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Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants., Funding came from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) GoLife ‘ButterflyNet’ collaborative grant (DEB-1541500, 1541557, 1541560) to A.Y.K., R.P.G., D.J.L. and N.E.P. Specimen collection and preservation was funded by NSF DBI-1349345, 1601369, DEB-1557007 and IOS-1920895 (A.Y.K.), NSF DEB-1120380 (D.J.L.), grants 9285-13 and WW-227R-17 from the National Geographic Society (D.J.L.), NSF DBI-1256742 (A.Y.K. and K.R.W.), NSF DEB-0639861 (K.R.W.) and NSF SES-0750480, DEB-0447244 and DEB-9615760 (N.E.P.). M.E. was supported by the Research Council of Norway (no. 204308) and the Hintelmann Scientific Award for Zoological Systematics. F.L.C. was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project GAIA, no. 851188). M.P.B. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (IPG no. 2020‐06422). R.V. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-107078GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. G.T. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2020-117739GA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and RYC2018-025335-I). V.L. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00202) and by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant 075-15-2021-1069). M.Y. was supported by MEXT KAKENHI no. 19916010 and JSPS KAKENHI grants 13010131, 23570111, 26440207, 17K07528 and 21H02215. A.B.B.M., H.P.R. and N.O.M. were supported by CNPQ grants proc 563332/2010-7 and 304273/2014-7., Main Results and discussion Methods Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article

Larvae of the cosmopolitan family Limacodidae, commonly known as “slug” caterpillars, are well known because of the widespread occurrence of spines with urticating properties, a morpho‐chemical adaptive trait that has been demonstrated to protect the larvae from natural enemies. However, while most species are armed with rows of spines (“nettle” caterpillars), slug caterpillars are morphologically diverse with some species lacking spines and thus are nonstinging. It has been demonstrated that the evolution of spines in slug caterpillars may have a single origin and that this trait is possibly derived from nonstinging slug caterpillars, but these conclusions were based on limited sampling of mainly New World taxa; thus, the evolution of spines and other traits within the family remains unresolved. Here, we analyze morphological variation in slug caterpillars within an evolutionary framework to determine character evolution of spines with samples from Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. The phylogeny of the Limacodidae was reconstructed based on a multigene dataset comprising five molecular markers (5.6 Kbp: COI, 28S, 18S, EF‐1α, and wingless) representing 45 species from 40 genera and eight outgroups. Based on this phylogeny, we infer that limacodids evolved from a common ancestor in which the larval type possessed spines, and then slug caterpillars without spines evolved independently multiple times in different continents. While larvae with spines are well adapted to avoiding generalist predators, our results imply that larvae without spines may be suited to different ecological niches. Systematic relationships of our dataset indicate six major lineages, several of which have not previously been identified.

International audience; Three Graphium species belonging to two species groups of the subgenus Pazala, the alebion and tamerlanus groups,were examined in molecular and morphological studies, and their female genitalia are reported for the first time. Theirrelationship with other species groups within the subgenus is assessed and their divergence times are estimated. We findthat G. (P.) alebion is the first lineage to diverge within Pazala in the early Miocene (20 Ma) and that G. (P.) tamerlanusand G. (P.) parus are sister species and diverged from each other in the late Miocene (7 Ma). A revision of the fourrecognised taxa belonging to three species is presented, and historical misidentification of these taxa and their geographicranges are explained.

Two new species of Stathmopodidae are described from Taiwan: Cuprina atayalica Shen & Hsu, sp. nov., reared from larvae on Microsorum brachylepis, and C. insolita Hsu & Shen, sp. nov., reared from larvae on Tectaria subtriphylla and T. harlandii. Diagnostic characters for both species are provided. Larval host plants and the biology of the immature stages of both new species are documented.

Ants are a dominant insect group in terrestrial ecosystems and many myrmecophilous species evolve to associate with ants to gain benefits. One iconic example is myrmecophilous butterflies that often produce ant-mimicking vibrational calls to modulate ant behaviors. Despite its popularity, empirical exploration of how butterflies utilize vibrational signals to communicate with ants is scarce. In this study, we reported that the myrmecophilous butterfly Spindasis lohita produce three types of larval calls and one type of pupal call, while its tending ant, Crematogaster rogenhoferi emit a single type of call. The results of discriminant analysis revealed that calls of the two species are quantitatively similar in their signal attributes; the potential role of butterfly calls are further confirmed by the playback experiments in which certain ant behaviors including antennation, aggregation, and guarding were induced when one of the butterfly calls was played to C. rogenhoferi workers. The findings in the current study represent the very first evidence on vibrational communication between Spindasis and Crematogaster and also imply that S. lohita may have been benefited from ant attendance due to the ability to produce similar calls of the ant C. rogenhoferi.

Two new species of Stathmopodidae are described from Taiwan: Cuprina atayalica Shen & Hsu, sp. nov., reared from larvae on Microsorum brachylepis, and C. insolita Hsu & Shen, sp. nov., reared from larvae on Tectaria subtriphylla and T. harlandii. Diagnostic characters for both species are provided. Larval host plants and the biology of the immature stages of both new species are documented.

Two new species of the tribe Synanthedonini are described from Taiwan: Synanthedonauritinctaoidissp. nov. and Paranthrenellahelvolasp. nov. Diagnostic characters for the two species are presented using body color, wing pattern, and genitalia. New records of the relationships between host plants and the immatures are also provided. S.auritinctaoidis feeds in the trunk of Cinnamomumcamphora (Lauraceae) and P.helvola in callus tissue of Heliciaformosana (Proteaceae) or Prunuscampanulata (Rosaceae).

The life history, morphology, and biology of the immature stages and phylogenetic relationships of Rotunda rotundapex (Miyata & Kishida, 1990) are described and illustrated for the first time. The species is univoltine: eggs hatch in spring (March or April) and the life cycle from egg to adult is completed in about 3 wk, with larvae developing rapidly on young leaves of the host plants, Morus australis and to a lesser extent Broussonetia monoica (Moraceae), and adults emerging in April–May. Eggs are laid in clusters on twigs of the host plant, are covered by scales during female oviposition, and remain in diapause for the remainder of the year (i.e., for 10–11 mo). Larvae (all instars) are unique among the Bombycidae in that they lack a horn on abdominal segment 8. A strongly supported molecular phylogeny based on six genes (5.0 Kbp: COI, EF-1α, RpS5, CAD, GAPDH, and wgl) representing seven genera of Bombycinae from the Old World revealed that Rotunda is a distinct monotypic lineage sister to Bombyx. This phylogenetic position, together with morphological data of the immature stages (egg and larval chaetotaxy), supports the current systematic classification in which the species rotundapex has been placed in a separate genus (Rotunda) from Bombyx in which it was previously classified.

Delay-tolerant networks often adopt the message replication methodology to increase the opportunity that destinations can receive messages from a source node in a network. Repeatedly replicating messages, however, consumes significant resources such as local buffer space on nodes and internode communication bandwidth. Previous buffer management and scheduling policies mainly contributed to a simple scenario of message unicasting from a source to a singular destination in a network. When message multicasting toward multiple destinations is considered, previous solutions perform inefficiently. This paper proposes a new buffer management and scheduling policy for message multicasting in delay-tolerant networks. The proposed policy is an optimal-based design with a new utility function, which can prioritize messages in a buffer for maximizing the successful delivery rate in a network. Simulation results manifest the efficacy of the proposed scheme under different mobility benchmarks in delay-tolerant networks.

International audience; The previously recognised closely related species Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) and G. (P.) sichuanica(Koiwaya, 1993) are shown to comprise seven species as a result of both molecular and morphological analysis. Molecular dating analysis is also performed on the mandarinus group in order to investigate the divergence time of the taxa. Two HU ET AL. 402·Zootaxa 4441 (3) © 2018Magnolia Presstaxa, G. (P.) garhwalica (Katayama, 1988) stat. nov. and G. (P.) paphus (de Nicéville, 1886) stat. nov., are raised from sub-specific to specific status; G. (P.) hoeneanus Cotton & Hu nom. nov., stat. rev. is separated from sichuanica at species level; and two previously unrecognised new species, G. (P.) daiyuanae Hu, Zhang & Cotton sp. nov. and G. (P.) confucius Hu, Duan & Cotton sp. nov. are described from Vietnam and China respectively, the latter being sympatric with nominate G.(P.) mandarinus. The identity of the lectotype of G. (P.) mandarinus is confirmed and a lectotype is designated for the tax-on Papilio Glycerion Gray, 1831. A new subspecies of G. (P.) mandarinus is described from western Yunnan and northern Myanmar, G. (P.) mandarinusstilwelli Cotton & Hu ssp. nov.

The Tailed Punch, Dodona eugenes, is widely distributed in East Asia with seven subspecies currently recognized. However, two of them, namely ssp. formosana and ssp. esakii found in Taiwan, are hard to distinguish from each other due to ambiguous diagnostic characters. In this study, their taxonomic status is clarified by comparing genitalia characters and phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial sequences, COI and COII (total 2211 bps). Our results show that there is no reliable feature to separate these two subspecies. Surprisingly we found that Dodona in Taiwan is more closely related to the Orange Punch, D. egeon, than to other subspecies of D. eugenes. Therefore, the following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Dodona eugenes formosana is revised to specific status as Dodona formosana Matsumura, 1919, stat. rev, and ssp. esakii is sunk to a junior synonym of Dodona formosana syn. n.

This paper examines the construction issues of classifier ensembles for bankruptcy prediction.The first issue focuses on the classification techniques, which are based on MLP, SVM, and DT.The second issue is the combination method, which is based on bagging and boosting.The third issue is based on examining different numbers of combined classifiers.We show that DT ensembles composed of 80-100 classifiers using the boosting method perform best. The aim of bankruptcy prediction in the areas of data mining and machine learning is to develop an effective model which can provide the higher prediction accuracy. In the prior literature, various classification techniques have been developed and studied, in/with which classifier ensembles by combining multiple classifiers approach have shown their outperformance over many single classifiers. However, in terms of constructing classifier ensembles, there are three critical issues which can affect their performance. The first one is the classification technique actually used/adopted, and the other two are the combination method to combine multiple classifiers and the number of classifiers to be combined, respectively. Since there are limited, relevant studies examining these aforementioned disuses, this paper conducts a comprehensive study of comparing classifier ensembles by three widely used classification techniques including multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, support vector machines (SVM), and decision trees (DT) based on two well-known combination methods including bagging and boosting and different numbers of combined classifiers. Our experimental results by three public datasets show that DT ensembles composed of 80-100 classifiers using the boosting method perform best. The Wilcoxon signed ranked test also demonstrates that DT ensembles by boosting perform significantly different from the other classifier ensembles. Moreover, a further study over a real-world case by a Taiwan bankruptcy dataset was conducted, which also demonstrates the superiority of DT ensembles by boosting over the others.

We present a fully automatic method to detect doctored digital images. Our method is based on a rigorous consistency checking principle of physical characteristics among different arbitrarily shaped image regions. In this paper, we specifically study the camera response function (CRF), a fundamental property in cameras mapping input irradiance to output image intensity. A test image is first automatically segmented into distinct arbitrarily shaped regions. One CRF is estimated from each region using geometric invariants from locally planar irradiance points (LPIPs). To classify a boundary segment between two regions as authentic or spliced, CRF-based cross fitting and local image features are computed and fed to statistical classifiers. Such segment level scores are further fused to infer the image level authenticity. Tests on two data sets reach performance levels of 70% precision and 70% recall, showing promising potential for real-world applications. Moreover, we examine individual features and discover the key factor in splicing detection. Our experiments show that the anomaly introduced around splicing boundaries plays the major role in detecting splicing. Such finding is important for designing effective and efficient solutions to image splicing detection.

The popularity of using Internet contains some risks of network attacks. Intrusion detection is one major research problem in network security, whose aim is to identify unusual access or attacks to secure internal networks. In literature, intrusion detection systems have been approached by various machine learning techniques. However, there is no a review paper to examine and understand the current status of using machine learning techniques to solve the intrusion detection problems. This chapter reviews 55 related studies in the period between 2000 and 2007 focusing on developing single, hybrid, and ensemble classifiers. Related studies are compared by their classifier design, datasets used, and other experimental setups. Current achievements and limitations in developing intrusion detection systems by machine learning are present and discussed. A number of future research directions are also provided.

We present the first dated higher-level phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the butterfly family Riodinidae. This family is distributed worldwide, but more than 90% of the c. 1500 species are found in the Neotropics, while the c. 120 Old World species are concentrated in the Southeast Asian tropics, with minor Afrotropical and Australasian tropical radiations, and few temperate species. Morphologically based higher classification is partly unresolved, with genera incompletely assigned to tribes. Using 3666 bp from one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers for each of 23 outgroups and 178 riodinid taxa representing all subfamilies, tribes and subtribes, and 98 out of 145 described genera of riodinids, we estimate that Riodinidae split from Lycaenidae about 96 Mya in the mid-Cretaceous and started to diversify about 81 Mya. The Riodinidae are monophyletic and originated in the Neotropics, most likely in lowland proto-Amazonia. Neither the subfamily Euselasiinae nor the Nemeobiinae are monophyletic as currently constituted. The enigmatic, monotypic Neotropical genera Styx and Corrachia (most recently treated in Euselasiinae: Corrachiini) are highly supported as derived taxa in the Old World Nemeobiinae, with dispersal most likely occurring across the Beringia land bridge during the Oligocene. Styx and Corrachia, together with all other nemeobiines, are the only exclusively Primulaceae-feeding riodinids. The steadily increasing proliferation of the Neotropical Riodininae subfamily contrasts with the decrease in diversification in the Old World, and may provide insights into factors influencing the diversification rate of this relatively ancient clade of Neotropical insects., The study was funded by grant #204308 from the Research Council of Norway to M.E., and grants from the Baker Foundation, the Putnam Expeditionary Fund of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and NSFDEB-0447242 to N.E.P. D.C.L. was funded by INRA and by ERC EMARES #250325 during writing. L.-W.W. and Y-F.H. were funded by NSC97-2621-B-003-003-MY3 and COA101-CF-02.1-C12.

Subalpine sclerophyllous oak forest grows at high elevation in Taiwan, distantly separated from similar forest communities found in western China, Tibet and India. An investigation on bud‐breaking phenology of oaks and associated phytophagous insects in this community revealed an undescribed species of Teratozephyrus lycaenid. This and other oak‐associated insects suggest that the presence of this oak community in Taiwan resulted from a more widely distributed community. The newly discovered Teratozephyrus turned out to be most closely related to T. nuwaii, described from western China, and is described below as T. elatus sp. nov. Two other species of Teratozephyrus also inhabit Taiwan, but both are associated with broad‐leaved oak forests. Of them, T. arisanus is widespread both in China and Taiwan, is morphologically distinct from the other Teratozephyrus species and is exclusively associated with broad‐leaved oaks. The other, T. yugaii, probably gained its broad‐leaved oak association secondarily as no...

Within the genus Howarthia, Howarthia melli (Forster) is the most frequently reported species across the southern provinces of China. An examination of the type series of H. melli ,i n combination with results of rearingexperiments, reveals that three species have been frequently confused under the name H. melli. The three are superÞcially similar but not closely related to each other within the genus. H. melli is much more restricted in distribution than previously thought, with most literature records referringto the other two species, Howarthia cheni Chou & Wangand an undescribed species, Howarthia cyanea sp. n., described herein. We provide a discussion of the relationships of these species and a review of Rhododendron-association in Lycaenidae.

This study describes the molecular phylogeny, laboratory rearing, and karyotype of a bombycid moth, Trilocha varians (F. Walker) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), which feeds on leaves of Ficus spp. (Rosales: Moraceae). The larvae of this species were collected in Taipei city, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Archipelago (Ishigaki and Okinawa Islands, Japan). Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that T. varians belongs to the subfamily Bombycinae, thus showing a close relationship to the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori (L.), a lepidopteran model insect. A laboratory method was developed for rearing T. varians and the time required for development from the embryo to adult was determined. From oviposition to adult emergence, the developmental zero was 10.47 °C and total effective temperature was 531.2 day—degrees, i.e., approximately 30 days for one generation when reared at 28 °C. The haploid of T. varians consisted of n = 26 chromosomes. In highly polyploid somatic nuclei, females showed a large heterochromatin body, indicating that the sex chromosome system in T. varians is WZ/ZZ (female/male). The results of the present study should facilitate the utilization of T. varians as a reference species for B. mori, thereby leading to a greater understanding of the ecology and evolution of bombycid moths.

We introduce a novel approach to cross camera people counting that can adapt itself to a new environment without the need of manual inspection. The proposed counting model is composed of a pair of collaborative Gaussian processes (GP), which are respectively designed to count people by taking the visible and occluded parts into account. While the first GP exploits multiple visual features to result in better accuracy, the second GP instead investigates the conflicts among these features to recover the underestimate caused by occlusions. Our contributions are threefold. First, we establish a cross camera people counting system that can facilitate forensics investigation and security preservation. Second, a principled way is proposed to estimate the degree of occlusions. Third, our system is comprehensively evaluated on two benchmark datasets. The promising performance demonstrates the effectiveness of our system.

Image forensic research has resulted in a number of tampering detection techniques utilizing cues culled from understanding of various natural image characteristics and modeling of tampering artifacts. Fusion of multiple cues provides promises for improving the detection robustness, however has never been systematically studied before. By fusing multiple cues, the tampering detection process does not rely entirely on a single detector and hence can be robust in face of missing or unreliable detectors. In this paper, we propose a statistical fusion framework based on discriminative random fields (DRF) to integrate multiple cues suitable for forgery detection, such as double quantization artifacts and camera response function inconsistency. The detection results using individual cues are used as observation from which the DRF model parameters and the most likely node labels are inferred indicating whether a local block belongs to a tampered foreground or the authentic background. Such inference results also provide information about localization of the suspect spliced regions. The proposed framework is effective and general - outperforming individual detectors over systematic evaluation and easily extensible to other detectors using different cues.

We propose a fully automatic spliced image detection method based on consistency checking of camera characteristics among different areas in an image. A test image is first segmented into distinct areas. One camera response function (CRF) is estimated from each area using geometric invariants from locally planar irradiance points (LPIPs). To classify a boundary segment between two areas as authentic or spliced, CRF cross fitting scores and area intensity features are computed and fed to SVM-based classifiers. Such segment-level scores are further fused to form the image-level decision. Tests on both the benchmark data set and an unseen high-quality spliced data set reach promising performance levels with 70% precision and 70% recall.

Recent advances in computer technology have made digital image tampering more and more common. In this paper, we propose an authentic vs. spliced image classification method making use of geometry invariants in a semi-automatic manner. For a given image, we identify suspicious splicing areas, compute the geometry invariants from the pixels within each region, and then estimate the camera response function (CRF) from these geometry invariants. The cross-fitting errors are fed into a statistical classifier. Experiments show a very promising accuracy, 87%, over a large data set of 363 natural and spliced images. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work detecting image splicing by verifying camera characteristic consistency from a single-channel image.

A distortion aberration (DA) correction device is fabricated using a liquid crystal lens array (LCLA), which is placed at the intermediate image plane of the optical system. Without voltage, the LCLA does not work, the image is distorted due to the aberration from the optical system; with voltage, the incident light is focused by the LCLA and then the distorted image is corrected. The correction of distorted image by LCLA is attributed to the redirection of the off-axis propagated chief ray approaches the principal point of the lens element.

Background Mitogenomic phylogenies have revealed well-supported relationships for many eukaryote groups. In the order Lepidoptera, 113 species mitogenomes had been sequenced (May 14, 2014). However, these data are restricted to ten of the forty-three recognised superfamilies, while it has been challenging to recover large numbers of mitogenomes due to the time and cost required for primer design and sequencing. Nuclear rather than mitochondrial genes have been preferred to reconstruct deep-level lepidopteran phylogenies, without seriously evaluating the potential of entire mitogenomes. Next-generation sequencing methods remove these limitations by providing efficiently massive amounts of sequence data. In the present study, we simultaneously obtained a large number of nymphalid butterfly mitogenomes to evaluate the utility of mitogenomic phylogenies by comparing reconstructions to the now quite well established phylogeny of Nymphalidae. Results We newly obtained 30 nymphalid mitogenomes via pyrosequencing on the Roche 454 GS Junior system, and combined these sequences with publicly accessible data to provide a 70-taxa dataset covering 37 genes for a 15,495 bp alignment. Polymorphic sites were not homogeneously distributed across the gene. Two gene regions, nad6 and 3’ end of nad5, were most variable, whereas the cox1 and 5’ ends of rrnL were most conserved. Phylogenetic relationships inferred by two likelihood methods were congruent and strongly supported (>0.95 posterior probability; ML bootstrap >85%), across the majority of nodes for multiple partitioning strategies and substitution models. Bayes factor results showed that the most highly partitioned dataset is the preferred strategy among different partitioning schemes. The most striking phylogenetic findings were that the subfamily Danainae not Libytheinae was sister of the remaining brush-footed butterflies and that, within Limenitidini, the genus Athyma was clearly polyphyletic. None of the single-gene phylogenies recovered the highly supported topologies generated on the basis of the whole mitogenomic data. Conclusions Thirty mitogenomes were assembled with 89% completeness from the contigs of pyrosequencing-derived reads. Entire mitogenomes or higher-quality sequences could be obtained by increasing pyrosequencing read coverage or by additional Sanger sequencing. Our mitogenomic phylogenies provide robust nodal support at a range of levels, demonstrating that mitogenomes are both accurate and efficient molecular markers for inferring butterfly phylogeny. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-468) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.