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T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of aggressive leukemia with inferior prognosis. Although activating mutations of NOTCH1 are observed in most T-ALL cases, these mutations alone are not sufficient to drive the full development of T-ALL. β-Arrestins (ARRB) are versatile and multifunctional adapter proteins that regulate diverse cellular functions, including promoting the development of cancer. However, the role of ARRBs in T-ALL has largely remained elusive. In this study, we showed that ARRB1 is expressed at low levels in assayed T-ALL clinical samples and cell lines. Exogenous ARRB1 expression inhibited T-ALL proliferation and improved the survival of T-ALL xenograft animals. ARRB1 facilitated NOTCH1 ubiquitination and degradation through interactions with NOTCH1 and DTX1. Mechanistically, the oncogenic miRNA (oncomiR) miR-223 targets the 3′-UTR of ARRB1 (BUTR) and inhibits its expression in T-ALL. Furthermore, overexpression of the ARRB1-derived miR-223 sponge suppressed T-ALL cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ARRB1 acts as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL by promoting NOTCH1 degradation, which is inhibited by elevated miR-223, suggesting that ARRB1 may serve as a valid drug target in the development of novel T-ALL therapeutics. Significance: These findings highlight a novel tumor suppressive function of the adaptor protein β-arrestin1 in T-ALL.

Background The altered concentrations of amino acids were found in the bone marrow or blood of leukemia patients. Metabolomics technology combining mathematical model of biomarkers could be used for assisting the diagnosis of pediatric acute leukemia (AL). Methods The concentrations of 17 amino acids was measured by targeted liquid chromatograph–tandem mass spectrometry in periphery blood collected using dried blood spots. After evaluation, the mathematical models were further evaluated by prospective clinical validation cohort for AL diagnosis. Results The concentrations of 13 in 17 amino acids were statistically different between the periphery blood dried serum dots measured by targeted LC–MS/MS. The receiver operating characteristic analysis for the models of amino acid panel showed that the area under curve for AL diagnosis were 0.848, 0.834 and 0.856 by SVM, RF and XGBoost. The Kappa values in further prospectively evaluated clinical cohort were 0.697, 0.703 and 0.789 (p > 0.05) respectively, and the accuracies for the models were 84.86%, 85.20% and 89.46% respectively with further clinical validation. Conclusions The established mathematical model is a faster, cheaper and more convenient way than conventional methods, and no significant difference on the effect of diagnosis comparing with conventional methods. The mathematical model can be clinically useful for assisting pediatric AL diagnosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1783-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective: Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory illness mainly caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The infection of B. pertussis has been increasing and the current diagnosis of pertussis in children is challenging; little is known of B. pertussis infection in Chongqing. Methods: There were 25,441 children (14,863 male and 10,578 female) with suspected pertussis enrolled in our retrospective study from December 2012 to November 2018. Then 800 children with suspected B. pertussis infection were randomly chosen to be evaluated by simultaneous amplification and testing in this prospective study. Results: Infants younger than 12 months had the greatest burden of pertussis, and the incidence of pertussis in Chongqing appeared to have a periodic pattern. The problem of vaccine quality in China was more serious than previously reported based on the fluctuation of infection rates from 2012 to 2018. Simultaneous amplification and testing to detect B. pertussis RNA (Area Under Curve: 0.900 and Kappa value: 0.831) had better diagnostic performance than real-time PCR for B. pertussis DNA (Area Under Curve: 0.869 and Kappa value: 0.690). Conclusions: We revealed the characteristics of B. pertussis infection and vaccine issues in Chongqing. Simultaneous amplification and testing could be a potential novel assay for measuring B. pertussis infection in the future. Keywords: Pertussis, Epidemiology, Vaccine, Simultaneous amplification and testing

Additional file 1: Table S1. The Surface Markers Detected by Flow Cytometry. Table S2. The characteristics of all patients in the sections. Table S3. Concentrations of amino acid among ALL children in different risk level based on chromosomal detection. Table S4. Concentrations of amino acid among ALL children in different risk level based on fusion gene detection.

Epidemiology and etiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) based on large sample size or evaluation of detection for more enterovirus serotypes are not well investigated in Chongqing of China. 45,616 suspect HFMD patients were prospectively enrolled among whom 21,615 were laboratory confirmed HFMD cases over a 5-year period (January 2011 to December 2015). Their epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted and stratified by month, age, sex, disease severity, and enterovirus serotype. Subsequently 292 non-EV-A71/CV-A16 HFMD confirmed cases were randomly selected in three consecutive outbreaks to detect CV-A6 and CV-A10, using RT-PCR. Results showed that the HFMD epidemic peaked in early summer and autumn. The median age of onset was 2.45 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.54:1, and with children under 5 years of age accounting for 92.54% of all confirmed cases. EV-A71 and CV-A16 infection accounted for only 36.05% (7793/21615) of total confirmed cases while EV-A71 accounted for 59.64% (232/389) of severe cases. Importantly, the proportion of EV-A71 infection generally increased with age which showed rapid growth in severe cases. CV-A6 and CV-A10 were tested positive in Chongqing, but CV-A6 had greater positive rates of 62.33% while CV-A10 had 4.79% in non-EV-A71/CV-A16 HFMD confirmed cases.

Although we previously reported that the self-renewal of leukemia-initiating cells of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL LICs) was regulated by β-Arrestin1, a multiple-function protein, the cellular senescence is critical for LICs fate and leukemia progress, and worthy for further investigation. Here we found that depletion of β-Arrestin1 extended the population doubling time and the percentage of senile cells, the signatures of cellular senescence, of B-ALL LICs. Moreover, lack of β-Arrestin1 enhanced the expression of proteins (CBX, HIRA) and genes (P53, P16) related to senescence in leukemic Reh cells and B-ALL-LICs-derived leukemic mice. Further results showed that loss of β-Arrestin1 induced senescence of Reh cells through mediating hTERT-telomerase-telomere axis, which was reversed by BIBR1532, the telomerase activity inhibitor. Importantly, depletion of β-Arrestin1 decreased the binding of Sp1 to hTERT promoter at the region of −28 to −36 bp. The anti-sense oligonucleotide of this key region downregulated the transcription of hTERT and aggravated the senescence of Reh cells. Further data demonstrated that the depleted β-Arrestin1 reduced the interaction of P300 with Sp1, thus to reduce Sp1 binding to hTERT promoter, downregulate hTERT transcription, decrease telomerase activity, shorten telomere length, and promote Reh cell senescence. Interestingly, the percentage of senile cells in B-ALL LICs was decreased, which was negatively correlated to good prognosis and β-Arrestin1 mRNA expression in childhood B-ALL patients. Our study shed a light on the senescence of B-ALL LICs and is regulated by β-Arrestin1, providing the potential therapeutic target of leukemia by promoting cellular senescence with a key region of hTERT promoter.

The master mix of real-time PCR for DBS. (DOC 36Â kb)

The components of each real-time PCR reaction. (DOC 36Â kb)

The reaction systems for DNA sequencing and multiplex PCR. (DOC 38Â kb)

The sequence of primers and probes. (DOC 37Â kb)

The guideline for SMA diagnosis and typing. (DOC 34Â kb)

Leukemia is the most common malignant tumor in children under 15 years old, which is divided into several subtypes, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), based on the disease phases and effected cells. Each subtype has its specific molecular feature and key regulation factors. In our previous studies, we reported that β-arrestin1 (ARRB1), the pivotal scaffold protein to transduce various cellular signals, could bind with EZH2 to increase Bcr/Abl H4 acetylation level and thus promote CML progression (Brit J Cancer 2014, 111(3): 568-76). ARRB1 could enhance DNMT1 activity and PTEN methylation, decrease PTEN expression and promote self-renew of B-ALL leukemia initiating cells (LICs) (Cancer Lett 2015, 357(1): 170-8.). ARRB1 could increase P300 to bind with SP1 to hTERT promoter, and thus increase hTERT transcription/expression, telomerase activity, telomere length and cell senescence in B-ALL LICs (Cell Death Diff 2017, 8(4): e2756.). However, little is known in the T-ALL, which about 70% have the mutations of NOTCH1 gene. Here, we unveil ARRB1 could curb the progression of T-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo, while the expression of ARRB1 was suppressed by the aberrant increased miR-223. Mechanistically, ARRB1 could recruit DTX1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, to promote the ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 protein in T-ALL. Furthermore, Overexpression of ARRB1-derived miR-223 sponge BUTR was incompatible with cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in T-ALL cells. Collectively, our results for the first time revealed that ARRB1 acted as a tumor suppressor by promoting NOTCH1 degradation in T-ALL cells where miR-223 effectively antagonized ARRB1 functions. This provides that miR-223 may serve as a valid drug target for developing novel and efficacious T-ALL therapeutics. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen of viral pneumonia in children. The diagnosis of acute HCMV infection is complicated and difficult. Methods Clinical and laboratory data of 6063 hospitalized children with respiratory infection and 509 with respiratory virus infection alone were retrospectively analyzed. Urine and respiratory specimens of 186 hospitalized children with pneumonia were also prospectively collected. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a chemiluminescent assay were used to detect HCMV DNA copy number, the pp65 gene, and HCMV IgM. Results The patients with respiratory virus infection alone and those with pulmonary HCMV infection (n = 422) were mostly children aged 0.05) in 186 pediatric pneumonia cases. The accuracy of the pp65 gene measured in urine for determining acute pulmonary HCMV infection was the highest (93.01%). Conclusions Our study shows a novel method for investigating acute pulmonary HCMV infection in children by using real-time PCR and non-invasive samples. This study also highlights the superiority and potential use of the pp65 gene as an important target for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary HCMV infection.

Background Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common autosomal recessive disease in children, and the diagnosis is complicated and difficult, especially at early stage. Early diagnosis of SMA is able to improve the outcome of SMA patients. In our study, Real-time PCR was developed to measure the gene mutation or deletion of key genes for SMA and to further analyse genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods The multiple real-time PCR for detecting the mutations of survival of motor neuron (SMN), apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) and general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 2 gene (GTF2H2) was established and confirmed by DNA sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The diagnosis and prognosis of 141 hospitalized children, 100 normal children and further 2000 cases of dry blood spot (DBS) samples were analysed by this multiple real-time PCR. Results The multiple real-time PCR was established and the accuracy of it to detect the mutations of SMN, NAIP and GTF2H2 was at least 98.8 % comparing with DNA sequencing and MLPA. Among 141 limb movement disorders children, 75 cases were SMA. 71 cases of SMA (94.67 %) were with SMN c.840 mutation, 9 cases (12 %) with NAIP deletion and 3 cases (4 %) with GTF2H2 deletion. The multiple real-time PCR was able to diagnose and predict the prognosis of SMA patients. Simultaneously, the real-time PCR was applied to detect trace DNA from DBS and able to make an early diagnosis of SMA. Conclusion The clinical and molecular characteristics of SMA in Southwest of China were presented. Our work provides a novel way for detecting SMA in children by using real-time PCR and the potential usage in newborn screening for early diagnosis of SMA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0651-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.