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The study was conducted in South Darfur State in Nyala Agricultural Research Station Farm which is located at latitude 12° 01ʹ N and longitude 24° 50ʹ E and at an altitude of 400 m a.s.l, during two seasons 2018 and 2019. The study aimed to test and assess the effects of rainwater harvesting techniques (RWHTs) on establishment, growth and survival rate of Acacia senegal transplants on dry land, to assess its influence on soil moisture content. Four RWHTs were tested namely; control, semicircular bund, trapezoidal bund and V-shape catchment. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with six replications. The soil moisture content (gravimetric) at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm during the (summer, autumn and winter) were measured .Tree state as survival rate, growth parameters of shoot height, stem diameter, number of branches, root length, shoot and root biomass were measured. The results showed that the RWHTs recharged considerably the soil moisture content in all the depths in autumn, including the control. The transplants' survival rates were better in the RWHTs than in the control and in summer 2019 the survival percentages in these treatments ranged from 67 % to 75 % against 50 % only for the control. The trapezoidal bund showed the most resistant against the transplants' death rate. Significant differences were found in the A. senegal transplants growth parameters between the control and the RWHTs. The overall growth performance within the RWHTs was as follows, trapezoidal bund > semicircular bund = V-shape catchment > control. It is thus evident that RWHTs can be used to support establishment of transplants in the moistures content deficient areas of dry lands. The study concluded that RWHTs can be applied using manual labor and locally available materials. Further research should focus on RWHTs as worthy option for tree plantation in dry land.

Pipeline is a valuable asset transporting very dangerous materials, so it has been safe and reliable, Tradition methods of maintenance are not enough. Applied failure predicting techniques is the important for environment and economy. Modeling is constructed for the failure frequency of underground pipelines per kilometer year, as a function of pipe and environmental characteristics. The parameters in the model were quantified, with uncertainty, using historical data and structured expert judgment. Fifteen experts from institutes in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Denmark and Canada participated in the study.

The effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) was tested, in order to assess the possibility of alleviation of the adverse effects of high temperature stress on snap bean plants during delayed summer cultivation. Therefore, two field experiments were carried out in successive seasons, 2010 and 2011, with two bean cultivars ‘Paulesta’ and ‘Oxzira’, spraying with BRs of the following concentrations 0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Plant growth, yield and pods quality of beans were studied. Spraying bean plants with BRs at a concentration of 25 and 50 ppm increased vegetative growth, total yield and quality of pods with no significant difference between both treatments. Using BRs at 25 ppm increased the total free amino acids (FAA) in leaves and total phenolic acids in the pod in comparison to control-treatment. ‘Oxzira’ cultivar resulted in the highest number of leaves, number of branches, dry weight of whole plant, total yield, total FAA in leaves and total phenolic acids in pod. Whereas, ‘Paulesta’ cultivar had the highest of plant length and total FAA in pods.