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Ankara Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi’nin ev sahipliğinde düzenlenen CIDA International 2022 (3. Dijital Çağda İletişim Sempozyumu) Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, Atılım Üniversitesi, Başkent Üniversitesi, Çankaya Üniversitesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi ve İletişim Fakülteleri Dekanlar Konseyi’nden (İLDEK) oluşan bir ekip ortaklığında düzenlenmiştir. Üç gün süren sempozyumda 66 bildiri sunulmuştur. Toplamda 22 oturum, 7 panel ve 1 atölye gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sempozyumda, dijitalleşme olgular ve öngörüler ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Sadece olgular ile sınırlı kalınmayıp, öngörülerin de aktarılmasının, dijitalleşmeye yönelik daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunduğu görülmüştür; çünkü dijitalleşme farklı tartışmaları da kapsayacak şekilde gittikçe daha da keskinleşmekte ve genişlemektedir. Dijitalleşme, bir taraftan toplumdaki temel sorunları daha da derinleştirirken, bir taraftan da yeni sorunları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Öte yandan, dijitalleşmenin sadece sorunları değil, fırsatları da barındırdığından söz etmek mümkündür. Bu doğrultuda sempozyumda da dijitalleşme her yönüyle ele alınmıştır.

Dijital Çağda İletişim Sempozyumu’nun (Communication in the Digital Age Symposium) üçüncüsü 12-15 Ekim 2022 tarihlerinde Ankara’da yapıldı.

International audience; Wolbachia are widespread endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate the reproduction of arthropods through a diversity of cellular mechanisms. In cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), a sterility syndrome originally discovered in the mosquito Culex pipiens, uninfected eggs fertilized by sperm from infected males are selectively killed during embryo development following the abortive segregation of paternal chromosomes in the zygote. Despite the recent discovery of Wolbachia CI factor (cif) genes, the mechanism by which they control the fate of paternal chromosomes at fertilization remains unknown. Here, we have analyzed the cytological distribution and cellular impact of CidA and CidB, a pair of Cif proteins from the Culex-infecting Wolbachia strain wPip. We show that expression of CidB in Drosophila S2R+ cells induces apoptosis unless CidA is co-expressed and associated with its partner. In transgenic Drosophila testes, both effectors colocalize in germ cells until the histone-to-protamine transition in which only CidB is retained in maturing spermatid nuclei. We further show that CidB is similarly targeted to maturing sperm of naturally infected Culex mosquitoes. At fertilization, CidB associates with paternal DNA regions exhibiting DNA replication stress, as a likely cause of incomplete replication of paternal chromosomes at the onset of the first mitosis. Importantly, we demonstrate that inactivation of the deubiquitylase activity of CidB does not abolish its cell toxicity or its ability to induce CI in Drosophila. Our study thus demonstrates that CI functions as a transgenerational toxin-antidote system and suggests that CidB acts by poisoning paternal DNA replication in incompatible crosses.

International audience; Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are, to date, considered the most widespread symbionts in arthropods and are the cornerstone of major biological control strategies. Such a high prevalence is based on the ability of Wolbachia to manipulate their hosts' reproduction. One manipulation called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is based on the death of the embryos generated by crosses between infected males and uninfected females or between individuals infected with incompatible Wolbachia strains. CI can be seen as a modification-rescue system (or mod-resc) in which paternal Wolbachia produce mod factors, inducing embryonic defects, unless the maternal Wolbachia produce compatible resc factors. Transgenic experiments in Drosophila melanogaster and Saccharomyces cerevisiae converged towards a model where the cidB Wolbachia gene is involved in the mod function while cidA is involved in the resc function. However, as cidA expression in Drosophila males was required to observe CI, it has been proposed that cidA could be involved in both resc and mod functions. A recent correlative study in natural Culex pipiens mosquito populations has revealed an association between specific cidA and cidB variations and changes in mod phenotype, also suggesting a role for both these genes in mod diversity. Here, by studying cidA and cidB genomic repertoires of individuals from newly sampled natural C. pipiens populations harbouring wPipIV strains from North Italy, we reinforce the link between cidB variation and mod phenotype variation fostering the involvement of cidB in the mod phenotype diversity. However, no association between any cidA variants or combination of cidA variants and mod phenotype variation was observed. Taken together our results in natural C. pipiens populations do not support the involvement of cidA in mod phenotype variation.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Price fluctuation is a significant risk factor, in every construction project market. It is unavoidable and difficult to forecast. However, it is often argued that there is a difference between the amount calculated with the CIDA price fluctuation formula method and the actual price fluctuation. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the industry opinion on whether there is a difference between price escalations calculated using the CIDA price fluctuation formula and actual price fluctuation. A qualitative research approach was selected to achieve the aim of this research. Through a broad study of literature, it was identified the most critical factors which affected actual price fluctuation deviation. Meanwhile, semi-structured interviews were carried out to identify the reasons affecting fluctuation difference by analysing the data, which was used, and comparing the opinions given by the interviewees. The data was analysed using context analysis. The results of the research confirm that. there is a difference between the amount of price escalation using the ICTAD price fluctuation formula and the actual being used. The main reason behind this difference is the less accuracy of cost indices. To improve the accuracy of the results of this formula, appropriate data collection using an appreciate sample of contractors in producing price indices is recommended as the main.

Cette thèse analyse les pratiques d’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes au sein des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) maliennes qui ont reçu du financement canadien. En effet, l’aide publique au développement a subi des transformations majeures depuis les années 1950. L’une de ces transformations a été le rôle important joué par les ONG dans les années 1990, à la suite de l’adoption des politiques d’ajustements structurels et de la fin de la monopolisation par l’État en ce qui a trait à l’aide publique pour les projets de développement. Entre autres, les ONG ont été sollicitées pour promouvoir les politiques d’égalité entre hommes et femmes. L’importance des ONG dans l’aide publique au développement a créé des relations de dépendances vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds qui imposent des conditionnalités. Nos résultats ont montré que les bailleurs de fonds exigent l’égalité entre les sexes en ce qui concerne les bénéficiaires des programmes, mais, paradoxalement, ne l’exigent pas à l’intérieur des ONG et dans leurs ressources humaines. En analysant la composition du personnel de huit ONG maliennes, nos résultats montrent que 34 % du personnel sont des femmes alors que 66 % sont des hommes, ce qui démontre un déséquilibre assez important en matière de parité. Cependant, une analyse plus fine nous indique que les pratiques d’égalité entre femmes et hommes dans les structures et dans la gestion des ressources humaines diffèrent d’une ONG à une autre. Ces pratiques dépendent beaucoup de la volonté et des valeurs des gestionnaires. Notre recherche a fait ressortir plusieurs explications de cette disparité au niveau de l’emploi des femmes. Les raisons souvent mentionnées étaient : 1) la nécessité d’avoir du personnel compétent, 2) la conciliation famille-travail, 3) le contexte socioculturel, 4) l’interprétation de la religion musulmane en matière d’égalité. En effet, nos résultats ont démontré que sous l’influence des bailleurs de fonds les ONG se sont professionnalisées, que l’impact de la professionnalisation a été différent selon le genre et que celle-ci s’est faite aux dépens des femmes. Ainsi, certains gestionnaires, quel que soit leur sexe, préfèrent recruter plus d’hommes parce qu’ils les jugent plus compétents.Nos résultats confirment la théorie du plafond de verre qui met en exergue le fait que les femmes ont de la difficulté à accéder à des postes de responsabilité. Nos résultats ont aussi démontré qu’au Mali, le contexte socioculturel et la religion jouent un grand rôle dans les relations sociales et surtout en ce qui concerne la place des femmes au sein de la société., This thesis analyzes practices with regard to equality between women and men within eight Malian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have received Canadian funding. Official development assistance has been radically transformed since the 1950s, and one of these transformations has been the important role played by NGOs since the beginning of 1990s, following the implementation of structural adjustment policies and the end of the state’s monopoly on public aid for development projects. The changed role of NGOs in official development assistance has created dependency and these donors impose conditions. Our results show that the donors require efforts to foster gender equality for the beneficiaries of the programs, but paradoxically do not require that NGOs do the same in their personnel practices. By analyzing the composition of the staff of eight Malian NGOs, our results show that 34 % of the staff are women, while 66 % are men. These results demonstrate that there is a significant gender imbalance. However a closer analysis shows that equality between women and men in the organization and management of staff differs from one NGO to another. The practices are highly dependent on the willingness as well as the values of the managers. Our research brought out several explanations for this disparity in the level of women’s employment. The reasons often mentioned were: 1) the need for competent staff; 2) family-work balance; 3) the sociocultural context; 4) the interpretation of the Muslim religion about the place of women in society. In fact, our results showed that under the influence of donors, NGOs have become professionalized; our analyses also show that the impact of professionalization is different on women and men and it has been made at the expense of women. Some managers, both male and female, prefer to recruit men because they believe the men are more competent. Our results confirm the theory of the glass ceiling which highlights the fact that women have difficulty accessing positions of responsibility. Our results also showed that in Mali both the sociocultural context and religion play major roles in social relationships, and especially in women’s place in society.

This Botswana Agriculture Public Expenditure Review (AgPER) is one of a series of similar studies undertaken in over a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa under the framework of a program coordinated by CAADP, supported by the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and the CAADP Multi-Donor Trust Fund, and implemented by the World Bank. The AgPER presents data about actual expenditure for the period 2000 to 2013, with an outlook on the following two years. It presents public expenditure on agriculture structured by various dimensions and classifiers such as institutional, recurrent versus investment and capital, by sub-function and subsector and by spending unit. It analyzes expenditure levels, patterns and trends and compares expenditure patterns with policy objectives and strategies. Finally, it draws conclusions and recommendations in areas where future decisions could benefit from a clear view of an analysis of past spending or where it is deemed useful to support imminent policy formulation and decisions with a clearer understanding of the financial implications.

Plusieurs indices permettent de croire que la politique étrangère canadienne ainsi que l’Aide publique au développement (APD) ont été remodelées de manière considérable durant la dernière décennie. Sur plusieurs thèmes, l’arrivée du gouvernement conservateur de Stephen Harper coïncide avec ces changements. Parmi ceux-ci, il semble que certaines Organisations non gouvernementales religieuses (ONGR) en partenariat avec l’Agence canadienne de développement international (ACDI) soient favorisées dans leur financement fédéral. L’objectif de ce mémoire est donc, dans un premier temps, de quantifier cette tendance dans l’allocation des fonds de l’APD. Dans un second temps, il s’agit d’expliquer les raisons ayant initié ce virage du régime de l’APD canadienne. L’hypothèse de recherche est que l’aspect religieux de l’idéologie du cabinet de Stephen Harper constitue un élément fort de la culture stratégique (CS) qui modifie le comportement et les décisions quant à la gestion de son régime de l’APD. Ce mémoire, en utilisant une démarche empirique, démontre que les théories institutionnalistes typiquement utilisées dans les études de l’APD ne permettent pas de saisir adéquatement le phénomène observé. Ce mémoire résout de manière novatrice ce déficit théorique en utilisant le concept de la culture stratégique et les approches constructivistes., Several indicators suggest that Canadian foreign policy and the Official Development Assistance (ODA) have been remodeled significantly during the last decade. Several of these changes coincide with the arrival of the Conservative government of Stephen Harper. Of these, it seems that some religious non-governmental organizations (RNGO) in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) are favored in their federal funding. The objective of this thesis is twofold; first, to quantify the trend in the allocation of funds to the RNGO. The second objective is to explain the reasons for this shift in the orientation of Canadian ODA. The research hypothesis is that the religious aspect of the ideology of the Harper cabinet is a strong element of its strategic culture that can influence the behavior and decisions facing the management of its ODA. This thesis, using an empirical approach, shows that institutionalism theories typically used in the studies of ODA do capture adequately the observed phenomenon. This thesis solves in a novel way, this theoretical gap by using the concept of strategic culture and constructivist approaches.

The rural sector, defined here as the economic sector that falls under the scope of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water (MAH), the Ministry of Animal Resources (MRA), and the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD), is one of the pillars of the Burkina Faso economy. Although its contribution to GDP has decreased in recent times from 35 percent in 1999 to 30 percent in 2011 due to the development of the other sectors of the economy, agricultural activity still employs approximately 86 percent of Burkina Faso s labor force and is the main source of income for poorer populations. Consequently, the rural sector is among the primary beneficiaries of public expenditures by the Burkina Faso government and constitutes one of the pillars of the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development (SCADD) adopted in 2010. The goals of this agriculture public expenditure review in Burkina Faso are as follows: draw lessons from the past in terms of budget execution in the agricultural sector in order to promote the design and implementation of public expenditure programs that are more efficient and more equitable and have a greater impact; initiate the implementation of the databases and methodology required to conduct similar reviews regularly and thus contribute to the institutionalization of the process; and contribute to establishing the conditions for increased support for the sector while encouraging the harmonization and alignment of support with respect for national strategies.

EnglishAbstract: This paper aims to report the experience of training volunteers to intervene in the National Project of Education by the Partners of the Portuguese Foundation 'Community Against AIDS'. The methodological approach used was everyday life research, looking at teachers' ongoing training, everyday school experience and the truth regimen shared about sexualities, mainly by the LGBTTI community. The Portuguese experience is considered relevant in order to reflect on the absence of discourses that promote the debate on other possible lives within the school, based on the teachers' training both in Portugal and in Brazil. portuguesResumo: Esse artigo objetiva relatar o desenvolvimento de uma formacao de voluntarios para intervencao no Projeto Nacional de Educacao pelos pares da Fundacao Portuguesa 'A Comunidade Contra a SIDA' - trata-se de uma pesquisa de pos-doutorado realizada em Coimbra, Portugal. A abordagem metodologica adotada foi a da pesquisa nos/dos/com os cotidianos, discutindo a formacao continuada de docentes, a partir dos cotidianos escolares e dos regimes de verdade partilhados sobre sexualidades, especialmente em relacao a populacao LGBTTI. Considera-se a experiencia portuguesa relevante para refletir sobre as ausencias de discursos que promovam o debate de outras vidas possiveis no ambiente escolar a partir de formacao docente em Portugal e no Brasil.