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5. External Vulnerability and Financial Fragility in BRICS Countries: Non-Conventional Indicators for a Comparative Analysis**The opinions expressed herein by the authors do not represent the viewpoint of the institutions to which they are affiliated.

Author

de Araujo, Eliane Cristina, de Araujo, Márcio Silva, and Bruno, Miguel Antonio Pinho

Abstract

This article aims to discuss the possible use of other indicators of external vulnerability in addition to traditional ones, showing indications of financial fragility in the international insertion of the economies of emerging countries, specifically the so-called BRICS. The analysis presented for the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) was limited to identifying foreign currency flows, leading to an analysis that can lead to conclusions regarding the greater or lesser degree of exposure of these economies to fluctuation in financing flows. In principle, if the accumulation of reserves is originated using third-party resources, in addition to representing a cost (particularly for countries with much higher domestic than foreign interest rates), their ability to maintain that liquidity inventory is not equal for all BRICS countries. As seen under this aspect, China and Russia seem to have greater autonomy in managing their reserves than the BIS (Brazil, India, and South Africa) countries.

Published
2013
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6. Heterobimetallic [Ru(II)/Fe(II)] complexes: On the formation of trans- and cis-[RuCl2(dppf)(diimines)]

Author

Gallatti, Túlio F., Bogado, André L., Poelhsitz, Gustavo Von, Ellena, Javier, Castellano, Eduardo E., Batista, Alzir A., and de Araujo, Márcio P.

Subjects
*METAL complexes, *RUTHENIUM, *HYDROGENATION, *ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Abstract

Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of trans/cis-[RuCl2(dppf)(diimines)], dppf=1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; diimines=2,2′-bipyridine (trans/cis-(1)), the new complexes with 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (trans/cis-(2)) and 1,10-phenanthroline (cis-(3)) are presented. The complexes were synthesized using two routes and the trans/cis-isomer formation is dependent upon conditions and the precursor applied. The trans-isomer (kinetic) readily isomerizes to the cis-isomer (thermodynamic) when exposed to light (fluorescent) and this process was followed by cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis. The electrochemical studies on these complexes reveal that Fe(III)/Fe(II) couples are insensitive to the isomer (trans/cis) formed, but the Ru(III)/Ru(II) couples are dependent on the isomer. Transfer-hydrogenation reactions for reduction of acetophenone were conducted using complexes cis-(1) and cis-(2) and the results are compared with that obtained for similar complexes. X-ray structure for cis-(3) are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2007
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