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Digital, El presente trabajo constituye un estudio analítico de la comercialización de la industria tecnológica en relación al Dumping en el centro comercial gran Boulevard de Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, el cual presenta como objetivo primordial el analizar las condiciones de comercialización del sector tecnológico en relación con las ventas desleales en el centro comercial Gran Boulevard de Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, mediante el analice del entorno comercial, al igual que determinar los riesgos que expone la práctica desleal y competitiva en la zona regional Cucuteña. La investigación estuvo enmarcada en una investigación de tipo descriptivo y explicativo, bajo un método cualitativo aplicando herramientas cuantitativas para lograr recolectar la información necesaria y datos más resaltante para ser analizados y concebir la solución a la problemática presentada, dentro de los resultados se evidencia que las diferentes leyes y legislaciones que gubernamentalmente se desarrollan buscan disminuir los efectos adversos de Dumping en la deslealtad comercial que se presenta, entre las conclusiones a la luz de los señalamientos, se logró concluir que el dumping es una práctica restrictiva en la que los operadores económicos practican una discriminación de precios desleal o venden productos a precios más bajos; la práctica no es diferente de la discriminación desleal de precios o la venta desleal en el mercado interno, The present work constitutes an analytical study of the commercialization of the technological industry in relation to Dumping in the Gran Boulevard de Cúcuta shopping center, Norte de Santander, which presents as its primary objective the analysis of the commercialization conditions of the technological sector in in relation to unfair sales in the Gran Boulevard de Cúcuta shopping center, Norte de Santander, by analyzing the commercial environment, as well as determining the risks that unfair and competitive practices expose in the Cucuteña regional area. The research was framed in a descriptive and explanatory research, under a qualitative method applying quantitative tools to collect the necessary information and more outstanding data to be analyzed and conceive the solution to the problem presented, within the results it is evident that the different laws and legislations that are developed governmentally reduce the adverse effects of Dumping in the commercial disloyalty that occurs, among the conclusions in light of the indications, it is concluded that dumping is a restrictive practice in which economic operators practice discrimination discount prices or sell products at lower prices; the practice is no different from unfair price discrimination or unfair selling in the domestic market, Pregrado, Profesional en Comercio Exterior, Tabla de Contenido Introducción..............................................................................................................................21 Problema de la Investigación.....................................................................................................22 Planteamiento del Problema...........................................................................................22 Formulación del Problema .............................................................................................23 Sistematización del Problema ........................................................................................23 Objetivos...................................................................................................................................24 Objetivo General ...........................................................................................................24 Objetivos Específicos ....................................................................................................24 Justificación..............................................................................................................................24 Marco de Referencia .................................................................................................................25 Antecedentes.................................................................................................................25 Antecedentes Internacionales.............................................................................25 Antecedentes Nacionales....................................................................................28 Antecedentes Regionales....................................................................................30 Bases Teóricas...............................................................................................................32 Globalización.....................................................................................................32 Dumping ............................................................................................................33 Teorías Relacionadas al Dumping......................................................................35 Tipos de Dumping..............................................................................................36 4.2.5 El artículo VI del GATT y el acuerdo antidumping ....................................37 Marco Legal ..................................................................................................................38 Marco Espacial..............................................................................................................39 12 Marco Temporal............................................................................................................39 Hipótesis .......................................................................................................................40 Diseño Metodológico ................................................................................................................40 Tipo de Investigación ....................................................................................................40 Método de Investigación................................................................................................40 Tipo de Estudio .............................................................................................................42 Instrumentos de Recolección de Información.................................................................42 Población.......................................................................................................................43 Muestra .........................................................................................................................44 Sistematización de Variables .........................................................................................44 Tratamiento de la Información.......................................................................................45 Técnica de procesamiento de la información......................................................46 Presentación de la Información..........................................................................46 Marco Administrativo ...............................................................................................................46 Personas que Participan en el Proceso..........................................................................46 Cronograma de Trabajo .................................................................................................47 Presupuesto para la Investigación ..................................................................................48 Analizar el Entorno Comercial del Centro de Cúcuta, Norte de Santander en Relación al Dumping mediante las Industrias Tecnológicas.........................................................................49 Información del Entorno ....................................................................................65 Análisis de Factores Internos y Externos de las Tiendas de Tecnología del Centro Comercial......................................................................................................................67 Estrategias FODA..............................................................................................67 Análisis de las Políticas Antidumping de Colombia............................................69 Determinar los Riesgos que Expone la Práctica Desleal y Competitiva en la Zona Regional Cucuteña ...................................................................................................................................71 Marco Jurídico Aplicable...............................................................................................71 Justificación de las Medidas ..............................................................................72 Determinación del Daño y Sanciones.............................................................................73 Implicaciones Para el País Importador..............................................................74 Gestión del riesgo y la competitividad de las empresas ......................................74 7.2.6 Gestión del Riesgo y la Competitividad de las Empresas en Cúcuta...........75 Proponer Estrategias de Comercialización Leales para Evitar Conflicto y Sobre todo darle lugar a las Industrias Tecnológicas Regionales como Nacionales...................................77 Antidumping.......................................................................................................77 Defensa Comercial en Colombia........................................................................77 Medidas de Defensa Comercial en Colombia .....................................................78 Clasificación de Medidas de Defensa Comercial................................................79 Estrategias de Subvención Propuestas ...............................................................80 Defensa Comercial en el Comercio Leal Colombiano ....................................................82 Salvaguardia......................................................................................................82 Requisitos para Aplicar Medidas de Defensa Comercial en el Mercado Colombiano .......................................................................................................83 Tipos de Medidas Aplicables..............................................................................84 Procedimiento para Aplicar Medidas de Defensa Comercial .............................85 Procedimientos de Aplicación de Medidas de Defensa Comercial......................85 Procedimiento de Estrategias Antidumping en Empresas de Tecnología en Colombia....86 Acuerdo de la OMC 1998...................................................................................86 Acuerdo OMC 1999. ..........................................................................................86 Acuerdo Salvaguardia Bilateral del Decreto 1820 de 2010. ...............................87 Medidas Antidumping que Suelen Aplicarse en el Mundo...................................88 Conclusiones.............................................................................................................................90 Recomendaciones .....................................................................................................................93 Referencias Bibliográficas.........................................................................................................94 Apéndice.................................................................................................................................100

Dünya ülkeleri arasında yapılmakta olan uluslararası ticaret işlemlerinin İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında hız kazanmasıyla birlikte ülkeler çeşitli düzenleme ve kurallara ihtiyaç duymaya başlamışlardır. Bu nedenle 1948 yılında Gümrük Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması (GATT), 1995 yılında ise Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) çatısı altında ülkeler dünya ticaretini belirli kurallara bağlamışlardır. Dünya ticaretinin gelişmesi amacıyla ülkelerin birbirlerinin ürünlerine karşı uyguladıkları tarife ve tarife dışı önlemlerin kademeli olarak azaltılması yönünde alınan kararlar başarılı olmuştur. 1964 yılında GATT’ın altıncı görüşmesi olan Kennedy Turu’nda gündeme alınan Anti-damping Kodu ile birlikte, haksız rekabete neden olduğu öne sürülen damping uygulamalarına karşı önlem alınması gerektiği konusunda uluslararası düzeyde bir görüş birliği sağlanmıştır. Anti-damping önlemleri olarak adlandırılan bu yaptırımlar geçici önlemler, fiyat taahhütleri ve nihai anti-damping vergileri olarak uygulanmaktadır. 2010 yılından itibaren dünyada sayıları artan anti-damping önlemlerine en sık başvuran ülke Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye ise üçüncü sırada yer alarak yerli endüstrisini haksız rekabete karşı en çok korumaya çalışan ülkeler arasında sayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin uluslararası ticarette karşılaştığı ve uyguladığı anti-damping vergileri incelenmektedir., As the international trade transactions between the countries accelerated after the Second World War, countries’ need to various regulations and rules increased. Therefore, under the umbrella of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) by 1948 and under the umbrella of the World Trade Organization (WTO) by 1995, countries prescribed certain rules in international trade. Countries have been successful in taking decisions to gradually reduce tariff and non-tariff measures in order to develop world trade. With the Anti-dumping Code introduced at the Kennedy Tour, the sixth meeting of the GATT in 1964, an international consensus was reached on the neccesity to take measures against dumping practices that causes unfair competition. These sanctions, called anti-dumping measures, are applied as temporary measures, price commitments and anti-dumping duties. Since 2010, the United States (USA) has been the country that used these anti-dumping measures. Turkey, takes the third place in protecting its domestic industry against unfair competition. In this study, Turkey's experience in dumping and anti-dumping duties in international trade are examined.

Dünya ülkeleri arasında yapılmakta olan uluslararası ticaret işlemlerinin İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında hız kazanmasıyla birlikte ülkeler çeşitli düzenleme ve kurallara ihtiyaç duymaya başlamışlardır. Bu nedenle 1948 yılında Gümrük Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması (GATT), 1995 yılında ise Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) çatısı altında ülkeler dünya ticaretini belirli kurallara bağlamışlardır. Dünya ticaretinin gelişmesi amacıyla ülkelerin birbirlerinin ürünlerine karşı uyguladıkları tarife ve tarife dışı önlemlerin kademeli olarak azaltılması yönünde alınan kararlar başarılı olmuştur. 1964 yılında GATT’ın altıncı görüşmesi olan Kennedy Turu’nda gündeme alınan Anti-damping Kodu ile birlikte, haksız rekabete neden olduğu öne sürülen damping uygulamalarına karşı önlem alınması gerektiği konusunda uluslararası düzeyde bir görüş birliği sağlanmıştır. Anti-damping önlemleri olarak adlandırılan bu yaptırımlar geçici önlemler, fiyat taahhütleri ve nihai anti-damping vergileri olarak uygulanmaktadır. 2010 yılından itibaren dünyada sayıları artan anti-damping önlemlerine en sık başvuran ülke Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye ise üçüncü sırada yer alarak yerli endüstrisini haksız rekabete karşı en çok korumaya çalışan ülkeler arasında sayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin uluslararası ticarette karşılaştığı ve uyguladığı anti-damping vergileri incelenmektedir., As the international trade transactions between the countries accelerated after the Second World War, countries’ need to various regulations and rules increased. Therefore, under the umbrella of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) by 1948 and under the umbrella of the World Trade Organization (WTO) by 1995, countries prescribed certain rules in international trade. Countries have been successful in taking decisions to gradually reduce tariff and non-tariff measures in order to develop world trade. With the Anti-dumping Code introduced at the Kennedy Tour, the sixth meeting of the GATT in 1964, an international consensus was reached on the neccesity to take measures against dumping practices that causes unfair competition. These sanctions, called anti-dumping measures, are applied as temporary measures, price commitments and anti-dumping duties. Since 2010, the United States (USA) has been the country that used these anti-dumping measures. Turkey, takes the third place in protecting its domestic industry against unfair competition. In this study, Turkey's experience in dumping and anti-dumping duties in international trade are examined.

In the article some international organizations theories predictions are examined on the results of Russia’s accession to the WTO. Import indicators have improved after accession: import diversification has grown and import concentration has reduced. There was no influence on export as the first ten export positions of the Russian Federation are raw materials. The payment matrix of a game with nonzero sum has been applied to the analysis of anti-dumping measures in bilateral trade with China, Ukraine and the EU. The strategy «to join the WTO» was shown to be optimal for Russia. The strategy «to admit Russia to the WTO» was optimal for the EU and Ukraine, but not for the China. We don’t confirm the argument that the trade agreement is directed to protectionism restriction as the number of anti-dumping measures in mutual trade of the Russian Federation has grownafter the WTOaccession. The advanced countries, as it was shown, keep a high difference in access of certain goods to the markets. It has a sense to estimate extent of liberalization according to an indicator of import concentration. From this point of view, market access provided by Russia was higher than in the advanced economies since 2005. Countries do can carry out liberalization unilaterally. E.D. Mansfield and E.E. Reinhardt have shown that the country as a member of the regional trade agreement improves its bargaining power. This conclusion in our work has been extended to a case of the country participation in the WTO. It was shown that the trade regime of the Russian Federation hasn’t suffered after 2014. At the same time taking into account the effect of «improvement of a bargaining power», which was revealed in literature for the stage of the regional trade agreement, the EEU is offered to include in its agenda territorial development and transport tariffs matters.

Дипломна робота присвячена питанню антидемпінгового регулювання в системі захисту від недобросовісної конкуренції. Основною метою цього дослідження є розробка пропозицій щодо подальшого антидемпінгового регулювання в Україні з урахуванням світового досвіду, економічних інтересів нашої країни, а також в умовах поступової європейської інтеграції. The diploma work focuses on the issue of anti-dumping regulation in the system of protection from unfair competition. The main purpose of this study is to develop proposals of future anti-dumping regulation in Ukraine, taking into account world experience, economic interests of our country, and also in conditions of gradual European integration.

В статье рассмотрена динамика внешней торговли Республики Корея и Российской Федерации. Проанализированы основные направления таможенно-тарифного и нетарифного регулирования внешнеэкономической деятельности данных стран. На основе анализа приведена сравнительная характеристика, выделены сходства и различия к подходу формирования таможенно-тарифного и нетарифного регулирования ВЭД. The article presents results of the dynamicsof foreign trade between Republic of Korea and Russian Federation. Analyzed the main directions of customs tariff and non-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) of these countries. Based on the analysis compiled a comparative characteristics and ident ified the similarities and differences of the approach to the formation of customs tariff and non-tariff regulation of FEA.

Mednarodno trgovino in odnose med državami članicami in nečlanicami oblikuje vrsta sporazumov in pravil, ki pa se pogosto kršijo. Med instrumenti trgovinske zaščite je najpogosteje uporabljen instrument protidampinga. Namen protidampinga je zaščita domačega gospodarstva v primeru, ko dampinški uvoz industriji povzroča znatno škodo. V magistrskem delu podrobneje analiziramo mednarodno trgovinsko sodelovanje med Kitajsko in Evropsko unijo (v nadaljevanju EU) in posledično Slovenijo. Celotna pravna podlaga in zakonodaja proučevane tematike v Sloveniji od 1. maja 2004 temelji na neposredni uporabi zakonodaje EU. Temeljni vir magistrskega dela je Uredba Sveta Evrope (ES) št. 1225/2009 o zaščiti proti dampinškemu uvozu iz držav, ki niso članice Evropske skupnosti. EU in Kitajska sta postali pomembni gospodarski in politični velesili, saj v blagovni menjavi zasedata prvo mesto. Mednarodno sodelovanje med njima se iz leta v leto krepi. Posledično smo predpostavili, da se tudi število ugotovljenih primerov dampinga in protidampinških postopkov povečuje. Na podlagi analize podatkov pa smo ugotovili, da to ni tako. Med slovenskimi podjetji smo izvedli primarno raziskavo, ki je pokazala, da se podjetja ne zavedajo vseh možnosti, ki jim jih v okviru pritožbe nudi protidampinška zakonodaja EU. Podjetja težko najdejo čas za ukvarjanje s to problematiko, kljub temu da bi si to želela. Raziskava razkriva tudi nepoznavanje zakonodaje proučevanega področja. V magistrskem delu obravnavamo primer tkanin z odprto mrežno strukturo iz steklenih vlaken, uvoženih iz Kitajske, ki se s svojim obsegom dotika tudi slovenskega tržišča. Primer se razlaga večplastno in zadeva celovito preiskavo na carinskem področju s sodelovanjem držav članic, nečlanic in vpletenih podjetij. Primer razkriva vrsto goljufij na področju zatajevanja protidampinških dajatev, s tem pa EU in države članice izgubljajo velik del finančnih sredstev. To pa so tudi razlogi, da smo se odločili obravnavati ta primer. Kot enega glavnih akterjev lahko izpostavimo kitajska podjetja in goljufive uvoznike, ki s svojim pristopom rušijo ukrepe trgovinske politike. V nalogi smo predstavili osem različnih scenarijev goljufij, ki se spreminjajo glede na vrsto goljufije in področje zatajenih dajatev. Ti scenariji razkrivajo tudi finančne posledice goljufij. Proti tovrstnim goljufijam se bori Evropski urad za boj proti goljufijam (v nadaljevanju OLAF). Urad deluje v interesu vseh držav članic in se ukvarja s proučevanjem in preiskovanjem goljufij ter deluje v skladu z varovanjem proračuna davkoplačevalcev. Goljufije se odražajo v nižjih pobranih dajatvah tradicionalnih lastnih sredstev EU, posledično pa tudi vplivajo na nižje prilive davka na dodano vrednost v namembni državi članici. To pa pomeni spodkopavanje finančnih interesov EU in njenih držav članic, blaginje njenih državljanov in manjše število delovnih mest. International trade and relations between the Member States and third countries form a number of agreements and rules, which are violated increasingly. Among the instruments of trade protection the anti-dumping instrument is the most commonly used in order to protect the domestic economy in the case where the domestic industry is heavy damaged by the dumping import. In this master thesis the international trade cooperation China – European Union (hereafter: EU) is exactly analysed and consequently Slovenia as well. All legal basis and regulations of the EU of the studied topics shall be implemented directly from the 1. of May 2004 in Slovenia. The common legal basis of the master thesis is given by the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1225/2009 about protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community. The EU and China have become the major economic and political superpowers because trade occupies the first place there. International cooperation between them increases from year to year. Consequently, it was predicted that the number of dumping cases and antidumping procedures will increase. Despite of this statement, it was established with the data analyse that this supposition was wrong. The primary research was performed among the Slovenian companies, which reveals that the economic operators are not aware of all the opportunities available within the frame of the context of an appeal given by anti-dumping legislation of the EU. Furthermore, the research uncovers the lack of legislation knowledge of the studied area. In this master thesis, the case of open mesh fabrics glass fibres imported from China is studied, which with its volume also touches the Slovenian market. The case has been treated multifaceted, since it concerns a full customs investigation with the international cooperation with Member States, third countries and the companies involved. The case uncovers a series of fraud from anti-dumping duties evasion and in this way, the EU and Member States lose huge financial resources. These are the reasons we have decided to work on this case. As one of the main actors may expose Chinese companies and fraudulent importers, which with their aggressive and fraudulent approach disrupt trade policy measures. Moreover, in this work eight different scenarios were presented, where the modi operandi of fraud and the area of duties evasion are varied, and the appropriate financial consequences are calculated. The European Anti-Fraud Office (hereafter: OLAF) fights against frauds. OLAF operates in the interest of all Member States, examines and investigates the frauds and acts in accordance with the Budget protection of EU taxpayers. Furthermore, the frauds are reflected in lower duties collection of traditional own resources of the EU and consequently effect on the lower income of the value added tax of the destination Member State. Finally, this means the undermining of the financial interests of the EU and its Member States, the welfare of its citizens and lower number of jobs.

Since the adoption of its first anti-dumping legislation in 1989, Turkey made its way into the list of countries that are the most active users of anti-dumping measures. However, the country's anti­dumping system needs a comprehensive reform. The WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement has the force of law under Turkish law. Further, there is national anti-dumping legislation consisting of a law, a decree and a regulation. Yet, there is no legal requirement that necessitates the inclusion of a law or decree in the anti-dumping legislation. Therefore, we propose to repeal the Anti-Dumping Law and Decree and to limit the legal basis for anti-dumping proceedings to the Anti-Dumping Regulation. This will provide the authorities with the flexibility to make the amendments that will be needed in future, and will eliminate the man y instances of overlap among the three elements of the current legislation. The current legislation contains certain provisions that are inconsistent with the Anti­Dumping Agreement and they need to be modified. There are also aspects where the written rules are compatible with WTO principles but the authorities' practice does not follow such rules. This type o1 practice should not be repeated. We argue that the place and structure of the Turkish anti-dumping authority is far from ideal and does not respond to the needs of national industries. In our view, the authority should be detached from the Ministry of Economy and organized as an independent government agency, or should be attached to the Competition Authority, or should be reorganized, together with other departments that also deal with trade remedies, as a new directorate general within the Ministry of Economy. Judicial review of the determinations of the investigating authority is not effective. We propose to establish a specialized court for this review and to provide the judges who will serve in this court with the necessary training in order to ensure effective judicial review., Depuis l'adoption de sa première législation antidumping en 1989, la Turquie est entrée dans le groupe des pays qui sont les utilisateurs les plus fréquents des mesures antidumping. Pourtant, le dispositif antidumping du pays a besoin d'une réforme importante. L'Accord antidumping de l'OMC a force de loi en droit turc. De plus, il y a une législation antidumping nationale qui est composée d'une loi, d'un décret et d'un règlement. Toutefois, il n'y a aucune exigence juridique d'avoir une loi ou un décret dans la législation antidumping. Ainsi, nous proposons d'abroger la Loi et le Décret antidumping et de limiter la base juridique des procédures antidumping au Règlement antidumping. Ceci donnera aux autorités une flexibilité par rapport à la réalisation des amendements dont il y aura besoin à l'avenir, et éliminera le grand nombre de chevauchements qu'il y a dans la Législation actuelle. Cette dernière contient des dispositions incompatibles avec l'Accord antidumping, celles-ci doivent être modifiées. Il y a également des aspects où les règles écrites sont compatibles avec l'Accord antidumping, mais où la pratique des autorités ne suit pas ces règles. Ce genre de pratique ne doit pas être répété. Nous estimons que la place et la structure de l'autorité turque en matière d'antidumping sont loin d'être idéales et ne répondent pas aux besoins des industries nationales. A notre avis, il faut soit organiser cette autorité comme un organisme gouvernemental indépendant soit la sortir du Ministère de l'économie et l'attacher à l'Autorité de la concurrence soit l'organiser, avec les autres départements du Ministère s'occupant des mesures correctives commerciales, comme une nouvelle direction générale au Ministère. La révision judiciaire des constatations de l'autorité d'enquête n'est pas efficace en Turquie. Il faut établir un tribunal spécialisé pour cette révision et donner, aux juges fonctionnant dans ce tribunal, la formation nécessaire pour assurer une révision judiciaire efficace.

This article discusses EU law and practice with regard to tackling circumvention of trade defence instruments, notably anti-dumping measures. The author considers that, while strong legal arguments can be made that anti-circumvention rules are WTO-illegal, as a practical matter transparent and predictable anti-circumvention rules are to be preferred over vague and multi-interpretable non-preferential origin rules that vary from country to country. Furthermore, the many findings of transhipment in EU anti-circumvention investigations show that circumvention may constitute a real problem which warrants quick and effective relief. Therefore, the article suggests that the way forward is to agree on detailed anti-circumvention rules within the WTO with focus on further improvements in transparency and predictability.