification; type of movement; number and diameter of wheels; type of ride Attention should also be paid to the following identification features of children’s goods, which are necessary both during customs control and during the examination of toys: the size of the toy, the material of manufacture, design features, application and main functional purpose. The development and improvement of current methods of identification of toys will simplify the procedure of their inspection and increase the objectivity of the results. The work summarizes the ways to classify children’s scooters in the procedure of commodity examination. The diagnostic tasks of the forensic commodity examination to determine safety, compliance with standards, which the expert must solve during the study of a children’s scooter, are defined. State-of-the-art research methods, in particular, visual inspection, functional tests, measurement of geometric parameters, mechanical tests, chemical analysis of materials, technical expertise, safety tests, computer modeling and analysis, electrical and electronic tests, expert evaluation are used to establish indicators. quality and safety of goods and obtaining objective information. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of children’s scooters, the most typical defects of these products and defects that indicate their low quality are indicated. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of children's scooters is described.

Holistic integrative medicine (HIM) has been officially propounded since 2012. Its theoretical system has continuously been improved, and its practical methods have become increasingly diverse, becoming an inevitable choice and path for medical development in the new era. This article demonstrates ten major propositions for HIM, elaborating on their connotations and extensions from the perspectives of epistemology and methodology, necessary for achieving modern medicine’s transformation and adaptive evolution.

This paper critically examines Coeckelbergh’s (2023) performative view of moral status. Drawing parallels to Searle’s social ontology, two key claims of the performative view are identified: (1) Making a moral status claim is equivalent to making a moral status declaration. (2) A successful declaration establishes the institutional fact that the entity has moral status. Closer examination, however, reveals flaws in both claims. The second claim faces a dilemma: individual instances of moral status declaration are likely to fail because they do not conform to established moral discourse conventions, and reliance on declarations becomes both unnecessary and implausible for explaining widespread collective recognition of moral status. As for the first claim, accepting it undermines the potential for meaningful moral disagreement. As a remedy, this paper proposed a shift in perspective: interpreting moral status claims as assertions rather than declarations. This refined perspective provides a more plausible framework for understanding moral status and avoids the pitfalls associated with the performative view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with the topic (transformations of coding format in contemporary art) with regard to the path of the contemporary artist and the importance of his connection to his society. The research problem was determined by answering the following question: (What are the hypothetical requirements for the mind to carry out an aesthetic reading of the various art formats?) As for the second chapter, it included the theoretical framework, which contained two sections, the first included (the concept of communicative codes), while the second section included (the diversity of contemporary formation codes), while the third chapter was concerned with research procedures, and the fourth chapter contained the results and conclusions.

Since the time when the world was labeled as a ‘global village’, and the media as co-creators of social development, there has been a very pronounced public struggle for man and the protection of his rights, which have been won over the past centuries. Along with the expansion of science and technology, new opportunities were also developed to protect human rights with norms or to limit or abolish discrimination. In this sense, the media, which are free, became more and more powerful and important co-creators of the humanization of human behavior. Documents whose purpose and essence is the protection of human rights were gradually written, especially after the tragic experiences of the world wars. The 20th century gave birth to the need for freedom and equality, but in that time, discrimination, especially of children, was not abolished, nor was the media’s attitude towards this issue completely humanized. This paper therefore discusses the importance of the media in the affirmation of children’s rights and, in particular, the need to sensitize both society and the media for the protection and affirmation of human rights, including the rights of children.

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of large language models(LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) in research and education and proposes the urgent need for an international statement to guide their responsible use. LLMs and AI demonstrate remarkable natural language processing, data analysis, and decision‑making capabilities, offering potential benefits such as improved efficiency and transformative solutions. However, concerns regarding ethical considerations, bias, fake publications, and malicious use also arise. The objectives of this paper are to critically evaluate the utility of LLMs and AI in research and education, call for discussions between stakeholders, and discuss the need for an international statement. We identify advantages such as data processing, task automation, and personalized experiences, alongside disadvantages such as bias reinforcement, interpretability challenges, inaccurate reporting, and plagiarism. Stakeholders from academia, industry, government, and civil society must engage in open discussions to address the ethical, legal, and societal implications. The proposed international statement should emphasize transparency, accountability, ongoing research, and risk mitigation. Monitoring, evaluation, user education, and awareness are essential components. By fostering discussions and establishing guidelines, we can ensure the responsible and ethical development and use of LLMs and AI, maximizing benefits while minimizing risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interwar Bessarabia was an unknown territory both for the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic and Socialist Romania. Nothing was written on either side of the Prut River. If someone dared to recall an intriguing and much-wanted life between the Prut and Dniester rivers during that period, they were likely to be subjected to lessons of true. At least that was the case in the MSSR. The Democratic Republic of Moldova, established on January 24, 1918, followed by the Declaration of the Country Council on March 27, 1918, breathed fresh air into the region between the Prut and Dniester rivers, a breath that had been absent for over a century. In the very first days of the Great Union, thanks to the warm-hearted Onisifor Ghibu from Ardeal, the greatest musician of all Romanians, George Enescu, arrived in Chisinau from Iasi with his orchestra for a few days' tour. The concerts he presented on March 24, 25, and 28 were events difficult to compare with anything that had occurred over the years, unless we recall the nearly forty concerts given by Enescu himself in various towns of Bessarabia, where, alongside great performers like Nicolae Caravia, he delighted audiences with exceptional music. The significance of these tours is further underlined by the fact that, due to the genius musician, an opera theater was established in Chisinau (premiering " Faust" on August 6, 1918) and the creation of a Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts (January 1, 1919). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article clarifies the status of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in terms of the components outlined in Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, which expresses the generally recognized features of a state. Addressing the issues concerning the territory of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, its population, government, and their status as subjects of the international law requires analysing the emergence of the notion of “Azerbaijan”, as well as the country’s geographic, historical, and political context. It is vital to review the history of preceding states of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic while determining the status of that state. The relevance of the study derives from the problem of specifying the status of newly formed states as subjects of international law in the contemporary world. In the article, historical and legal study is accomplished, which aims at examining the stages of the formation of civil justice, and legislation of different epochs in the territory of Azerbaijan; the comparative legal method enabled the analysis of foreign legislation in view of identifying the main principles of normative regulation of civil procedural actions. The result of the study is that since the declaration of independence on May 28, 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has controlled this heritage. The authority of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the subjectivity of the international law were both conditioned by the population (nation) element and expressed in the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Responsibilities of States on the universally recognized characteristics of states. The novelty of the research lies in the detailed analysis of the status of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the system of international relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic possesses the indispensable features of belonging to an independent state: the territory, the population living on it, the government and international relations established with a number of countries.

The reason for writing this paper is the (non) application of the Agreement on Succession Issues, especially its Annex G, which refers to private property and acquired rights. The authors analyzed the legal norms from a theoretical point of view, and then, by researching case law and analyzing the decisions made, they pointed out the (non) application of the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues. Respecting the assumed international obligations, valid international law, legality and justice, as well as the credibility of the European Union, it is necessary in practice to ensure more efficient and direct application of Annex "G" of the Agreement on Succession Issues which stipulates that SFRY successor states will protect private property. and acquired rights of citizens and other legal entities. Result of the author's paper is the Platform for "Ending the War Period" on the territory of the former joint state of SFRY by implementing the ratified Agreement on Succession Issues with Annexes of "A - G" with special reference to Annex "G" Private property and acquired rights, as a convalidation enacted laws and their legal consequences. The aim of the paper is for the representatives of the states of the former SFRY to adopt the proposals of the future Declaration on the basis of the mentioned Platform, which the authors presented in the conclusion of the paper.

O artigo trata de evolução do direito do consumidor em um confronto com o direito civil. ABSTRACT Thearticledealswiththeevolutionofconsumerlaw in confrontation withcivil law.

Entrepreneurship is an integral part of the market economy. However, only recently it has been possible to analyse this cluster online. The purpose of the research paper is a qualitative analysis of indicators formed by the Federal Tax Service of Russia to characterize the activities of small and medium-sized businesses. The article presents the results of a review of the indicators of information and digital resources of the Federal Tax Service of Russia that characterize the activities of small businesses: the unified register of small and medium – sized businesses; the unified register of small and medium-sized businesses – recipients of support; the unified state register of taxpayers; the state information register of accounting (financial) reporting; the “Transparent Business” service. It is concluded that the information and statistical databases of the Federal Tax Service of Russia have a significant potential for partial formation of statistical reporting data of small and medium-sized businesses, and are also acceptable for economic and statistical analysis of the activities of both a specific entity and a group of entities.

The subject of the article. The article represents a research of conceptual properties and issues of applying reservations and declarations to the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, developed in frames of implementing the OECD/G20 Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). The Multilateral Tax Convention modifies the application of agreements for avoiding double taxation, that are covered by its action. Since January 1, 2021 it has been applied to 34 agreements for avoiding double taxation between the Russian Federation and such countries as the UK, Canada, Latvia, Malta, the Netherlands and France. The Multilateral Tax Convention provides for updating bilateral tax treaties – whether they were developed upon the OECD Model Tax Convention or the UN Model Tax convention. The Convention retains a great degree of flexibility in relation to the implementation of its provisions – especially by the means of reservations, made by the countries.The purpose of the article is to identify the main characteristics of applying reservations and declarations in international tax law.The methodology.The study is based on empirical methods of comparison and description, theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic.The main results. Reservations have played a minor role in international taxation until now – usually they reflected disagreement, expressed by an OECD member country with the provisions of the OECD Model Tax Convention or its Official commentary. Reservations were formulated in relation to a non-binding (model) document and their importance was limited. Such reservations cannot be associated with declarations, made in relation to legally binding documents like the Multilateral Tax Convention. Analyzing the general points of scientific dispute upon the mentioned range of issues, the author argues with researchers who deem that the structure of reservations to the Multilateral Tax Convention doesn’t correspond with the provisions over reservations in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 and thus recognize those reservations as “legal hybrids”.Conclusions. The structure of reservations to the International Tax Convention is deter-mined by the nature of double taxation agreements. The model lawmaking principle (the use of the OECD Model Tax Convention) allowed developing “umbrella” architecture of relationships between the provisions of the Multilateral Tax Convention and the norms of double taxation agreements. The article categorizes types of reservations as reservations of general nature and treaty-specific reservations. The article also considers the specific properties of reservations made in relation to the provisions of the Convention, which com-pose a minimal standard.

Church of the Holy Trinity, was emotionally charged, controversial and, in the end, very sad. The Rectory’s architecture and construction reflected both the needs of its various owners, and many of the dramatic events that had affected the city throughout its history. Despite repeated damage by fire, the faith community always found the strength and energy to restore the building and bring it back to life. Up until 1989, the Rectory was an integral part of the community’s spiritual life, and even after then, its upper storey continued to serve as the Church’s pastoral centre and a meeting place for Christian youth activities, while the ground floor housed the city’s Tourist Information Board and a popular restaurant. The Rectory was declared a national cultural monument in 2008, just as a developer was taking an interest in the site on which it stood. At this point, the local Church authorities decided it was not worthy of salvation and swiftly lodged an appeal against the decision to protect it, downplaying the building’s historical and architectural value, suggesting that since its original Late Medieval/ Early Modern features had been lost to fire 1678, the current building, reconstructed in 1777, was of no significant value. While a decision on the appeal was still pending, the Rectory was demolished, in the middle of Saturday night, July 12, 2008. The ground on which it stood was completely excavated within a week, allowing no possibility of recovery archaeological research. Eventually, a shopping centre was built over the place it once stood. This article discusses the controversial processes that led to the building’s abrupt demolition, and explores the failure to bring charges against those responsible for its destruction, which took place contrary to the Monuments Act

In the late 80s and early 90s of the twentieth century, Armenia openly made territorial claims to the historical lands of Azerbaijan and launched a military aggression against our country. At that time, taking advantage of the chaos in Azerbaijan, Armenia occupied 20% of our lands, and as a result of the policy of ethnic cleansing pursued by Armenia, more than 1 million Azerbaijanis were expelled from their native lands. The process of negotiations on the elimination of the consequences of military aggression against Azerbaijan and the implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884, which lasted about 30 years, did not yield results due to the destructive position of Armenia. On September 27, 2020, the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia again grossly violated the norms of international law. There were dead and wounded among civilians and servicemen. It has launched counter-offensive operations by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan to prevent and neutralize real and potential military threats to the national security of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Thus, part of the Republic of Azerbaijan was liberated by military means, and the other part of the lands occupied by the Armenians was liberated peacefully on the basis of the commitment of the defeated Armenia, the Declaration of November 10, assessed for the Republic of Armenia as an "act of capitulation". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any of individuals or legal persons, regardless of the form of ownership, have the right to introduce into and out of the country goods and means of transport according to the legislation in force, but when crossing the border, they are subject to the declaration of the customs body. The declaration is considered the main stage of the procedure for completing the customs documents, which in turn is the component part of the customs activity. Once the goods or transports enter or leave the state border, they will be placed under a customs regime, and will be the subject of a customs declaration. This condition for declaring goods is regulated by the Customs Code of the Republic of Moldova. Thus, art. 173 stipulates that "goods and means of transport crossing the customs border, goods and means of transport whose customs destination changes, other goods and means of transport in the cases established under the law are declared to the customs body". According to the customs legislation, the declaration of the goods and their presentation for customs clearance is made by the declarants or their representatives, by submitting a detailed customs declaration, in writing, at the end of the transit procedure or within 20 days from the date of filing the summary declaration. Thus, this article will bring to the fore the definition and analysis of this type of customs declaration - the customs declaration in detail.

This article deals with a historiographical review focused on primordial titles elaborated in the viceregal period, as inexhaustible sources in understanding the historical reality of the Indians towns. Likewise, it presents an analysis of the content of the primordial title of Xicalco, which is integrated by pictographs and writing. It has been problematized about the circumstances of its elaboration, based on the historical memory of the ancient foundation and its long-term significance. The originality of this work lies in the fact that the content of this manuscript has not been studied, a discourse that seeks to demonstrate and corroborate the ancestral origin of this third-generation population. The latter forms the narrative that emphasizes the recognition of the space of the people and of the patron saint, both as an instrument of identity and legitimation of its existence as a political corporation. Thus, we have verified that the inhabitants of Xicalco, through the primordial title, dated 1640, and the 2018 Declaration, recovered the historical memory to ensure their power over their land. During the viceroyalty they had to face the advance of the Spanish farmers, on the territory of ancestral inheritance; in the 20th century they faced intra-urban immigration, the sale of land and communal assets that threatened the customs of the inhabitants of Xicalco. For this article we have consulted two primary sources, one of them located in the General Archive of the Nation (agn), the primary title of San Miguel Xicalco, which is part of the branch Collection of Documents and Land Titles that were transferred to this site from the Secretariat of Agrarian Reform of Mexico; the second is the Declaration of the original towns of San Miguel Xicalco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the second half of the 20th century there was a progressive expansion in the goods included in the phrase "cultural heritage" including those intangible elements such as customs or significant testimonies of a culture. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2003) defines the areas of intangible manifestations and establishes the inventory as an essential legal tool of protection. In Argentina, the inventory and the declaration have been used in the field of historical-artistic heritage since the 1940s. From the analysis of a set of norms, jurisprudence, and intangible heritage surveys conducted at the provincial and national level is it possible to systematize the current state of the legal regime of intangible heritage in this country. This work seeks to record the legal status of intangible heritage in Argentina from the traces that can be traced in the legislation and jurisprudence of recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder characterized by high cholesterol and if left untreated leads to premature cardiovascular disease, such as heart attacks. Treatment that begins early in life, particularly in childhood, is highly efficacious in preventing cardiovascular disease and cost-effective, thus early detection of FH is crucial. However, in Europe, less than 10% of people living with FH are diagnosed and even less receive life-saving treatment. The Prague Declaration is a call to action for national and European Union policymakers and decision-makers and a result of the Czech EU Presidency meeting on FH Paediatric Screening (early detection of inherited high cholesterol) at the Czech Senate in Prague on 6th September 2022. It builds on a considerable body of evidence which was discussed at the Technical Meeting under the auspices of the Slovenian EU Presidency in October 2021. The Prague meeting addressed the outstanding barriers to the systematic implementation of FH paediatric screening across Europe. In this article, we present the key points from the Prague meeting and concrete actions needed to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At international level the right to health developed with human rights growing concern and development, as it is understood as continuum which is the conditions to the protection of health of the public. In terms of civil and political rights, one can have the right to medical care services and provision of public health care including the treatment, diagnosis of diseases and other services for health care and for those who are not capable to pay for it.COVID-19 pandemic created global health care concern. The main focus of this paper is to study international human Right to Health in international covenants, declaration and regional charter and also international strategies and responses of COVID-19 pandemic and their possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preamble is a contemporary way for some elements of different written acts to be defined. Therefore, preamble is commonly introductory clause or clauses, usually located at the begining of the act which it is prefixed. Preamble may be very often a part of some legal acts. It could also be found in other written acts which are not necessarily legal by its nature. Therefore, it is wildly spread. Central problem in relation to preamble is the question of its legal binding and the scope of it. The specific is the significance of the preamble in constitutional law: it may consists of declaration on motive for delivery of constitution, declaration on politically crucial moments in history and it could define objectives of new constitutional system, or the solution of some urgent political question. In the last two cases legal obligation of preamble is beyond any despute. In theory, other approaches could also be found concerning the question of legal binding of preamble clauses.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2019 4(1), 61-78 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Beyond autonomy: mutual trust applies to investment protection and beyond. - III. The application of Achmea by investor-State tribunals. - IV. The consequences: how Member States have committed to apply Achmea. | (Abstract) This Article considers the role, application, and implications of the Achmea judgment (judgment of 6 March 2018, case C-284/16 [GC]). As such, the Authors first consider the Leitmotive of Achmea, that is to say, the principles of autonomy and mutual trust. The latter principle, it is argued, should be given much more attention, particularly in light of its fundamental importance in the overall architecture of the European Union. The Article then critically analyses the application of the Achmea judgment by intra-EU arbitral tribunals and how these tribunals have distinguished the effects of the judgment for their assessments on jurisdiction. In a concluding section, the Authors finally reflect on the declarations made by Member States on 15 and 16 January 2019 on the implications and interpretation of Achmea and the intended effects thereof for pending arbitrations.

Nesih konusu sahabe döneminden itibaren önemsenmiş ve dini doğru anlamanın bir ölçütü olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sebeple ulema konuyu değişik boyutlarıyla inceleme ihtiyacını hissetmiştir. Söz konusu meseleyi farklı açılardan ele alan âlimlerimizden biri de, birçok alanda eser telif eden ve usulcü kişiliğiyle öne çıkan Tâcüddîn es-Sübkî’dir. Kendisi, Şâfiî mezhebine mensup olmakla beraber zaman zaman gelenekten farklı görüşler ileri sürmüş hatta bazı konularda dört mezhebin genel görüşüne muhalefet edebilmiştir. Onun çoğu âlimden farklı düşündüğü alanlardan biri de nesih meselesidir. Özellikle haber-i vahid ve kıyasın, Kitap ve mütevatir sünneti nesih edebileceği görüşü dikkat çekicidir. Çalışmamızda Tâcüddîn es-Sübkî’nin nesih konusuna yaklaşımını ve konuyla ilgili genel görüşe muhalif görüşlerini tespit ve tahlil etmeye çalışacağız

The article examines trends and problems of taxation of individuals in the current system, the need to introduce universal declarations in Kazakhstan. The choice of this topic is caused by fact that state, business sector and population of Kazakhstan should not remain indifferent to this tax, as it is one of the stable sources in budget revenue part. The scientific generalization presented in this article is a continuation of scientific disputes rethinking, interpretations, approaches of scientists – economists of developed and developing countries to issue of taxation of the population. The search for the right, effective ways to solve the problems above can be realized through the interaction of scientific people and leading practitioners – economists with participation and discussion of this issue in various scientific forums at regional and national levels, approbation of speeches at scientific and practical conferences, publication of articles in scientific publications of countries near and far abroad and in Kazakhstan with the purpose of attracting attention of interested taxpayer categories.

The silent majority i.e. the children were last to come into the category of rights-holders. The journey from being 'property of parents' to 'object of protection' and then from 'object of protection' to 'subject of rights' is very long. Declaration on the Rights of the Child 1924 under the umbrella of League of Nations was the first document whereby the children for the first time came into the international recognition. Then in 1959, under the umbrella of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child was again adopted, where their protections and vulnerability was reinforced. These both documents were just dealing the protection measures regarding children and they were considered just "objects of protection". Then moment came in 1989, when the historic UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted, which first time recognised children as "rights-holders", and made them 'subjects of rights' from 'objects of protection'. The Convention proved to be the first significant binding instrument which explicitly recognised the children as possessors of rights and not the beggars. The examples and illustrations of three different jurisdictions i.e., United Kingdom: the kingpin of Common law, France; the leader of current civil law system and Pakistan; hybrid system, i.e., Common law mixed with Islamic Law, have been chosen. The objective of paper is to evaluate and see how children became the subject of international law and were lucky to be recognised as 'rights-holder' rather than only 'property' of their parents. The paper gives descriptive historical analysis the journey from 'child protections' to 'child rights' through two Declarations and a UN Convention, of children's rights, that led to their recognition as a category of holders of all human rights, along with special protection on account of their vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En suivant le fil conducteur du concept de virtualité dans la pensée derridienne, cet article montre comment, chez Derrida, tout acte politique peut être pensé comme un acte virtuel. La déconstruction du concept de virtualité à partir des Spectres de Marx (1993) permet tout d’abord de comprendre différemment son irruption dans Otobiographies (1984), contemporaines du Séminaire La vie la mort récemment publié (2019) dans lequel on en retrouve le chapitre 2 « Logique de la vivante », et de lire avec un regard neuf « Du droit à la justice », la première partie de Force de loi (1993). Comment faire pour que chaque « sur-vie » compte et pas seulement la vie de l’homme blanc qui a rédigé et signé, au nom d’un soi-disant « peuple libre », la déclaration d’indépendance des Etats-Unis ou des Amériques du sud ?

The recognition of Kosovo is an issue in some part of the international community even though its independence has been recognized by 116 states and that the ICJ has given a legal opinion which confirmed that the independence was not a violation of international law. This paper analysis the pros and cons and the difficulties created by the non-recognition of Kosovo both for the region and broader, dealing not only with the political reasons and difficulties. The paper is written by using combined methodology and methods: systemic analysis, of legal analysis, and method of comparison analysis. Conclusions and recommendations are expected to be a contribution towards a further debate about the importance of the recognition of the state of Kosovo.

Abstract Criminal Investigation Rights focuses on laws and regulations to discuss crime detection, identification of the accused, proof of delinquency, identification of the victim and determination of material and moral damage to him. Criminal investigation processes begin with a victim's complaint, the announcement of official and informal officials, information by legal and natural persons, victim supporters, or the detection of a crime by the police. The main challenge at this stage is the lack of complaints and the reporting of victim to the police and criminal justice institutions. Victimization examination and crime scene investigation are the main axis of the criminal investigation law. The testimony of intuition, testimonials, and expert reports are effective in discovering the truth and proving criminal misconduct, which is always part of the topic of criminal investigation rights. In the past, the law of criminal investigations focused on delinquent, victim studies have caused criminal investigations to pay attention to the role of the victim.

The activities of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in the educational sphere have been researched. The article as well focuses on the important program «Education for All». At the World Education Forum (Dakar, 2000), the governments pledged to achieve «Education for All» and identified six goals to be met by 2015. Threfore the study examines these goals. Special attention has been paid to the results of this program. According to the World Report on Monitoring «Education for All», the statistics has been presented to achieve the goals set. The study outlines the problems of this sphere that need to be solved in the future. It is emphasized that a number of goals, namely the right of all to education, gender equality, improvement of the education system, etc. are extremely important. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization organizes different conferences, forums for solution problems of education, gives important recommendation for improvements educational sphere. The views of the General Directors of UNESCO on the role of education in UNESCO’s activities, on implementation of the provisions of the «Education for All» have been given. The author as well emphasizes on the high importance of educational sphere of the activities of UNESCO. In accordance with the new declaration, the study outlines the perspective of educational sphere of UNESCO’s activities (from 2015 to 2030).

The article substantiates the expediency to distinguish a kind of “gift relations in the public service” – “gift relations with the participation of close persons of a public servant.” The author draws attention to the specificity of the subjects of the relevant relations, which is a public servant (a person empowered to exercise the functions of the state or local self-government and “serve” for a public interest) and close persons of the public servant (persons connected with the public servant by means of family, friendly relations) A gift in these relations differs by peculiarity because it is oriented solely to the person of a public servant, and not to his professional activities, his special legal status. Its presentation does not imply any influence on the “purity” of the professional activities of a public servant. In view of this, it is inappropriate to consider the normative consolidation of the appropriate “personal” (it is also called “private”, “ordinary”, “normal”) gift to requirements for cost, grounds, the periodicity of receiving. At the same time, despite the specifics of “gift relations with the participation of a public servant,” they cannot remain outside the regulatory framework. Such regulation allows strengthening the foundations of determinacy in the “gift policy” of the state and eliminating the grounds for use of “gifts from close persons” as a means of “indirect” influence, including inappropriate, on the professional activities of public servants or concealment of unjust enrichment of the latter. The author justifies the inappropriate use of prohibitions and restrictions in the regulation of appropriate kind of “gift relations in the public service.” Instead, the introduction of an obligatory annual declaration where public servants point all gifts, including “personal” ones, indicating donor’s personality, the nature of the relationship with him, the market value of the gift. A similar obligation is proposed to provide for close persons of a public servant (first of all, family members as well as close persons who live together with a public servant) in order to strengthen the principles of transparency of “gift relations with the participation of close persons of a public servant,” confirmation of the history of relationship, funds sources for gift’s presentation (the indication of funds sources for the gift is mandatory for this group of persons). For the effective use of the declaration, proposals are formulated to unify the provisions of anti-corruption, tax and tort legislation in the aspect of compliance with the requirements for obtainment of gifts by public servants from their relatives.

The fate of the so-called Old Rectory in Žilina, situated next to the monumental Church of the Holy Trinity, was emotionally charged, controversial and, in the end, very sad. The Rectory's architecture and construction reflected both the needs of its various owners, and many of the dramatic events that had affected the city throughout its history. Despite repeated damage by fire, the faith community always found the strength and energy to restore the building and bring it back to life. Up until 1989, the Rectory was an integral part of the community's spiritual life, and even after then, its upper storey continued to serve as the Church's pastoral centre and a meeting place for Christian youth activities, while the ground floor housed the city's Tourist Information Board and a popular restaurant. The Rectory was declared a national cultural monument in 2008, just as a developer was taking an interest in the site on which it stood. At this point, the local Church authorities decided it was not worthy of salvation and swiftly lodged an appeal against the decision to protect it, downplaying the building's historical and architectural value, suggesting that since its original Late Medieval/ Early Modern features had been lost to fire 1678, the current building, reconstructed in 1777, was of no significant value. While a decision on the appeal was still pending, the Rectory was demolished, in the middle of Saturday night, July 12, 2008. The ground on which it stood was completely excavated within a week, allowing no possibility of recovery archaeological research. Eventually, a shopping centre was built over the place it once stood. This article discusses the controversial processes that led to the building's abrupt demolition, and explores the failure to bring charges against those responsible for its destruction, which took place contrary to the Monuments Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical roots of forming Krajina state. In 1991 the Republic of Croatia consisted of the territories of Croatian and Serbian people. The Serbian Democratic Party was founded on 17th February, 1990. The community of municipalities of Northern Dalmatia and Lika. The Assembly in Srbo, Serbian National Council and the Declaration of Serbian Autonomy. The plebiscite about Serbian autonomy. Serbian Autonomous Territory Krajina. The referendum about remaining in Yugoslavia. The Union between Serbian Autonomous Territory Krajina and Bosnian Krajina. Serbian Autonomous Territory Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem. The Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Vance plan. The development of institutions of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Croatian breach of the UN peace plan. The Republic of Serbian Krajina - the initiator of all-Serbian unity. Serbian Federation - unfulfilled dream of Krajina. The occupation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina.

This article presents reflections on the repercussion of the Normative Orien- tation no. 3, of August of 2016, of MPDG, that establishes guidelines for the verification of the candidates self-declaration that they plead the entrance in the higher education or in call for tender for the system of affirmative action for blacks and brown. Through the documental research, specifically of the edicts of college entrance exams of the Federal Institutes, it was verified that some Institutes created the verification commissions with the attribution of confir- ming, through phenotypic analysis, if the self-declaration corresponds to the truth. The Normative Orientation, besides violating the established rights in the convention 169 of OIT, of which Brazil is signatory, disrespects the Statu- te of the Racial Equality and reify theoretically an argument overcome in the extent of the anthropological theories, which is, the race concept as decisive of the human diRerences

In this article, it is explored the possibility of using La Razón Populista to interpret political phenomena that have nothing to do with classic populist movements, but rather with unquestionably political and historical movements. More specifically, we raise the question of whether Laclau's theory of populism is valid to interpret a historical phenomenon such as the text of a declaration of independence. Thus, the question guiding this essay is: is Laclau's populism, as the author himself indicates, a theoretical framework that can be used to interpret various political phenomena, and not only those related to the images of classical or traditional populism? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]