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Pain is not uncommon in older adult patients with heart failure (HF) and has been identified as a risk factor for rehospitalization of homebound patients with HF. Little is known about the pain experiences and management of older adults with HF after hospital discharge. We sought to describe pain and other symptoms among homebound older adults with HF using a qualitative and descriptive approach. We conducted semistructured interviews to obtain qualitative data and used the Brief Pain Instrument-Short Form and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale to obtain descriptive data on symptom burden. We interviewed 18 participants within 10 days after hospital discharge. Participants’ mean age was 75.8 ± 9.0 years; 78% were White. The mean pain score at its worst was 5.2 ± 3.1, and for pain interfering with sleep was 4.3 ± 3.41. Most participants managed pain with medications. Using thematic analysis of qualitative data, we identified three distinct categories: (1) the diversity of patients’ pain experiences, (2) the diversity of pain management routines, and (3) patients’ experiences with healthcare providers’ pain assessment and management practices. Our findings show that homebound older adults with HF experience various pain symptoms and receive inconsistent education about how to manage pain from healthcare providers. This study supports the need for better pain assessment and education about the appropriate use of pain medications and nonpharmacologic approaches to pain control for homebound older adults with HF.

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of rehospitalization in the United States. Due to the complex nature of HF, the provision of Medicare-certified home healthcare services has increased. Medicare-certified home healthcare agencies measure and report patients' outcomes such as functional status, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. These metrics are assessed using the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS). As a large data set, OASIS has been used to advance care quality in multiple ways including identifying risk factors for negative patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of OASIS analyses to assess the relationship between functional status and the role of other factors, such as pain, in impeding recovery after hospitalization among HF patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between functional status and pain using the OASIS database. Among 489 HF patients admitted to home healthcare, 83% were White, 57% were female, and the median age was 80. Patients who reported daily but not constant activity-interfering pain at discharge demonstrated the least improvement in functional performance as measured by ADLs, whereas patients without activity-interfering pain demonstrated the greatest improvement in ADL performance (p value = 0.0284). Tracking individual patient ADL scores, particularly the frequency of activity-interfering pain, could be a key indicator for clinical focus for patients with HF in the home healthcare setting.

Aging is associated with comorbidities and increased utilization of healthcare services, which results in a large amount of personal health information (PHI) to manage. Older adults often have difficulty managing this increased load of health information. Although many home healthcare nurses (HCNs) provide assistance to older adults after discharge from medical facilities, little is known about HCNs’ experiences with older adults regarding the management and transfer of PHI in their homes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to 1) determine how HCNs obtain and provide health information, 2) describe the perspective of HCNs regarding older adult PHI and 3) identify the potential role of technology in older adult health information transfer. We conducted and analyzed semi-structured phone interviews with 17 HCNs from two home healthcare agencies. Five thematic areas emerged from interviews with HCNs: 1) common practices of obtaining health information; 2) barriers to obtaining health information; 3) ideal ways to obtain and provide health information; 4) use of patient portals; and 5) HCNs’ use of technology for health information exchange. Most HCNs reported that it would be difficult for older adult patients to update their personal health information without assistance, but HCNS lack the time and resources to assist older adults in PHI management activities.

Frequent rehospitalizations among patients with heart failure (HF) result in patient burden and cost. Homebound patients with HF qualify for home healthcare after hospital discharge. Whether nonhomebound ambulatory patients with HF could also benefit from home healthcare nursing (HHN) visits to improve the transition from hospital to home has not been tested. The purpose of our quality-improvement pilot study was to assess the impact of HHN visits provided to ambulatory patients after hospital discharge on the 30-day rehospitalization rate. We included patients with HF ineligible for home healthcare services at hospital discharge due to their nonhomebound status. Home healthcare nurses followed a modified version of the Discharge Checklist from the American Heart Association’s Rise Above Heart Failure materials. Home healthcare nurses provided education as appropriate based on patients’ responses. We enrolled 68 patients in the study. The mean age was 60 years; 61% were male and 80% were White. Based on patient responses to the Checklist, key areas addressed during HHN visits were medication management, self-care, and adherence to HF behaviors. The 30-day rehospitalization rate of the study patients was 15%, compared with 23% among 540 patients discharged in the same time frame who met the inclusion criteria but were not enrolled in the study (p = .12). Our pilot data show that HHNs in ambulatory patients are feasible and result in a numerically lower 30-day rehospitalization rate after discharge. Further study is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of this approach.

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (CR) improves physical function and quality of life (QoL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF), but it is unknown if CR improves outcomes in very severe disease. This study’s purpose was to describe functional capacity (6-min walk distance [6MWD], steps/day), symptoms (dyspnea, depression), QoL (Short-Form Health Survey–Veterans [SF-36 V]) and cardiopulmonary function ( N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]), and derive predictors of mortality among patients with severe COPD and HF who participated in CR.Methods and Results:In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing two CR methods in severe COPD and HF, 90 (COPD = 63, HF = 27) male veterans, mean age 66 ± 9.24 years, 79% Caucasian, and body mass index 31 kg/m2, were followed for 12 months after CR. The COPD group had greater functional decline than the HF group (6MWD, p = .006). Dyspnea was lower ( p = .001) and QoL higher ( p = .006) in the HF group. Mean NT-proBNP was higher in the HF group at all time points. FEV1improved over 12 months in both groups ( p = .01). Mortality was 8.9%, 16.7%, and 37.8% at 12, 24, and 60 months, respectively. One-year predictors of mortality were baseline total steps (2,000 mg/pg).Conclusions:In very severe COPD and HF, risks of mortality over 12 months can predict patients unlikely to benefit from CR and should be considered at initial referral.

Introduction Nearly 80% of all patients with heart failure (HF) are older adults (≥65 years of age). Prior studies have built predictive models that relied on structured data from electronic health records (EHRs) to predict the risk of 30-day rehospitalization for patients with HF. Structured data mostly included simple vocabularies such as age, and ethnicity. Rarely do prior studies include clinical narrative data in a free-text format (i.e., unstructured data). No previous study has focused on using clinical narrative notes specifically for Medicare patients with HF in the acute-care setting. Aim To identify clinical notes for building a predictive model for risk of 30-day rehospitalization among Medicate patients with HF. Methods This study first used free-text discharge summary notes and nursing care plans collected from June 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019, for a randomly selected 500 Medicare patients with HF. Natural Language Processing (NLP) : we iterated over standard text pre-processing steps, exploring the impact of n-gram length, term document-frequency, word stemming, and the added value of parts-of-speech. We chose two models: 1) the classification model called Bag-of Words (BOW), where each document is represented by a vector based on the pre-processed text, and 2) Document Embedding, where document terms are mapped to a dimension-reducing layer (length equals 300). The latter runs exceptionally fast (on the order of tens-of-seconds for 2,000 documents). Machine Learning (ML) : the output of the NLP BOW and Document Embedding models were fed to six different conventional machine learning systems (logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, k-nearest neighbor clustering, a three-layer neural network, and Naive Bayes). Results The mean age was 77±7.9, and the average of length of hospital stay was 4.9 days ± 4.8. The best BOW model we found using discharge summaries (n=387) produced an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) of 0.71 and F1 score of 0.65. The best Document Embedding model yielded an AUC of 0.65 and an F1 score of 0.61. Using nursing care notes as the unit of analysis (n = 2,046), the NLM/ML performed far better. The best BOW model on care plans found an AUC of 0.85 and F1 score of 0.77. The best Document Embedding produced an AUC of 0.83 and an F1 score of 0.75. In all cases we held out 33% of the data set for validation, repeating a random draw 10 times and averaging the performance results. Conclusions We conclude that nursing care plans are a better predictor of 30-day rehospitalization risk than discharge summaries. Because nursing care plans are shorter than discharge summaries, they have the added advantage of faster processing. Since the faster Document Embedding model's performance is comparable to that of BOW, we suggest its use in future work in the area of 30-day rehospitalization risk in Medicare patients with HF.

Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Midlife Women's Symptom Index (MSI) among four racial/ethnic groups of midlife women in the United States. Design A secondary data analysis. Setting Internet communities/groups. Participants A total of 494 midlife women with symptoms of menopause who self-reported using an Internet survey and completed all sections of the MSI questionnaire. Methods Data were collected from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010. The psychometric properties of the MSI were evaluated using measures of internal consistency, item-total correlation coefficients, and discriminant validity. Results There were statistically significant differences in marital status, employment, income, religion, country of birth, level of education, diagnosed disease, and self-reported health status across the four racial/ethnic groups. The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20) coefficients for the three subscales of the MSI prevalence section (i.e., physical, psychological, and psychosomatic) ranged from 0.58 (psychosomatic symptoms in Whites) to 0.91 (psychological symptoms in Asian Americans). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the three subscale scores ranged from 0.60 (psychosomatic symptoms in Whites) to 0.93 (psychological symptoms in Asian Americans). The mean scores of the MSI differed significantly by race/ethnicity among midlife women of each menopausal status, except for the prevalence section of the psychosocial symptoms. Conclusion The MSI has demonstrated an acceptable reliability and appropriate discriminant validity across the four racial/ethnic groups, except in the domain of psychosomatic symptoms. Health care providers as well as researchers could use the MSI to assess the symptoms of menopause of midlife women from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds.

Background Standardized pain-intensity measurement across different tools would enable practitioners to have confidence in clinical decision making for pain management. Objectives The purpose was to examine the degree of agreement among unidimensional pain scales and to determine the accuracy of the multidimensional pain scales in the diagnosis of severe pain. Methods A secondary analysis was performed. The sample included a convenience sample of 480 cancer patients recruited from both the Internet and community settings. Cancer pain was measured using the Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS), the visual analog scale (VAS), the Faces Pain Scale (FPS), the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (MPQ-SF), and the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF). Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance and a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The agreement between the VDS and VAS was 77.25%, whereas the agreement was 71.88% and 71.60% between the VDS and FPS, and VAS and FPS, respectively. The MPQ-SF and BPI-SF yielded high accuracy in the diagnosis of severe pain. Cutoff points for severe pain were more than 8 for the MPQ-SF and more than 14 for the BPI-SF, which exhibited high sensitivity and relatively low specificity. Conclusion The study found substantial agreement between the unidimensional pain scales and high accuracy of the MPQ-SF and the BPI-SF in the diagnosis of severe pain. Implications for practice Use of 1 or more pain screening tools that have validated diagnostic accuracy and consistency will help classify pain effectively and subsequently promote optimal pain control in multiethnic groups of cancer patients.

Pain is common among older adults, and is often underreported because it is considered as part of the normal physiological changes that come with aging. Since self-report of pain is the gold standard in research and practice, it is important to use the appropriate pain assessment tools to facilitate self-report. Little is known which self-report pain assessment tools are most appropriate to use in cognitively intact older adults. Thus, the purpose of this review is to identify which tools have been recognized as appropriate tools for this population. A systematic search was conducted through indexed databases from January 1990 to December 2015. Two raters independently evaluated 35% of abstracts based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. A final set of 43 full articles was reviewed. There were 23 self-reported pain assessment tools including non-dimensional, unidimensional, and multidimensional tools. In this review, the Iowa Pain Thermometer, the 6-point Verbal Descriptor Scale, and the 11-point Verbal Numeric Rating Scale, the short form Brief Pain Inventory and the Geriatric Pain Measure were recognized as more suitable tools than any other tools in cognitively intact older adults across different settings. Only the Geriatric Painful Event Inventory and the Geriatric Pain Measure were developed specifically for older adults. Since 80% of older adults have at least one chronic disease, multidimensional tools such as the Geriatric Pain Measure may be more appropriate. More studies are needed to evaluate the psychometric tests of the Geriatric Pain Measure in different settings, racially diverse populations and diseases or clinical conditions.

Objective: To identify potential risk factors associated with rehospitalization among Medicare recipients with heart failure (HF) receiving telehomecare. Materials and Methods: This study is a nonexperimental, cross-sectional secondary data analysis of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) mandated assessment called the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS)–C, provided by a large home care company. A total of 526 patients who received telehomecare from January 1, 2011 to August 31, 2013 were included in the analyses, which used multiple logistic regression. Results: The overall rate of rehospitalization was 36% while patients were receiving telehomecare. Moderately frail health status (p = 0.01), the presence of severe pain (p = 0.01), the presence of dermatologic problems (p = 0.03), and independence in dressing one's lower body (compared to slightly dependent [p = 0.01] or mostly dependent patient groups [p = 0.02]) were identified as risk factors for rehospitalization. Conclusions: The risk factors identified from this study may be used to drive more effective telehomecare placements, and referrals for additional services among telehomecare patients with HF.

Pain symptoms are underreported in older adults (i.e., those ages ≥65), because many consider it a part of aging. Pain is highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF). HF is increasing in incidence with the aging population. Pain is also an important risk factor for rehospitalization among home healthcare patients with HF. However, little is known about the pain experiences of older adults with HF after hospital discharge. Accordingly, this study sought to describe pain and other symptoms among older adults with HF in the home healthcare setting using a mixed-methods approach. We conducted semi-structured interviews. We used the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and Brief Pain Instrument on older adults (N=17) with HF in the home healthcare setting within 10 days of hospital discharge. The mean age was 76±9.25 years, nearly 50% were female, and most (90%) were White. The majority of participants managed pain with medications. Loss of appetite had the highest mean severity score (3.88±2.50) of symptoms measured. The mean score for pain at its worst was 4.94±3.07. Pain interfering with sleep had the highest mean score (4.24±3.36). Using content analysis we identified 4 distinct themes regarding the pain experience: (1) differences in the pain experiences before and after being diagnosed of HF, (2) symptoms accompanied with pain, (3) health care providers’ pain assessment, and (4) knowledge about pain management. These findings will contribute to the development and evaluation of a pain assessment and management protocol targeting older adults with HF in the home healthcare setting.

Activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are often used as indicators of a patient’s functional status. For example, the items of ADL and IADL are assessed using Outcome Assessment Information Set (OASIS), which is a system of electronic health records (

Background Pain is common in older adults, but it is often underreported or undertreated partly because many consider pain to be a normal consequence of ageing. Among the plethora of available self-report pain assessment tools, there is no synthetised evidence which tools are indicated for use among cognitively intact older adults. Purpose of the study To understand documented self-report pain assessment tools that have been used among cognitively intact older adults, and to describe their characteristics including overall performance as well as studies demonstrating their use. Methods A systematic search of the indexed databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus) was conducted to identify documented self-report pain assessment tools through peer-reviewed papers, including citations from January 1990 to December 2015. Thirty-five percentage of abstracts were independently evaluated by two raters according to specific criteria. Results Among identified tools, the Iowa Pain Thermometer, the 6-point Verbal Descriptor Scale, the Numeric Rating Scale, the short form Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM) may be suitable tools for self-reported pain by cognitively intact older adults based on the statement of the literature. Only two self-report tools (the GPM and the Geriatric Painful Events Inventory) were designed specifically for older adults. Conclusions More studies are needed to evaluate pain measures' psychometric performance across different settings, racial/ethnic groups and disease categories. Since 80% of older adults have at least one chronic disease, multidimensional tools such as the GPM may need to be used more often for accurate self-report of pain. Implications for practice Examining the psychometric properties of comprehensive self-report pain assessment tools informs recommendations for the selection of tools to be used in clinical practice.

Background. Adolescent girls are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations than boys. This study examined the relative contribution of structured physical activity opportunities including physical education (PE) class and sports teams to overall activity levels for girls and boys. Methods. Data from 591 9th–12th grade students who completed the 2009 Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey were examined. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between PE and sports teams and physical activity levels. Models were stratified by gender to estimate gender differences. Results. Girls were less likely to be active than boys: 27.9% of girls were sedentary as compared to 10.6% of boys. PE class was not related to activity levels among boys, while highly active girls were seven times more likely to participate in daily PE than were sedentary girls. Playing on one or more sports teams was associated with low-moderate and high activity in girls; among boys, sports team participation was only associated with high activity. Conclusions. The structured physical activity opportunities of PE and sports teams may contribute more to overall activity levels in girls than boys. A more rigorous assessment of this hypothesis is warranted to inform efforts to promote activity levels in girls.

Demand for home health care services for older adults is rapidly increasing. Older adults have the greatest number of chronic diseases and consequently are the largest consumers of home health care services in the US. Patient-centered technologies that support personal health information management for patients, such as patient portals, are being developed; however, little is known about how older adults and their caregivers use patient portals and whether health information is exchanged between patients and home health care providers. Home health care nurses represent the largest group of home health care providers. The purpose of our qualitative study is to gain insight into the health information exchange between older adults and home health care nurses. We are conducting semi-structured interviews with approximately 15–20 home health care nurses employed by two home health care agencies located in Philadelphia and in Seattle. We have completed nine interviews and intend to continue enrolling participants until we reach saturation. We will discuss the results of our qualitative interviews including the role of home health care nurses in personal health information management of older adults, specifically with regard to patient portal use. We will analyze barriers and facilitators to health information exchange between older adults and home health care nurses. These findings will contribute to the development of design criterial for a tool to support the health information management needs of older adults, their caregivers, and their providers.

Purpose Renal impairment is highly prevalent among patients with cancer, and many patients have undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD) from underlying disease, treatment, or both. African American individuals have disproportionate risk factors (diabetes, hypertension) predisposing them to CKD. We investigated whether African American patients are more likely than white patients to receive morphine with 3- and 6-glucuronide metabolites, which are known to be neurotoxic and accumulate in CKD; whether insurance type mediates the relationship between race and the prescriber's opioid selection; and whether the chosen opioid has a resultant negative effect according to race. Patients and Methods Patients (N = 182) were recruited from oncology clinics within the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Inclusion was based on self-identified African American or white race, age older than 18 years, and the presence of cancer-related pain plus a prescription for morphine or oxycodone. Kidney function was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Results Patients with CKD who received morphine reported a greater severity of analgesic-related adverse effects than patients with CKD who received oxycodone (P = .010). Controlling for health insurance type, African American patients had 71% lower odds of receiving a prescription of oxycodone than white patients (P < .001). Limiting analysis to those with CKD, the effect of private insurance became insignificant. However, race still remained a significant predictor of the prescribed opioid selection. Race was a strong predictor of adverse effect severity in the presence of CKD, and the type of opioid selection partially mediated this relationship. Conclusion Reducing racial disparities in the type of opioid prescription and understanding mechanisms of disproportionate opioid-related adverse effects in African American patients might decrease the clinical disparities in cancer pain outcomes.

Introduction: Obesity rates have increased twofold among children in Korea over the past decade, posing a significant public health concern. Researchers have reported that 27% of overweight/obese children in Korea have metabolic syndrome (MS). However, there are no studies that elucidate factors influencing MS among children that could provide directions for future interventions for this specific population of children. Purpose: The purpose was to examine behavioral and socioeconomic factors that were associated with biomarkers of MS among overweight/obese Korean children to provide information for the development of tailored education for prevention of MS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 75 overweight/obese children recruited from four elementary schools in South Korea. The instrument included exercise frequency, eating behavior, sleep hours, stress, and screen time. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and waist circumference. Physiological variables included blood pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including chi-square tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age as a covariate. Results: The mean age of the children was 10.6 years (SD=1.01, range 8-13), and 56.8% were boys. Thirty percent were identified as having MS with three or more risk factors (BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg, HDL cholesterol< 40 mg/dL, triglyceride >120 mg/dL, FBS > 100 mg/dL, and > 90 th percentile value for waist circumference). MS was associated with family income, and children from more affluent families were more likely to have MS ( p < 0.05). Children with higher stress were more likely to have elevated systolic BP; children who frequently consumed fast food were more likely to have lower total cholesterol; and children who usually ate a late dinner were more likely to have higher LDL cholesterol compared to their counterparts ( p < 0.05). Screen time, exercise frequency, and sleep duration were not significant ( p > 0.05). Among socioeconomic factors, mother’s employment status and education level were not significant ( p > 0.05). However, children who had fathers with at least college level education were more likely to have elevated diastolic BP, and those from more affluent families were more likely to have elevated systolic BP compared to their counterparts ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Eating behavior, stress, and family socioeconomic factors were associated with MS and deviation in biomarkers among overweight/obese children. This needs to be incorporated into future development of education programs for this specific population at risk.

The purpose of this study was to determine racial/ethnic differences in midlife women's sleep-related symptoms, relationships between their physical activity and sleep-related symptoms, and specific factors associated with their sleep-related symptoms in each racial/ethnic group. This was a secondary analysis of the data from 542 midlife women in the United States. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ tests, analysis of variance, hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses, and logistic regression analyses. The findings indicated that physical activities could improve midlife women's sleep-related symptoms, but the types of physical activities and racially/ethnically different factors associated with sleep-related symptoms need to be considered. Language: en