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To acknowledge the lived realities of women who kill their abusive partners when they are sleeping or inattentive, several jurisdictions have reformed or reinterpreted their criminal laws. Some have introduced specific domestic violence defences while others construe existing defences more broadly in recognition of the circumstances under which abused women kill. Germany, however, has not adopted these approaches. Through analysis of the 2003 'family tyrant' judgment by the Bundesgerichtshof (the highest court of ordinary jurisdiction in Germany), this article examines the German criminal justice system's treatment of women who kill their abusers. The article concludes that law reform is necessary to better acknowledge the situation of female victims who kill their abusive intimate partners in non-confrontational circumstances in response to long-term domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Scotland as a case study, this paper identifies key areas in which there could be potential reform for women who kill their abusive partners. The study focuses on two particular areas: the use of specialised courts and the use of expert evidence on coercive control. The paper concludes that there exist multiple avenues of reform with the potential to improve women's experiences of the criminal justice system. However, for these to be utilised, there must be clear recognition that cases of this type are domestic abuse cases. As such, they should be considered firmly within current national domestic abuse policy rather than continuing to sit outside existing frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the collaborative process involved in campaigning for and representing women appealing murder convictions, highlighting the power of positive collaboration between lawyers, campaigners, frontline experts and the women themselves. Pragna Patel and Harriet Wistrich, who first met while protesting in the early 1990s outside the Royal Courts of Justice in London, have been pivotal figures in this movement. Patel has dedicated four decades to Southall Black Sisters, an organisation advocating for black and minority women. Wistrich cofounded Justice for Women and later specialised in representing women victim-survivors of male violence, challenging discrimination in the criminal justice system. Their collaboration has led to significant precedent-setting murder appeals and reforms in domestic homicide law. This article reflects on their enduring involvement spanning three decades, detailing their efforts in individual cases and legislative reforms. Their approach focuses on obtaining detailed personal accounts from women and building legal strategies around them, aiming to challenge convictions through a feminist lens. Recently, their collaborative efforts prompted the United Kingdom government to commission the Law Commission to review defences in cases of homicide. This underscores their enduring impact in fighting for justice for women who kill their abusive partners and effecting legal change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminal justice system (CJS), comprising police, prosecutors, and courts, is pivotal in preventing intimate partner violence (IPV). However, challenges persist in effectively protecting victims, with high post-reporting recidivism rates. This systematic review aims to identify CJS interventions targeting IPV recurrence and to assess their effectiveness. Eleven articles meeting inclusion criteria were categorized into three themes: police (five articles), prosecutor (zero articles), and court (six articles). While overall findings lack conclusive evidence on intervention effectiveness, they suggest potential in reducing IPV recidivism among specific perpetrator sub-groups. The review underscores the need to consider contextual factors when evaluating interventions like arrest for IPV prevention. Challenges in identifying evidence-based practices within the CJS persist, necessitating ongoing evaluation research and investment in evidence-based strategies to inform policy and practice effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early termination was introduced in criminal procedural reforms in Latin America and other regions to speed up times, decongest courts, and improve efficiency. It emerged from Anglo-Saxon plea bargaining, which had pragmatically proven its usefulness. A systematic review of 20 articles was applied between 2013-2023 on the effectiveness of early termination in improving the efficiency of criminal proceedings in Europe, America, and Australia. It was found that there is no clarity on whether early termination fulfills the purpose of making criminal justice systems more efficient. Some studies see positive aspects such as reduced deadlines in simple cases and more agile processes in specific stages. Others are skeptical about persistent problems in complex cases, negative side effects on rights, and doubts about the quality and fairness of agreements. Controversies were seen between positions for and against regarding this procedural tool's potential benefits and limitations. Consequently, it is concluded that there is not enough evidence to validate that early termination efficiently meets the expectations that motivated its adoption. It is necessary to rigorously recapitulate its real scope before expanding these procedural modalities whose effectiveness is not empirically proven in most criminal justice systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the implementation of diversion and restorative justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA) in Jayapura City. This research uses a sociological juridical approach with qualitative research methods. Data was collected through literature study and field research, including interviews with law enforcement officials and the community. The research results show that the public's understanding of diversion and restorative justice still needs to improve, while law enforcement officials' understanding is quite good. However, community satisfaction with implementing diversion and restorative justice is still low due to several factors, such as a lack of attention to victims, judge decisions that are considered unfair, and criminal sanctions that are considered too light. Apart from that, there are several obstacles in implementing diversion and restorative justice, such as difficulty presenting child witnesses, complicated statements from perpetrators, and limited space for child detention. This research concludes that implementing diversion and restorative justice in Jayapura City is yet to be optimal and needs to be improved through more intensive outreach, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officers, and improving supporting facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This systematic review explores the impact of deepfakes on the criminal justice system. Deepfakes, a sophisticated form of AI-generated synthetic media, have raised concerns due to their potential to compromise the integrity of evidence and judicial processes. The review aims to assess the extent of this threat, guided by a research question: (1) What threats do deepfakes pose to the criminal justice system? Methods: The review was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on publications from 2021 to 2022. Search terms were optimised for sensitivity and specificity, and articles were chosen based on criteria including relevance to deepfake threats and deepfake detection research. The methodology included rigorous screening processes using tools like Zotero and Rayyan.ai, with an emphasis on inter-rater reliability to ensure objective selection of studies. Results: The search initially identified 1355 articles, with 1200 articles screened for eligibility after duplicates were removed. For the threat of deepfakes to the criminal justice system, 110 studies were selected for full-text review, and 44 were included in the final analysis. Key findings include identification of primary crime categories linked to deepfakes, such as pornography, fraud, and information manipulation, alongside challenges like trust erosion in institutions and evidence falsification issues. Conclusions: Deepfakes significantly threaten the criminal justice system, highlighting the necessity for advanced detection methods. These findings underscore the importance of continued research and development in deepfake detection technologies and strategies for legal safeguards and broader implications on policy, national security, and democratic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the process of modernization of the system of criminal justice bodies is underway in Ukraine, the purpose of which is to improve the system of public administration and improve mechanisms for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. In particular, the concept of criminal justice reform of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 04/08/2008 No. 311/2008, was implemented in the aspect of updating criminal, criminal procedural and administrative tort legislation. As part of the humanization of criminal legislation, the following steps have been taken: felony crimes have been reclassified as criminal misdemeanors, the procedure for bringing to justice persons who have committed criminal misdemeanors has been simplified, and the work of criminal justice bodies has been optimized in the detection, investigation, and trial of cases. The scientific publication examines topical issues of the place and role of the investigator in criminal proceedings, including through a comparison of the procedural status of the investigator and the investigator. Taking into account the powers of the inquirer, defined by the law that introduces this institute, the burden on the specified subject of criminal proceedings is examined in comparison with the investigator on the example of a specific region, with statistical data on registered, completed and sent to court criminal proceedings. The norms of the current criminal procedural legislation are analyzed, which determine the authority of the inquirer in the process of carrying out a pre-trial investigation of criminal misdemeanors. The legal status of the inquirer as a subject of registration in the Unified Register of Pretrial Investigations is outlined, the imperfection of the introduced norms is noted due to the limitation of the procedural powers of the head of the inquiry in comparison with the head of the investigative unit, and the negative procedural consequences ar e indicated due to some legislative gaps that require amendments to the current Criminal Code of the procedural code of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, conclusions and proposals regarding the improvement of national legislation were formulated, and the prospect of further research on this t opic was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the major criminological indicators that illustrate the practical application of criminal law provisions establishing liability for corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law. By analyzing the provisions of the notes to Articles 45 and 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, along with the features characterizing the perpetrators of crimes in the sphere of official activities, the author outlines the range of criminal offenses in the area under study. These offenses include, in particular, abuse of power or official position (Article 364 of the CC of Ukraine); acceptance of an offer or promise, or receipt of an undue benefit by an official (Article 368 of the CC of Ukraine), and unlawful enrichment (Articles 3681, 3682, 3685 of the CC of Ukraine). Based on official statistical sources (the Office of the Prosecutor General and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine), the author conducted a long-term criminological analysis of the situation with the crimes under study and determined the absolute, average, and relative values in the period from 2016 to 2023, as well as the indicators reflecting the correlation between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected and convicted persons for each type of crime rime in this category. The calculated indicators revealed a dramatic gap between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected persons, as well as the number of detected and convicted persons. This discrepancy suggests that the criminal justice system has low efficiency in combating crimes of the studied category, with the real scale of these offenses, given their significant latency, far exceeding the officially recorded indicators. The study conducted by the author holds an independent value both for scientific purposes and for law enforcement activities and provides the relevant basis for information support in combating corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law; most importantly, it provides a clear understanding and assessment of the efficiency of the relevant criminal law provisions and serves as a prerequisite for developing the measures to improve the efficiency of criminal justice authorities in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug courts are specialized programs from the courts that aim to offer a chance to individuals with substance-related problems encountering law enforcement to take treatment rather than face incarceration. The aim of this debate is to critically debate the utility, applicability, and feasibility of drug courts in India. This is a theoretical debate based on the existing evidence and considerations of ground realities in the country. There is enough evidence that drug courts are effective in decreasing substance use and decreasing rearrests. These courts have been demonstrated to be cost-effective, and they seemingly decrease the burden on traditional courts. However, it can also potentially lead to discrimination of marginalized groups while at the same time can be seen to be punitive and coercive. Legal provisions exist that may facilitate the development of such programs. Nonetheless, there is a scrupulous consideration of the pros and cons of drug courts and their operational considerations in the local context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the court case National Rifle Ass'n of America v. Vullo, focusing on the Supreme Court's review of the NRA's First Amendment claim against New York's Department of Financial Services. Topics include the Court's application of the Bantam Books principle to differentiate between permissible persuasion and impermissible coercion, the focus on government actions that suppress speech, and the Court's rejection of the argument that state law enforcement.

This Article frames the problem of capital taxation as a dilemma of the middle of history. At the “beginning of history”—before any wealth inequality has emerged and before individuals have made any saving choices—the much-cited Atkinson-Stiglitz theorem teaches that the optimal capital tax is zero. At the “end of history”—after individuals have made all of their saving choices—the optimal capital tax is generally agreed to be 100%, since a capital tax today cannot distort decisions made in the past. Neither result tells us how to proceed in the “middle of history”—after significant wealth inequality has emerged but while the shadow of the future still looms large. Yet absent an imminent apocalypse, the “middle of history” is the temporal reality with which our tax policies must contend. The central question for capital taxation in the middle of history is how governments today can respond to accumulated inequalities while credibly committing to future tax trajectories. This Article focuses on three factors—institutions, inequality, and ideas—that mediate the relationship between past and present policy and expectations of future policy. Exploring these three mediating factors in deep detail can enrich our positive understanding of capital taxation’s real-world effects while refining our normative views about optimal capital tax design. Economic reasoning proves useful to this inquiry, but the Article also emphasizes the importance of integrating perspectives from history, political science, sociology, and—not least—law into a holistic account of capital taxation and credible commitment. The analytical payoffs from such an approach are far-reaching. For example, a middle-of-history perspective complicates the conventional wisdom regarding the relationship between capital taxation and investment incentives: Capital tax cuts—which are typically thought to incentivize investment—may have the reverse effect when they undermine public confidence in the political stability of a low-capital-tax regime. Beyond the implications for tax, a middle-of-history perspective can yield lessons for—and derive lessons from—fields ranging from criminal justice to intellectual property, which face credible commitment problems comparable to tax’s dilemma. The challenge of sustaining credible commitment when policymakers’ incentives are time inconsistent is not just a problem of capital taxation in the middle of history but a more general problem of law in the middle of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who use psychoactive substances that are illicit have increased chances of coming into contact with the law enforcement and criminal justice systems for different reasons. The problem statement in terms of the need for healthcare services for such people is yet to be defined and quantified in India. Methods: We used the data collected by the National Crimes Record Bureau for the years 1986 to 2021. We assessed the profile of offences registered under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS), 1985 over the successive years in India. We also made comparisons between the offences for possession for personal use/consumption and for trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances at the national level and at the level of states and union territories in the country. Results: The percentage of these arrests, charge sheets and convictions as part of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) has increased over the years, showing a positive monotonic trend. A large percentage of those arrested were males. A higher percentage of females were arrested and charge-sheeted for trafficking than for personal use or consumption. The percentage of total persons arrested, charge-sheeted and convicted for possession of drugs for personal use/consumption was greater than that of those arrested for possession of drugs for trafficking for all years from 2017 to 2021. There were significant associations between gender and the types of offense. The highest rates of offences were reported from some north-western states, north-eastern states and Kerala. Conclusion: The findings help us make a strong argument in favour of strengthening the health sector response for people who use psychoactive substances and are in contact with the law enforcement and criminal justice systems in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the state's competing obligations to enforce and not enforce the law, arguing for the existence of a general duty against maximal enforcement. It explores the reasons why excessive enforcement can be inefficient, oppressive, and counterproductive, suggesting that the state has a freestanding obligation to limit its enforcement of laws, particularly in the context of criminal justice reform and minimalism.

Introduction: Occupational exposure to trauma and its potential impacts on legal professionals working in the criminal justice system is an area that has historically been neglected and has only gained traction in recent years. Crown prosecutors, as a subset of practising criminal lawyers in New Zealand, are arguably at heightened risk of vicarious trauma (VT) due to their occupationally distinct exposure to potentially traumatic material (PTM). However, no research to date has explored the experiences of this group of working with PTM. Methods: This qualitative study aimed to explore New Zealand Crown prosecutors’ experiences of working with PTM. Nineteen Crown prosecutors from four Crown Solicitor firms across New Zealand participated in individual semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three themes were developed that described Crown prosecutors’ experiences of work-related exposure to trauma: trauma is everywhere, enduring effects of PTM exposure, and coping in the moment. These findings add to the growing body of literature on legal professionals’ work-related wellbeing and highlights how they are an at-risk population for VT, which can be significant and enduring. Discussion: Further research is needed to understand the unique etiological pathways for both the consequences of working with PTM and effective ways to reduce this occupational risk for legal professionals working in the criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: On January 31st, 2023, the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, was granted a federal exemption allowing adults (aged 18 +) to possess up to 2.5 g of select illicit drugs. The exemption will be in place for three years (2023–2026), marking the first formal decriminalization of illicit drug policy reform in Canada. BC's decriminalization initiative is premised on several goals. This project seeks to evaluate each of these goals and their individual and combined contributions to determine the overall success of this policy. Methods: The following protocol paper provides a detailed outline of a five-year (2022-2027) national evaluation of BC's decriminalization initiative, as well as the specific objectives, methodologies, and planned analyses for eight interrelated sub-studies that comprise the evaluation. These sub-studies fall under the following five topical areas of research: 1) people who use drugs (PWUD), 2) the police and the criminal justice system, 3) the general public, 4) the health services system, and 5) an economic analysis. Additional research activities may also be explored. Results: The overall evaluation and specific sub-study designs were informed by intensive stakeholder engagement. The evaluation was developed in collaboration with an international expert committee who came together to undertake a nominal group technique to decide on the final evaluation design and corresponding logic model. The evaluation will also employ an advisory board and individual sub-study working groups comprised of experts and PWUD who will oversee the development and implementation of the overall evaluation as well as each sub-study. Discussion: This evaluation will draw on implementation science research practices to evaluate and understand the full impacts of this novel drug policy experiment. Results will be widely disseminated through manuscripts, reports, presentations, and infographics, which will be adapted and tailored for specific audiences. The protocol identifies several anticipated challenges and limitations. This evaluation's evidence-based findings will be poised to offer pivotal insights that can shape and refine the discourse on drug policy and will serve as a critical resource for understanding the multifaceted impacts of decriminalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is noteworthy that there is an increase in medical lawsuits filed against nurses in Turkey and in the rest of the world. The purpose of this article is to examine nurses' criminal liability and senior nursing students' awareness of these responsibilities. Methods: All senior students (n = 309) of the Faculty of Nursing who were studying in the 2020–2021 academic year of the university constituted the population of the research. The study was completed with 300 students who were studying between the dates of the research and who agreed to participate in the research. Data was collected online via Google Forms. The data obtained from the research was analyzed with the program SPSS 20. Numbers and percentages, averages, and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the data. Results: This article provides an overview of nurses' criminal liability and senior nursing students' awareness of these responsibilities. The article offers striking implications regarding the awareness of trainee nurses who have not yet started their careers regarding the criminal liability of nurses. Conclusion: The result of our research clearly revealed that the majority of senior nursing students have insufficient knowledge about professional criminal responsibilities, that they are not aware of their duties, powers, and criminal responsibilities as defined in legislation, and that they do not know the types of criminal responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern. Healthcare providers can play a crucial role in reporting cases of IPV or suspected IPV injuries to the police or the criminal justice system, commonly referred to as mandatory reporting. However, mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence (MR-IPV) is a debated topic that can pose complex challenges for healthcare providers. This underscores the importance of training programs to ensure that healthcare providers can fulfill their MR-IPV obligations. Methods: We developed an educational intervention on MR-IPV and assessed its impact on healthcare providers' knowledge and attitudes. The study used a pre- and post-test design with three measurement points: baseline (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and six months later (T2). The intervention was conducted at a university college in Norway, with data collected between October 2022 and May 2023. The intervention was delivered to 37 healthcare providers who were currently part-time students in mental healthcare. Changes in knowledge and attitudes between T0 and T1, and T0 and T2 were analyzed through nonparametric tests on related samples using the Marginal homogeneity (Stuart–Maxwell) test. Risk differences (RD), along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated for selected categories. Results: The number of participants knowing the MR law increased from 2.9% at baseline to 62.9% at T1 (RD = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41—0.79) and to 31.4% at T2 (RD = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11–0.46). The number of participants reporting knowing relevant criteria increased from 0.0% at baseline to 68.6% at T1 (RD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50–0.87) and to 34.3% at T2 (RD = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.16—0.53). We observed several persistent changes in healthcare providers' attitudes towards MR, including finding MR to be a useful instrument and generally complying with MR requirements. Conclusions: The findings suggest that this educational intervention can have a positive impact on healthcare providers' attitudes and compliance with MR-IPV. Before the intervention, few participants reported knowing the MR law and its application criteria, demonstrating the importance of continuous learning and evidence-based training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chemsex occurs primarily among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), and there is evidence of a subgroup of users who carry out chemsex-related criminal offences and experience harm. Challenges with chemsex can present to various settings; there are concerns that harm is increasing, including at interfaces between health, social care and criminal justice systems. The UK response to date has lacked a coordinated approach. An expert reference group was convened to share chemsex knowledge, articulate priorities for research and pathway development, and foster collaborative working between agencies. It made three key recommendations: develop and increase training and awareness across all services; implement a coordinated research programme with the development of a common data-set and assessment tool to fully characterise population-level needs; develop a professional network to share information, provide professional support and act as a knowledge hub. There was support for a unified multi-agency strategy incorporating the priorities identified as overarching principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of investigative genetic genealogy ("IGG") as a basis for arresting suspects in complex and dormant investigations is raising serious concerns about whether the due process rights of criminal defendants in these cases are being violated. This Note provides a comprehensive look at the role of this groundbreaking, yet little-understood technology in criminal prosecutions. Technological advances have historically necessitated that courts expand and reinterpret legal principles. As a novel derivative of traditional DNA testing, this Note argues IGG should similarly require that discovery statutes be amended or rewritten to adapt to this cutting-edge technique, which is so new that it lacks uniform standards and certifications. By comparing IGG to traditional DNA profiling and other forensic evidence, this Note reveals the reliability and privacy issues arising from such an unconventional application of established scientific practices. While DNA evidence is now considered the "gold standard" and has attained an "aura of infallibility" in the criminal justice system, highly regarded scientific techniques have later been discredited, resulting in numerous wrongful convictions. There are early warning signs with respect to IGG, which have already led to false identifications, underscoring the need to subject it to the scrutiny of the discovery process. It is crucial to strike a reasonable balance that protects privacy interests but enables defendants to mount a vigorous defense by requiring the disclosure of material to challenge the admissibility of IGG, effectively cross-examine witnesses, and collect potentially exculpatory information. This Note delineates the specific language and scope of potential amendments or reinterpretation of discovery statutes needed to prevent prosecutors from having an unfair advantage and ensure that suspects obtain fair trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Too often, children appear in court proceedings without legal counsel, which can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes that may permanently impact a child's life trajectory. As a society, we should first challenge the practice of charging youthfor petty offenses, as most ofthese youthfacefines and fees which they will never be able to pay. Secondly, we must challenge the practice of sending youth to court hearings tofend for themselves when we know that the outcome can dramatically and negatively impact their future. This practice is commonplace in jurisdictions such as Pennsylvania and Illinois, while other states do not allow juveniles to appear in municipal court without representation. Scientificresearchtells us that young peoples' brains have not fully developed, which would impact their ability to understand the proceedings and to competently defend themselves without legal counsel. Yet too many young people receive citations for minor offenses such as disorderly conduct, and then are directed to appear in court hearings where they do not have legal representation. Such unjust court proceedings disproportionately impact youth of color as well as youth who are involved in the foster care system. We must work to disrupt this unjust practice and find alternative strategies to address such minor infractions. We must acknowledge the racist impact of the laws and practices and develop anti-racist strategies to combat the harm this practice causes to Too often, children appear in court proceedings without legal counsel, which can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes that may permanently impact a child's life trajectory. As a society, we should first challenge the practice of charging youthfor petty offenses, as most ofthese youthfacefines and fees which they will never be able to pay. Secondly, we must challenge the practice of sending youth to court hearings tofend for themselves when we know that the outcome can dramatically and negatively impact their future. This practice is commonplace in jurisdictions such as Pennsylvania and Illinois, while other states do not allow juveniles to appear in municipal court without representation. Scientificresearchtells us that young peoples' brains have not fully developed, which would impact their ability to understand the proceedings and to competently defend themselves without legal counsel. Yet too many young people receive citations for minor offenses such as disorderly conduct, and then are directed to appear in court hearings where they do not have legal representation. Such unjust court proceedings disproportionately impact youth of color as well as youth who are involved in the foster care system. We must work to disrupt this unjust practice and find alternative strategies to address such minor infractions. We must acknowledge the racist impact of the laws and practices and develop anti-racist strategies to combat the harm this practice causes to youth. Providing legal representation is one step that can dramatically change the long-term impact of court intervention. This Article will analyze the impacts on youth of appearing in court proceedings without counsel, with a specific focus on the impact on foster youth who may face harsher penalties, and will also propose alternative strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Roberts Court is at war with "We the People, or at least some of "the People." The U.S. Supreme Court's decisions are unified not by an interpretive methodology, such as originalism, but by a purposeful contraction of "the People." The conservative Justices view white, Christian, heterosexual men as the truest Americans. Their constitutional rights are most fully recognized and protected. The Court simultaneously has narrowed and diminished the rights of non-Christians, women, people of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals. From the Court's perspective, they do not fully belong to "the People.". This Article shows the Court marching in a crusade to protect and even bolster the prerogatives ofwhite, Christian, heterosexual men. Focusing on cases decided since Justice Barrett joined the Court in the fall of 2020, this Article begins by analyzing religious-freedom decisions, including-Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, holding that religious freedom required a high school to allow a football coach to lead Christian prayers at midfield. An analysis ofDobbs v. Jackson Women' s Health Organization is next, with an emphasis on the Court's diminishment of women's rights, particularly the right to reproductive freedom. The focus then turns to the Court's use of religious freedom andfree speech to diminish LGBTQ+ rights. The key case is 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, which held that a wedding website designer had a free-speech right to discriminate against same-sex couples. Finally, this Article examines the ways the Court protects white interests at the expense of people of color, with a focus on Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, which held that race-based affirmative action in university admissions violates equal protection. The conclusion links the Court's mistreatment of non-Christians, women, This Article shows the Court marching in a crusade to protect and even bolster the prerogatives ofwhite, Christian, heterosexual men. Focusing on cases decided since Justice Barrett joined the Court in the fall of 2020, this Article begins by analyzing religious-freedom decisions, including-Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, holding that religious freedom required a high school to allow a football coach to lead Christian prayers at midfield. An analysis ofDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization is next, with an emphasis on the Court's diminishment of women's rights, particularly the right to reproductive freedom. The focus then turns to the Court's use of religious freedom andfree speech to diminish LGBTQ+ rights. The key case is 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, which held that a wedding website designer had a free-speech right to discriminate against same-sex couples. Finally, this Article examines the ways the Court protects white interests at the expense of people of color, with a focus on Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, which held that race-based affirmative action in university admissions violates equal protection. The conclusion links the Court's mistreatment of non-Christians, women, This Article shows the Court marching in a crusade to protect and even bolster the prerogatives ofwhite, Christian, heterosexual men. Focusing on cases decided since Justice Barrett joined the Court in the fall of 2020, this Article begins by analyzing religious-freedom decisions, including-Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, holding that religious freedom required a high school to allow a football coach to lead Christian prayers at midfield. An analysis ofDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization is next, with an emphasis on the Court's diminishment of women's rights, particularly the right to reproductive freedom. The focus then turns to the Court's use of religious freedom andfree speech to diminish LGBTQ+ rights. The key case is 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, which held that a wedding website designer had a free-speech right to discriminate against same-sex couples. Finally, this Article examines the ways the Court protects white interests at the expense of people of color, with a focus on Students for Fair Admissions, Inc.v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, which held that race-based affirmative action in university admissions violates equal protection. The conclusion links the Court's mistreatment of non-Christians, women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and people of color with the Court's disdain for democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic traits in prison populations and offenders. Due to misleading headlines and highly publicized criminal cases, the belief that autistic individuals are more prone to commit crimes has spread among the general population, also leading to increasing research on this matter. Aims: In this context, this narrative review aimed to analyze the available scientific literature on the bi-directional link between ASD and criminal behaviors and to assess the key characteristics of eventual ASD offenders, including sociodemographic data, comorbidities, crime-related features, and interactions with the criminal justice system. Results: Our review highlighted that the available studies lack methodological rigor and present controversial results. Overall, the current state of research does not support any definitive correlation between ASD or autistic traits and the predisposition to engage in criminal conduct. Further studies are needed to confirm or reject this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to data from 2021, Turkey has the highest incarceration rate among European countries. The probation system in Turkey is managed by the government and includes programs, resources, and services to help prevent individuals from engaging in criminal activities. Hope is a crucial factor in coping with adversity, and studies have shown resilience can be the protector of those involved in the criminal justice system. Additionally, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have a significant impact on future victimization and criminal behavior, as individuals with higher ACE scores are more likely to engage in criminal activities. This study was conducted among 107 individuals who were under probation in Turkey to examine the relationship between hope, resilience, and ACEs. The scores were analyzed using a regression model, and the results showed that ACEs did not notably moderate the relationship between hope and resilience. Additionally, having higher levels of hope or ACEs did not play a significant role in predicting the resilience of the individual, which contradicts the previous literature. The implications of these findings will be discussed in terms of cultural differences and the criminal justice system. Future studies should explore the impact of culture on the relationship between hope and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Note explores the impact of lengthy prison sentences on rehabilitation and the need for second chances. While incarceration serves purposes such as retribution and incapacitation, it fails to promote rehabilitation and deterrence. Oregon should do more in providing opportunities for early release and rehabilitation for individuals serving lengthy sentences. The Note features interviews with incarcerated individuals who share their thoughts and experiences. Overall, this Note sheds light on the importance of second chances and on the need for reform in the criminal justice system to ensure that prisoners are not denied the chance to lead productive and fulfilling lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Oregon, executive clemency is among the most expansive, yet historically underused, power a governor possesses. Yet, across her two terms as Oregon's 38th governor, Governor Kate Brown exercised her power of executive clemency a record 61,777 times, dwarfing the clemency use of her predecessors and her contemporaries in other states. Governor Brown's proactive approach to clemency presents a model for executive involvement in criminal justice reform and aligns with her beliefs of a redemptive and rehabilitative criminal legal system. In this Article, we examine Governor Brown's use of clemency, analyzing what her stated and implied rationales reveal about her concerns for the nuanced impacts of criminal sanctions, as well as for the Oregonians most impacted by the criminal legal system. We contextualize Governor Brown's use of clemency with her predecessors and compare the constitutional structure and use of clemency in Oregon with other states. We detail and examine Governor Brown's grants of clemency by type: pardons, commutations, reprieves, and remissions. We discuss the media's response to Governor Brown's historic exercise of her clemency power, and finally, in Governor Brown's own words, discuss the future of clemency in Oregon and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies offering curriculum framework for institutional internalisation of criminology and forensics studies and Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS) are scarce. This article gives a scoping review of these concepts, which are currently presented separately, as they are from distant study fields. As a result, the objective of this article is to establish the current link between criminology and forensic studies to enhance the South African CJS and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) curriculum frameworks, while integrating theory and practice. This qualitative scoping review was supported by the adapted version of methodology framework by Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa of 2005 to search for approximately 9 031 relevant studies from fundamental databases and 139 000 internet sources focusing on South African context and other international countries. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for data analysis, coupled with the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). This article confirmed that combining forensic criminology features could transform the South African CJS and HEIs offerings. For recommendations, the Qualifications Board should expedite the registration of forensic criminology as a profession consisting of professional qualification, guided by ethical and disciplinary rules. Overall, limited prioritisations, slow registration process to a "Scientific Board" and advancement of this discipline negatively affect immediate responses to achieve the WIL. The knowledge, attitudes, skills and values gained during participating in the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023 offered contributions to the field of professorship thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study critically assesses the integrated technical training program for the juvenile criminal justice system, conducted by the national police education and training institute in Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing an explanatory sequential design and applying the Kirkpatrick evaluation model, involving 62 participants. Content validity is maintained through expert input, with the Aiken v formula employed for result analysis. Credibility is affirmed through a focus group discussion. The study aims to evaluate the program's impact on the rights of Indonesian children in legal conflicts. Findings indicate participants' satisfaction and high motivation at level 1 (reaction), while levels 2, 3, and 4 reveal a positive impact on protecting the rights of children involved in legal conflicts. The research highlights the need for a larger sample size and a more extended measurement period for future investigations. Objectives encompass assessing program impact, learning outcomes, behavioral changes, external organizational impact, and examining the program's practical contribution to educational research and evaluation, guiding recommendations for future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Client-centered criminal defense attorneys endeavor to maximize their client's autonomy, using their expertise to counsel their client through the criminal process. Indeed, the criminal system relies on defense counsel to ensure fairness and, in turn, help legitimize the system. What does it mean for the system if the client-centered lawyer can't fulfill their goals?. This Article argues that, because today's criminal system uses a treatment paradigm reliant on mandated treatment for defendants with mental disabilities, defense attorneys must then confront a lawyering quandary. It does so by exploring the challenges client-centered lawyers face in representing clients with mental health conditions categorized as personality "disorders," who are likely to struggle completing mandated treatment programs, in turn complicating their path for lowering imprisonment exposure and accessing care. Through a discussion of the obstacles lawyers face on behalf of clients with personality conditions, this Article illuminates deeper systemic failures in how the criminal system handles mental health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug courts are specialized programs from the courts that aim to offer a chance to individuals with substance-related problems encountering law enforcement to take treatment rather than face incarceration. The aim of this debate is to critically debate the utility, applicability, and feasibility of drug courts in India. This is a theoretical debate based on the existing evidence and considerations of ground realities in the country. There is enough evidence that drug courts are effective in decreasing substance use and decreasing rearrests. These courts have been demonstrated to be cost-effective, and they seemingly decrease the burden on traditional courts. However, it can also potentially lead to discrimination of marginalized groups while at the same time can be seen to be punitive and coercive. Legal provisions exist that may facilitate the development of such programs. Nonetheless, there is a scrupulous consideration of the pros and cons of drug courts and their operational considerations in the local context.

Abstract Background This systematic review explores the impact of deepfakes on the criminal justice system. Deepfakes, a sophisticated form of AI-generated synthetic media, have raised concerns due to their potential to compromise the integrity of evidence and judicial processes. The review aims to assess the extent of this threat, guided by a research question: (1) What threats do deepfakes pose to the criminal justice system? Methods The review was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on publications from 2021 to 2022. Search terms were optimised for sensitivity and specificity, and articles were chosen based on criteria including relevance to deepfake threats and deepfake detection research. The methodology included rigorous screening processes using tools like Zotero and Rayyan.ai, with an emphasis on inter-rater reliability to ensure objective selection of studies. Results The search initially identified 1355 articles, with 1200 articles screened for eligibility after duplicates were removed. For the threat of deepfakes to the criminal justice system, 110 studies were selected for full-text review, and 44 were included in the final analysis. Key findings include identification of primary crime categories linked to deepfakes, such as pornography, fraud, and information manipulation, alongside challenges like trust erosion in institutions and evidence falsification issues. Conclusions Deepfakes significantly threaten the criminal justice system, highlighting the necessity for advanced detection methods. These findings underscore the importance of continued research and development in deepfake detection technologies and strategies for legal safeguards and broader implications on policy, national security, and democratic processes.

Summary Chemsex occurs primarily among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), and there is evidence of a subgroup of users who carry out chemsex-related criminal offences and experience harm. Challenges with chemsex can present to various settings; there are concerns that harm is increasing, including at interfaces between health, social care and criminal justice systems. The UK response to date has lacked a coordinated approach. An expert reference group was convened to share chemsex knowledge, articulate priorities for research and pathway development, and foster collaborative working between agencies. It made three key recommendations: develop and increase training and awareness across all services; implement a coordinated research programme with the development of a common data-set and assessment tool to fully characterise population-level needs; develop a professional network to share information, provide professional support and act as a knowledge hub. There was support for a unified multi-agency strategy incorporating the priorities identified as overarching principles.

PurposeWomen involved in the carceral system (CS) experience several conditions that increase their risk for HIV (e.g. high rates of substance use, psychiatric disorders, histories of victimization). The purpose of this study is to explore perspectives on potential strategies to connect women in the CS to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted in-depth interviews with 27 women involved in the CS eligible for PrEP. Using vignettes, interviews explored attitudes, barriers and facilitators toward PrEP screening, referral and linkage facilitated via a CS stakeholder, an mHealth application or providing PrEP service referrals during detention via a navigator.FindingsMost women were, on average, 41.3 years, from racial and ethnic minority groups (56% black/African American; 19% Latinx). Inductive thematic analysis revealed CS involved women expressed mostly positive attitudes toward CS-based PrEP implementation. Younger women were more accepting of and interested in mHealth interventions. Implementation facilitators included leveraging relationships with trusted allies (e.g. "peers") and existing systems collaborations. Recommended implementation strategies included providing HIV and PrEP-specific education and training for system stakeholders and addressing issues related to privacy, system mistrust and stigma.Originality/valueResults provide a critical foundation for the implementation of interventions to improve PrEP access for women involved in the CS and have important implications for implementation strategies for all adults involved in the CS. Improving access to PrEP among this population may also support progress toward addressing national disparities in PrEP uptake, where women, black and Latinx populations have substantial unmet need.

The implementation of legal aid service standards, as outlined in Regulation No. 4 of 2021 by the Minister of Law and Human Rights of Indonesia, was expected to enhance the quality of legal aid services. However, in reality, suspects continue to experience inconsistent access to their rights, especially within the criminal justice system. This study aims to investigate the application of these standards across the police, prosecutor's office, and court sectors. Employing an empirical juridical approach with a qualitative and comparative study method, data was gathered through interviews and literature review, then analyzed using content and comparative analysis techniques. The findings reveal that the enforcement of legal aid service standards in the criminal justice system has been ineffective, marked by frequent violations of suspects' rights. These violations include providing indirect assistance, inadequate representation at various stages of trials, appointing advocates not affiliated with accredited LBH (Legal Aid Institute), and advocates displaying insufficient responsiveness and engagement in assisting suspects. Such violations significantly hinder suspects' access to justice within the criminal justice system.

Background: Within England, children and young people entering police custody are referred to Liaison and Diversion (L&D) teams. These teams liaise with healthcare and other support services aiming to divert children and young people away from the criminal justice system. Although targeted psychological interventions are not typically offered to children and young people by L&D teams, evidence suggests that Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) leads to a reduction in internalising and externalising behaviour problems. Methods: A two-arm individually randomised controlled trial (RCT) with internal pilot and process evaluation will be conducted with approximately 448 children and young people aged 10–17 years presenting at police custody suites who are referred to the L&D team or recruited via online routes if they have previously presented at any police custody suite in England. The primary outcome is the Self-Report Delinquency Measure (SRDM) at 6 months post-randomisation. Analyses will be performed using intention-to-treat. Results: The statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the trial is described. The plan details of analyses to be undertaken which will be reported in the primary and any secondary publications. The plan was developed and published prior to locking our database and unblinding to treatment allocation. Discussion: This RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of SFBT in reducing offending behaviours in CYP presenting at police custody suites including testing of moderating factors and sensitivity of the primary analyses. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN14195235. Registered on June 16, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal justice practitioners' use of erroneous lie-detection methods contributes to inaccurate convictions and research indicates some Queensland police are using fallible methods. A recent study showed that Queensland universities primarily ignore the topic of lie detection. Thus, criminal justice students entering Queensland universities with fallacious lie detection beliefs are unlikely to have them corrected. It was unknown if Australian criminal justice students hold inaccurate lie detection beliefs. Therefore, this mixed-methods study investigated undergraduate students' beliefs about lie detection methods, many of whom were enrolled in criminal justice-focused degrees at a Queensland-based university. Sixty undergraduate students responded to open and closed-ended questions regarding their intentions to work in the criminal justice system, their opinion on their lie detection ability, methods used to determine deception, and thoughts about cross-cultural lie detection. The findings revealed a prevalence of false beliefs about cues to deception indicating educational needs for Australian criminal justice-career-focused students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Legal-involved veterans with opioid use disorder (OUD) have lower receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) than other veterans served at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). This qualitative study examined the influence of the criminal justice system on access to MOUD for legal-involved veterans in the U.S. Methods: VHA facilities (n = 14) that varied in their provision of MOUD to legal-involved veterans were selected for qualitative interviews. Interviewees included legal-involved veterans (n = 18), VHA Veterans Justice Programs Specialists (n = 15), substance use disorder treatment providers (n = 5), and criminal justice staff (n = 12). Team members applied codes to meaningful units of analysis (quotations) in the transcribed interviews. Using a matrix approach, team members created a spreadsheet matrix with codes, facility rate of MOUD, and relevant quotations summarized for each participant. Themes and connections between individual participants and cross-interview concepts were explored. Participants were not asked to provide feedback on the findings. Results: Themes identified were as follows: (1) Veterans Treatment Court policies both enhanced and limited MOUD treatment access and utilization among participants; (2) cross-system collaboration strengths and challenges existed; and (3) criminal justice system treatment preferences and policies both enhanced and limited MOUD in jails and prisons. Conclusions: The influence of the criminal justice system on MOUD has led to variable access to MOUD for legal-involved veterans. Our findings can help inform recommendations to enhance access to MOUD for veterans within the criminal justice system, including the development of a national database of MOUD education materials for Veterans Treatment Courts, strengthening community-court relationships, allowing individuals to use their own healthcare coverage within jails and prisons and extend Medicaid coverage into criminal justice settings, and applying national quality measures for MOUD to criminal justice settings and develop a national system for tracking these quality measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent high-profile incidents involving the shooting or killing of unarmed Black men have intensified the debate about how police violence affects trust in the criminal justice system, particularly among communities of color. In this article, we propose a quasi-experimental design that leverages the timing of the shooting of Jacob Blake by the Kenosha Police Department relative to when a large survey was fielded in the city of Chicago. We demonstrate that individuals interviewed 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after the shooting are comparable across a large set of observed characteristics, thus approximating an experimental setting. We find that Blake's shooting caused substantial reductions in Black respondents' trust in the police, concentrated among younger residents and criminalized residents. These results suggest that police violence against racial minorities may lead to lower civic engagement and cooperation with law enforcement in those communities, exacerbating issues of public safety and community well-being. The pronounced distrust among younger Black residents suggests a generational rift that could risk further entrenching systemic biases and inequalities within the criminal justice system. Additionally, the higher levels of distrust among criminalized respondents could have implications for research detailing this population's decreased willingness to engage with public institutions more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting towards trauma-informed practice and response (TIPAR) in law enforcement is crucial for reforming policing practices to reduce re-victimization among survivors of child sexual abuse and exploitation (CSA&E). Studies show that one in four Australians experience childhood sexual abuse (Haslam et al., 2023) highlighting the urgent need for effective law enforcement interventions. Police, as primary responders for children in the criminal justice system, experience significantly higher rates of stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the general population. Current policing cultures often use ad hoc procedures that struggle to meet the unique needs of CSA&E victims. TIPAR advocates for comprehensive police training and trauma-informed policies to address these gaps. By integrating TIPAR consistently across law enforcement agencies (LEAs), this approach aims to enhance case progression, build police legitimacy, foster trust, and increase victims’ engagement with justice processes. Implementing TIPAR is expected to enhance compassion satisfaction among officers, improve staff retention, reduce organizational costs, and create a justice system that better supports CSA&E survivors and their families. This holistic approach is crucial for addressing the significant under-reporting of sexual offences, where over 85% fail to progress to prosecution (Attorney Generals Department, 2023). Piloting TIPAR is essential to gather empirical data supporting government adoption of minimum standards for trauma-informed practices in legislation, ensuring that TIPAR principles are embedded in all LEA activities. This Social Innovative Narrative aims to explain the benefits of implementing TIPAR within LEAs, advocating for a more compassionate and effective response to trauma within law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent statistics reveal alarming flaws in the Criminal Justice System's (CJS) handling of rape cases, undermining the pursuit of justice for complainants seeking legal redress. This paper takes a novel approach to explore police rape stereotype use in interviews with rape complainants, utilising critical discourse analysis and conversation analysis and discursive psychology to understand and critique the balance of power within an interview and how this might impact attrition and prosecution decisions. Ten police interviews with rape complainants were analysed with several suspect discursive constructions present throughout, including the interviewer constructing the suspect as misunderstanding, the complainant as miscommunicating non-consent, or agentless and passive talk. A significant and original finding was the way constructions interacted with the spectrum of stranger-to-partner rapes. In stranger rape cases, passive language often obscures the suspect and emphasises the complainant's behaviour. Acquaintance rapes frequently involved misunderstandings centred on visible distress and mixed signals. Partner rapes highlighted issues around consent and coercion, with officers often ignorant of coercive control and domestic abuse. These findings align with Operation Bluestone Soteria (OSB); thus, the recommendations align with those made by OSB's Pillar One. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Ecuador's journey towards plurinationalism and the obstacles it encounters in achieving this goal. While the 2008 constitution declared Ecuador as a plurinational and intercultural state, the reality on the ground does not fully reflect this vision. Extractive economic interests and colonial legacies continue to take precedence over Indigenous rights. The article highlights conflicts over Indigenous justice and the negative effects of extractive industries on Indigenous territories as major barriers to transformative change. It also discusses the struggles faced by specific Indigenous communities, such as the Sinangoe community and the Shuar Arutam people, who have fought for their rights and autonomy. The text delves into the historical context of Indigenous struggles in Ecuador, the impact of neoliberal policies, and the challenges Indigenous communities face in the face of extractive industries and social inequality. [Extracted from the article]

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows. The proposed systematic review is an update to, and extension of, Lipsey et al. (2007). As such we build on their previous aims to: (i) Assess and synthesise the overall impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on offender recidivism; (ii) Examine possible sources of variability in the effectiveness of CBT. Data permitting, we will examine if the effectiveness of CBT varies by: (a) Characteristics of the CBT intervention (e.g., cognitive restructuring vs. cognitive skills training, group v. individual implementation; and/or custodial v. community setting, and/or), (b) Characteristics of the population (e.g., juveniles vs. adult offenders), (c) Implementation factors (e.g., implementing practitioner, use of structured/manualised approaches, delivery mode, and/or programme duration or intensity), (d) Evaluation methods (e.g., randomised vs. non‐randomised research designs); (iv) Determine whether there is a decline in the effect of CBT on recidivism over time; and (v) Investigate whether there is an interaction between implementation factors and time in terms of the effect on recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)