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Amanuel Yegnanew Adela,1– 3 Assefa Getachew Kebede,1 Daniel Zewdneh,4 Mahlet Kifle,1 Adriano Basso Dias5 1Radiology Department, Body Imaging Unit, Tikur Anbessa Comprehensive Specialized Referral and Teaching Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Radiology Department, Gondar University Comprehensive Specialized Referral and Teaching Hospital, College of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia; 3Radiology Department, Ethiopian Federal Police Commission Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4Radiology Department, Pediatric Radiology Unit, Tikur Anbessa Comprehensive Specialized Referral and Teaching Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Amanuel Yegnanew Adela, Tel +251-918-26-1611, Email amanuel.yegnanew@aau.edu.et; amanuelyegna@yahoo.comAbstract: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disorder that occurs as a result of autosomal recessive congenital transmission of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutation on chromosome 7. Because it is considered a disease of the Caucasian pediatric population or due to lack of awareness, it is rarely considered in developing countries like ours. This case report presents the first case of cystic fibrosis ever reported in Ethiopia and possibly East Africa, that of a 17-year-old female diagnosed with the disease following a CT scan of her abdomen and chest. She was initially misdiagnosed and treated for tuberculosis (TB) as she was a chronic cougher. Perhaps due to epidemiological evidence, there is an obstinate tendency of blaming tuberculosis (TB) for almost every case of chronic cough with fibro-bronchiectatic lung parenchymal changes in Ethiopia. Once a diagnosis of TB is posted on such patients, their diagnosis remains in the circle of TB reinfection, relapse or resistance