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La presente investigación que lleva por título: El Clima Escolar y el Aprendizaje Colaborativo en los estudiantes del V ciclo la I.E. Perú Japón –Carabayllo, 2018, tiene objetivo general Determinar la relación entre clima escolar y el aprendizaje colaborativo en los estudiantes del V ciclo de la I.E. “Perú Japón” Carabayllo-2018. En la presente tesis se utilizó un tipo de investigación básica, con el diseño de investigación no experimental, descriptiva correlacional, que busca determinar el grado de relación entre la variable independiente y la variable dependiente de nuestra investigación. Para realizar dicho estudio se necesitó una muestra de 100 estudiantes entre varones y mujeres del V ciclo del colegio Perú Japón a quienes se le aplico la técnica de la encuesta, resolviendo un cuestionario anónimo que fue validado por los expertos afirmando su confiabilidad a través del estadístico correlación de Spearman: (0,805 y 0,831), que demuestra confiabilidad. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos podemos decir que existe una baja entre el clima escolar y el aprendizaje colaborativo de la I.E. Perú Japón, Carabayllo, 2018 Lima Norte Escuela de Posgrado Currículo y Gestión de Conocimiento

International audience; The space environment is regularly used for experiments addressing astrobiology research goals. The specific conditions prevailing in Earth orbit and beyond, notably the radiative environment (photons and energetic particles) and the possibility to conduct long-duration measurements, have been the main motivations for developing experimental concepts to expose chemical or biological samples to outer space, or to use the reentry of a spacecraft on Earth to simulate the fall of a meteorite. This paper represents an overview of past and current research in astrobiology conducted in Earth orbit and beyond, with a special focus on ESA missions such as Biopan, STONE (on Russian FOTON capsules) and EXPOSE facilities (outside the International Space Station). The future of exposure platforms is discussed, notably how they can be improved for better science return, and how to incorporate the use of small satellites such as those built in cubesat format

The space environment is regularly used for experiments addressing astrobiology research goals. The specific conditions prevailing in Earth orbit and beyond, notably the radiative environment (photons and energetic particles) and the possibility to conduct long-duration measurements, have been the main motivations for developing experimental concepts to expose chemical or biological samples to outer space, or to use the reentry of a spacecraft on Earth to simulate the fall of a meteorite. This paper represents an overview of past and current research in astrobiology conducted in Earth orbit and beyond, with a special focus on ESA missions such as Biopan, STONE (on Russian FOTON capsules) and EXPOSE facilities (outside the International Space Station). The future of exposure platforms is discussed, notably how they can be improved for better science return, and how to incorporate the use of small satellites such as those built in cubesat format.

This work was supported by the European Space Agency under the Topical Team, 'Geobiology in Space Exploration'. Claire Cousins is funded by a Royal Society of Edinburgh Research Fellowship, co-funded by the Marie Curie Actions FP7 Programme. Geobiology, and in particular mineral-microbe interactions, has a significant role to play in current and future space exploration. This includes the search for biosignatures in extraterrestrial environments, and the human exploration of space. Microorganisms can be exploited to advance such exploration, such as through biomining, maintenance of life-support systems, and testing of life-detection instrumentation. In view of these potential applications, a European Space Agency (ESA) Topical Team “Geobiology in Space Exploration” was developed to explore these applications, and identify research avenues to be investigated to support this endeavour. Through community workshops, a roadmap was produced, with which to define future research directions via a set of 15 recommendations spanning three key areas: Science, Technology, and Community. These roadmap recommendations identify the need for research into: (1) New terrestrial space-analogue environments; (2) Community level microbial-mineral interactions; (3) Response of biofilms to the space environment; (4) Enzymatic and biochemical mineral interaction; (5) Technical refinement of instrumentation for space-based microbiology experiments, including precursor flight tests; (6) Integration of existing ground-based planetary simulation facilities; (7) Integration of fieldsite biogeography with laboratory- and field-based research; (8) Modification of existing planetary instruments for new geobiological investigations; (9) Development of in situ sample preparation techniques; (10) Miniaturisation of existing analytical methods, such as DNA sequencing technology; (11) New sensor technology to analyse chemical interaction in small volume samples; (12) Development of reusable Lunar and Near Earth Object experimental platforms; (13) Utility of Earth-based research to enable the realistic pursuit of extraterrestrial biosignatures; (14) Terrestrial benefits and technological spin-off from existing and future space-based geobiology investigations; and (15) New communication avenues between space agencies and terrestrial research organisations to enable this impact to be developed. Postprint

Rhynchophorus palmarum es plaga importante del cultivo de la palma de aceite, debido a su asociación con las enfermedades anillo rojo (AR) y pudrición del cogollo (PC). El uso de trampas para capturar adultos, busca disminuir las poblaciones del insecto, la incidencia de AR y la colonización de palmas con heridas o PC. Con el objeto de evaluar el mejor tipo de trampa y determinar la proporción de kairomona eficaz para capturar R. palmarum, se realizaron dos experimentos en plantaciones pertenecientes a Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. En el primero, se evaluaron cinco tipos de trampas cebadas con la feromona de agregación Rhynchophorol y la kairomona formada por una mezcla fermentada de 1.500 ml de agua-melaza en relación 2:1 y 500 g de caña de azúcar. La trampa con lona, feromona y kairomona, fue estadísticamente (Duncan P < 0,05) más eficaz para capturar adultos de R. palmarum (471 individuos/ trampa/quincena) que las demás trampas. En el segundo experimento, se utilizó la mejor trampa del experimento anterior y se evaluaron cinco proporciones de kairomona que variaron entre 200 y 1.500 cc de agua-melaza y 200 a 500 g de caña de azúcar. Las trampas con las proporciones más altas fueron estadísticamente (Duncan P < 0,05) más eficaces, al capturar en promedio 614 adultos/trampa/semana, comparadas con las demás proporciones evaluadas, que no excedieron 460 adultos/trampa/semana. En consecuencia la trampa con lona y feromona, cebada con 1.000 cc de agua-melaza y 300 g de caña, se seleccionó por ser la más eficaz para capturar adultos de R. palmarum, con un costo anual de US $ 85/trampa. Rhynchophorus palmarum is a very important pest of oil palm, due to its association with the red ring and bud rot diseases. The use of traps to capture adults seeks to reduce their populations, the incidence of red ring and the colonization of wounded palms or infected by bud rot. To test the efficacy capturing R. palmarum using different trap types, with the aggregation pheromone Rhynchophorol and a kairomone composed of a fermented bait of water-molasses and sugar cane, two experiments were conducted in plantations of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. In a first experiment, five type of traps were tested all of them baited with Rhynchophorol and the kairomone using 1,500 ml of fermented water - molasses in a ratio 2:1, and 500 g of sugar cane. Results indicated that traps with canvas, pheromone and kairomone were statistically (P = 0.05) more effective in capturing R. palmarum (471 adults/trap/biweekly), than other traps tested. The second experiment was conducted using the best trap from the previous experiment, and testing five proportions of kairomone, varying from 200 to 1,500 cc of bait and 200 to 500 g of sugar cane. Results showed that higher proportions of kairomone were statistically (P = 0.05) more effective (614 individuals/trap/week), compared with the other proportions evaluated, which did not exceed 460 individuals/trap/week. The canvas-trap with pheromone, 1,000 cc of bait and 300 g of sugar cane was selected, because of its efficacy capturing R. palmarum adults at an annual cost of US $ 85/trap.