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Objective: To determine the pathogenic significance of iron ions in the activation of free radical oxidation in trau matic disease and valuate the efficacy of Desferal in the complex therapy of patients with femoral and pelvic fractions.Materials and methods. Iron metabolism and the intensity of free radical oxidation have been studed in 30 patients with traumas. The patients were randomized into two groups by gender, age and the severity of injury. Group I (n=15) included the injured patients who received the standard intensive therapy. Group II (n=15) included the patients who were treated with Desferal of 8 mg/kg twice daily in 12 hours along with the intensive therapy. The control group comprized of 10 healthy individuals of the same age. The concentration of total and free hemoglobine, serum iron, transferrin, total antioxidant activity of blood serum, the intensity of free radical oxida tion by the Fe2+induced chemiluminescence and hemostatic parameters were studied on admittance as well as on 3rd and 5th day of hospitalization. The parameters of sistemic hemodyamics were checked by integral rheovasog raphy. Statistical processing of data was carried out using Biostat and MS Excel software. The results were pre sented as a mean and standart deviation (M±δ). The Student’s (t) and MannWhitney tests were used to prove the hypotheses. The critical level of significance was P=0.05.Results. It was determined that the disorders of iron metabolism in patients with traumatic disease were accompanied by intra and extravascular hemolysis, the excess off reduced iron ions catalizing the free radical oxidation, and failure of antioxidant system and disorders of hemostatic system and central hemodynamics. Desferal lowered the level of reduced iron in blood serum, diminished the intensity of free radical oxidation and eliminated the disorders in hemostasis and systemic hemodynamics.Conclusion. Data confirm the pathogenic role of iron ions in the development of traumatic disease and demon strate the potential of Desferal to correct the traumainduced alterations of oxidantantioxidant system in patients with femoral and pelvic fractions.

The criminological bases of the concept of transitional justice for Ukraine in the part of the description are formulated, the most dangerous criminogenic risks of its realization are found out. It is proposed to distinguish two zones of such risks, which are manifested in the field of existential semantic dilemmas of transitional justice and conditions of legal singularity. Such dilemmas of transitional justice as “truth vs justice”, “justice vs reconciliation” and “reconciliation vs truth” are described. The first is that the desire for just retribution for the suffering caused by the conflict and the existence of fear are contrary to plural rationality, the comprehensiveness of truth. This dilemma is a typical manifestation of binary opposition, which makes it impossible to think and practice in the format of nonlinearity of the history, socio-temporal multidimensionality in a single chronotope of pre-conflict and conflict events. The dilemma of “justice vs. reconciliation” expresses the target and instrumental conflict between retributive and restorative justice, the moral and legal request of the parties to the fair criminal prosecution of offenders and amnesty as a factor in reducing public transit intolerance by those involved in the conflict. The dilemma of “reconciliation vs. truth” is one of the manifestations of competing victimhood, as well as a consequence of metaphysical multiplicity of ontological simultaneous stay of the parties to the conflict in different socio-temporal modes: excellent narrative, discursive symbolic systems of thought, practice. If the internal dimension of social conflict is maintained by foreign policy agents, an energy-charged social mythology, fueled by propaganda, collective commemorative practices, and postmemory mechanisms, becomes an obstacle to the substantive synchronization of time modes. The connection between the shortcomings of the transitional justice components and hate crimes, the delegitimization of state and municipal authorities has been proved. Accent has been placed on the criminogenic significance of competing victimhood, the mythology of postmemory, the desynchronized elements of criminal justice and criminological policy. Emphasis has been placed on the criminogenic significance of shortcomings in approaches to restoring criminal justice mechanisms in the occupied territories, mutual exclusion of jurisdictions of the sovereign Ukrainian state and quasi-law enforcement, quasi-judicial bodies of the occupation administration, which creates obstacles for the conflict-free performance of tasks related to the further treatment of persons “convicted” by the bodies of the occupation administration for committing general criminal offenses under the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Similar criminogenic risks are formed within the legal regulation of relations on: a) recognition / non-recognition of quasi-legal facts in the field of registration of civil status, quasi-transactions with property that do not violate the rights and freedoms of citizens of Ukraine, i.e. are not socially dangerous or harmful, etc.; b) the legally significant status of special subjects of criminal offenses to ensure the possibility of bringing them to justice under the articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on crimes committed by such subjects in the temporarily occupied territories.

The plant cell wall represents the outer compartment of the plant cell, which provides a physical barrier and triggers signaling cascades under the influence of biotic and abiotic stressors. Drought is a factor that negatively affects both plant growth and development. Cell wall proteins (CWP) play an important role in the plant response to water deficit. The adaptation mechanisms of the cell wall to water loss are of interest for identifying important genetic factors determining plant drought resistance and provide valuable information on biomarkers for further selection aimed at increasing the yield of crop plants. Using ANDSystem, a gene network describing the regulation of CWPs under water restriction conditions was reconstructed. The analysis of the gene network and the transcriptome data analysis allowed prioritizing transcription factors (TF) based on their enrichment of differentially expressed genes regulated by them. As a result, scores were calculated, acting as indicators of the association of TFs with water deficit. On the basis of the score values, eight most significant TFs were selected. The highest priority was given to the TF GBF3. CWPs were prioritized according to the criterion of summing up the scores of transcription factors regulating these genes. Among the most prioritized CWPs were the AT5G03350 gene encoding a lectin-like protein, AT4G20860 encoding BBE-like 22 required for the oxidation of cellulose degradation products, and AT4G37800 encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosy lase/hydrolase 7. Overall, the implemented algorithm could be used for prediction of regulatory interactions between transcription factors and target genes encoding cell wall proteins in plants.

The presented review summarizes current data on the tactics of accompanying patients with uterine myoma at various stages of their reproductive potential realization: the stage of pregravid preparation, the stage of pregnancy management, the moment of delivery and the postpartum period. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign special scientific and practical literature, various methods of childbirth are proposed, from more preferable delivery through the natural birth canal, to the necessary caesarean section, performed strictly according to indications. Data are presented on the options for elective and emergency myomectomy during pregnancy, during operative delivery and in the postpartum period. Based on the results of systematization of the information received, the authors raise the question of the need for further research in the field of developing methods for optimal management of patients during pregnancy and childbirth complicated by uterine myoma, due to the relevance of the problems discussed.

The main problems of establishment a slow growth in vitro collection of citrus and other tree crops cultivars are high degree of fungal contamination of bud explants and low growth potential of shoots. In this regard, the aim of current research is to assess the efficiency of decontamination procedure and the possibility of tissue culture initiation and slow growth conservation of valuable lemon cultivars. The best results of surface sterilization were obtained using immersion solutions of 0.3 % Veltolen – 25 minutes or 10 % Domestos – 25–30 minutes. In these treatments, 27.7–33.0 % of aseptic explants were obtained, respectively. However, after the third subculture, the yield of aseptic viable explants decreased till 10 % as a result of secondary contamination by endophytic fungi. The addition of biocide (“Gavrish”) in a nutrient medium at a concentration of 1 ml/l helped to increase the yield of aseptic viable explants till 50 %. However, after the third subculture the photosynthetic activity and the pigments content as well as growth rate decreased. Plants dropped yellowish leaves and eventually died. Thus, 37.35 % of plantlets survived after 8 months of conservation, and only 14.6 % survived after 10 months. Even after the third month of conservation significant decrease in the viability index and the coefficient of photosynthetic activity occurred in plants. Chlorophyll a in leaves decreased from 1.59 to 1.14 mg/g during 12 months in vitro conservation. The similar tendency observed on clorophyll b and carotenoids content. The experiments were carried out for 5 years using different lemon cultivars and other citrus varieties and cultivars. Thus, micropropagation and slow growth in vitro conservation of valuable lemon cultivars are still problematic and requires new technical solutions due to the low growth potential of plantlets raised from the mature buds that is consistent with the data of other researchers.

CG-rich islands (CpG-islands, or CGI) are important functional elements in a genome of vertebrates. In particular, they: a) initiate transcription as promoters in most (> 50 %) genes of vertebrates, in some cases bi-directional, due to self-complement feature of cg dinucleotides; b) form a global methylation landscape; c) act as a transcription “switch” via methylation. The degenerate nature of CpG-island (elevated CG composition) implies an increase in the probability of tandem repeats and palindromes within CpG- island. This work is devoted to the identification of tandem duplications of complete CpG-islands, i. e. considering mega monomers of size 400–5 000 bp, in the human genome. We found a range of inter- and intragenic tandem duplications of CpG-islands. Intergenic CpGi duplication mediates through CG-rich telomeric satellites, as well as elements of the SINE. One of the most pronounced tandems are located in chromosome 19, known for its abundance of segment duplications and gene expansion. We also underline the unique genomic segment, which is DXZ4 mega satellite, in q arm of chromosome X, also falling into the category of CpG-islands which evolved by tandem duplications rounds.

Short read next generation sequencing (NGS) has significant impacts on modern genomics, genetics, cell biology and medicine, especially on meta-genomics, comparative genomics, polymorphism detection, mutation screening, transcriptome profiling, methylation profiling, chromatin remodelling and many more applications. However, NGS are prone for errors which complicate scientific conclusions. NGS technologies consist of shearing DNA molecules into collection of numerous small fragments, called a ‘library’, and their further extensive parallel sequencing. These sequenced overlapping fragments are called ‘reads’, they are assembled into contiguous strings. The contiguous sequences are in turn assembled into genomes for further analysis. Computational sequencing problems are those arising from numerical processing of sequenced samples. The numerical processing involves procedures such as: quality-scoring, mapping/assembling, and surprisingly, error-correction of a data. This paper is reviewing post-processing errors and computational methods to discern them. It also includes sequencing dictionary. We present here quality control of raw data, errors arising at the steps of alignment of sequencing reads to a reference genome and assembly. Finally this work presents identification of mutations (“Variant calling”) in sequencing data and its quality control.

Statistical features of the distribution of transcription factor binding sites in the mouse genome that are obtained by ChIP-seq experiments in embryonic stem cells have been considered. Clusters of sites that contain four or more different transcription factor binding sites in the mouse genome have been defined, also their location relatively to the regulatory regions of genes has been described. The presence of two types of site co-localization has been shown: clusters containing binding sites for factors Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, located in the distal regions, and clusters containing binding sites n-Myc, c-Myc, mainly located in the promoter regions of mouse genes. Analysis of new ChIPseq data about binding of transcription factors Nr5a2, Tbx3 in the same cell type has confirmed the division of clusters of transcription factors binding sites into two types: those containing the binding sites of regulators of pluripotency (Oct4, Nanog, and others) and those not. The computer program of the statistical data processing of gene location and chromatin domains that analyzes experimental data of site localization obtained by ChIP-seq in the mouse genome and the human genome has been developed. The presence of preferences at position of transcription factor binding sites of various types has been revealed, the distances between the nearest groups of TF binding sites Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and TF binding sites n-Myc and c-Myc have been calculated using this program. The presence of nucleotide motifs of transcription factor binding sites in the selected areas of ChIP-seq has been estimated, nucleotide motifs have been refined. A correlation between the presence of motifs and the intensity of ChIPseq binding has been shown. Computer methods for estimating the clustering of different transcription factors binding sites for new data ChIP-seq have been developed. Programs are available upon the request to the authors.

We have investigated a mutation frequency within the human genome for the set of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the “1000 genomes” project. We have developed and applied novel statistical computational methods to analyze genetic text based on its complexity. A complexity profiling in a sliding window is applied to the sites containing single nucleotide polymorphisms within the human genome. A local decrease in text complexity level in SNP-containing sites has been shown. Analysis of the complexity profiles for SNPcontaining sites shows that flanking monomer repeats define a lower context complexity of sites containing SNPs within the human genome. An effect of local decrease in text complexity in SNP-containing sites is confirmed by analysis of polymorphisms in the rat and mouse genomes. We have found context differences between coding and regulatory sequences. These differences reflect a complexity of SNP-containing loci. The changes in point mutation frequency were shown previously for microsatellite containing sequences. Using enhanced mathematical tools and larger data sets this work shows enrichment of polytracks and simple sequence repeats in local genome surroundings of SNP containing sites. We have found high-frequency oligonucleotides within genomic regions containing SNPs. Such oligonucleotides are related to nucleotide polytracks. The presence of poly-A tracks might be associated with an increased probability of double helix DNA breaks around mutable loci and following fixation of nucleotide changes. The complexity estimates were computed using a previously developed program tool. This tool allows for both (i) complexity estimation of phased samples, and (ii) rapid and effective identification of the frequency spectrum of oligonucleotides with fixed lengths, and a comparison of oligonucleotide frequencies in different samples

The scope of neurobiological studies has been greatly expanded in the last years. It is accompanied by accumulation of a huge body of experimental data on the structure, function and evolution of the nervous system at different hierarchical levels of its organization. High-throughput sequencing technologies and microarray tests permit the expression of thousands of genes to be analyzed with regard to cell location in the brain. Methods of gene expression analysis are briefly reviewed in the context of brain research. We have analyzed specific features of genes differentially expressed in brain cells. Some genes overexpressed in brain tissues are associated with neurological diseases. The numbers of exons and active transcripts in genes differentially expressed in different organs are considered. Statistically significant difference in such parameters is shown for genes intensely expressed in the brain and other organs. Examples of such differentially expressed genes associated with neurological deceases are presented.

The purpose of the RatDNA database is the development of experimental methods for basic molecular studies of human age-related diseases in rats involving microarray tests of gene expression. Despite the obvious correlation between life expectancy and heredity and numerous biomedical studies on aging, little is known about genetic factors determining aging processes. People do not die of «healthy» aging: at any age conditions whose probability increases with age become the cause of their death. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) becomes the main cause of vision problems and sight loss in people aged above 50. Structural and functional changes in the retina characteristic of aging are similar to those observed at early stages of AMD. They underlie the pathogenesis of this disease, but not always lead to its development. RatDNA database contains information on genes associated with age-related diseases, in particular AMD, and experimental data about their expression in tissues of a model rat strain. The database is available at http://pixie.bionet.nsc.ru/ratdna/rat/index.php.

The pilot program complex for analysis of symbol sequences in genomics, ICGenomics, has been designed for storage, mining, and analysis of sequences related to theoretical and applied genomics. ICGenomics enables wet-lab biologists to perform high-quality processing of data in the fields of genomics, biomedicine, and biotechnology. ICGenomics implements both conventional and modern methods for processing, analyzing, and visualizing sequence data. They include novel methods of the processing of initial high-throughput sequencing data. Examples are: ChIP-seq analysis; functional annotation of gene regulatory regions in nucleotide and amino acid sequences; prediction of nucleosome positioning; and structural and functional annotation of proteins, including their allergenicity and evolution features. Application of ICGenomics to the analysis of genomic sequences of the parasite Opisthorchis felineus and to ChIP-seq data on the mouse and human is considered. The system is available at http://www-bionet.sscc.ru/icgenomics.

The results of 60 patients with medulloblastoma treatment are presented. The shunting operations were used before the tumor removal, during the removal and after, with the main goal — to correct intracranial hypertension. The shunting operations are the part of the complex treatment, applied at patients with cerebellum medulloblastoma.

The retrospective study provides data about 82 patients of I-st year of life, which were treated in the Institute of Neurosurgery during the period from 1980 to 2004 years. Those patients represent 1,8% of the tumors of childhood seen in this unit. 80,5% of the tumors had supratentorial and 93% — neuroectodermal origin. The most common syndromes were vomiting, alteration of psychomotor development and macrocrania. Brain tumors during I-st year of life differ sufficiently from those of older children in presentation, localization and some morphological characteristics to be considered separately. Operative mortalities the surgical failure seems to be due to large tumors size and blood loss. Brain tumors at this age can be analyzed as intrauterine process or by heredity.