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Introduction: The negative impact of medical training on trainee mental health continues to be a concern. Situated within a sociocultural milieu, Generation Z and Generation Y, defined by their highly involved parents and the widespread use of technology, currently dominate undergraduate and graduate medical education respectively. It is necessary to explore medical trainees' generational characteristics and job-related factors related to stress, burnout, depression, and resilience. This might provide different perspectives and potential solutions to medical trainees' mental health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical trainees (students and residents) from two institutions in Qatar. A self-administered online survey included measures for trainees' social media overuse, their parent's parenting style, the educational support by the clinical teacher, job (demands, control, and support), and work-life balance and their relation with their stress, burnout, depression, and resilience. Relationships were tested with multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Of the 326 medical trainees who responded, 142 (44%) trainees − 93 students and 49 residents – completed all items and were included in the analysis. Social media overuse and inability to maintain a work-life balance were associated with higher levels of stress, depression, and student burnout. Higher levels of job support were associated with lower levels of stress, depression, and resident burnout, and a higher level of resilience. Job control was associated with lower burnout levels. Parenting style was unrelated to trainees' mental health. Discussion: The two generations 'Y' and 'Z' dominating current medical training showed more stress-related complaints when there is evidence of social media overuse and failure to maintain a work-life balance, while job support counterbalances this, whereas parenting style showed no effect. Measures to enhance medical trainees' mental health may include education about the wise use of social media, encouraging spending more quality social time, and enhancing job support and job control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the Netherlands, absenteeism and reduced productivity due to work disability lead to high yearly costs reaching almost 5% of the gross national product. To reduce the economic burden of sick leave and reduced productivity, different employability interventions for work-disabled employees or employees at risk of work disability have been developed. Within this study, called 'CASE-study' (Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Sustainable Employability), five different employability interventions directed at work disabled employees with divergent health complaints will be analysed on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. This paper describes a consistent and transparent methodological design to do so. Methods/design Per employability intervention 142 participants are needed whereof approximately 66 participants receiving the intervention will be compared with 66 participants receiving usual care. Based on the intervention-specific characteristics, a randomized control trial or a quasi-experiment with match-criteria will be conducted. Notwithstanding the study design, eligible participants will be employees aged 18 to 63, working at least 12 h per week, and at risk of work disability, or already work-disabled due to medical restrictions. The primary outcome will be the duration of sick leave. Secondary outcomes are health status and quality of life. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and then 6, 12 and 18 months later. Economic costs will consist of healthcare costs and cost of lost production due to work disability, and will be evaluated from a societal perspective. Discussion The CASE-study is the first to conduct economic evaluations of multiple different employability interventions based on a similar methodological framework. The cost-effectiveness results for every employability intervention will be published in 2014, but the methods, strengths and weaknesses of the study protocol are discussed in this paper. To contribute to treatment options in occupational health practice and enable the development of guidelines on how to conduct economic evaluation better suited to this field; this paper provides an important first step. Trial registration Four trials involved in the CASE-study are registered with the Netherlands Trial Registry: Care for Work (NTR2886), Health and Motion (NTR3111), Guidance to Excel in Return to Work (NTR3151), Care for Companies/Second Care (NTR3136).

Background: Missing school can lead to lower educational achievement, early school dropout and health problems. To address sickness absence in secondary schools the intervention Medical Advice for sick reported students (MASS) has been developed. Because of fundamental differences in relation to the children’s age and in the schools’ organisational structure, the original MASS is not suited to primary schools. The aim of this study was to adapt MASS to primary education. Methods: The intervention mapping approach steps 1 through 4 were used to adapt MASS to primary schools (MASS-PS), including a literature search, stakeholder interviews and pre-testing. Results: In step 1, a planning group was formed and a logic model of the problem was created based on a literature search and interviews with stakeholders. In step 2, a logic model of change was created to determine the behavioural and environmental factors that need to change to achieve the goals of the intervention. In step 3, a theoretical basis and practical strategies to adjust MASS to primary education were determined. In step 4, practical support materials were developed and two pre-tests of the materials were performed with stakeholders and end-users. Conclusions: Intervention mapping was successfully used to adapt MASS to primary schools. The main changes were the lowering of the threshold for extensive sickness, consultations between teacher and absenteeism coordinator and the addition of a social worker and remedial educationalist as experts next to the child and youth healthcare physician. The second pre-test did not yield any adaptations, indicating good acceptance in practice. With MASS, extensive sickness absence among primary school pupils can be addressed as a ‘red flag’ for underlying problems. Key messages: Intervention mapping steps one through four were sucessfully used to adapt a secondary school intervention to adress sickness absence among students (MASS) to primary schools. With the adapted MASS intervention, extensive sickness absence among primary school pupils can be addressed as a ‘red flag’ for underlying problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the job demand-control (JD-C) model with burnout as the dependent variable in a homogenous sample of intensive care nurses. Active coping mechanism as moderator of interaction between job demands and job control; Intensification of the stress-enhancing effect of job demands by a misfit between the level of control and individual coping style.