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Available evidence indicates that children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a more than 4-fold increased risk of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (SZSPD) in adulthood compared with [...]

Increasing atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations have contributed to approximately 20% of anthropogenic climate change. Despite the importance of CH4 as a greenhouse gas, its atmospheric growth rate and dynamics over the past two decades, which include a stabilization period (1999-2006), followed by renewed growth starting in 2007, remain poorly understood. We provide an updated estimate of CH4 emissions from wetlands, the largest natural global CH4 source, for 2000-2012 using an ensemble of biogeochemical models constrained with remote sensing surface inundation and inventory-based wetland area data. Between 2000-2012, boreal wetland CH4 emissions increased by 1.2 Tg yr-1 (-0.2-3.5 Tg yr-1), tropical emissions decreased by 0.9 Tg yr-1 (-3.2-1.1 Tg yr-1), yet globally, emissions remained unchanged at 184 22 Tg yr-1. Changing air temperature was responsible for increasing high-latitude emissions whereas declines in low-latitude wetland area decreased tropical emissions; both dynamics are consistent with features of predicted centennial-scale climate change impacts on wetland CH4 emissions. Despite uncertainties in wetland area mapping, our study shows that global wetland CH4 emissions have not contributed significantly to the period of renewed atmospheric CH4 growth, and is consistent with findings from studies that indicate some combination of increasing fossil fuel and agriculture-related CH4 emissions, and a decrease in the atmospheric oxidative sink.

Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000-2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008-2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16-32]Tg CH4yr-1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008-2012 compared to 2002-2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002-2006 and 2008-2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

Abstract. The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (~biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (T-D, exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories, and data-driven approaches (B-U, including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by T-D inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range [540–568]). About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range [50–65 %]). B-U approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr−1 [596–884]) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the T-D budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the B-U approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from T-D emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (~64 % of the global budget,

We have extended an earlier two-dimensional (2-D) analysis to provide a relatively simple approach to calculating the transmission of magnetic fields in three-dimensional (3-D) multilayered structures. The approach accommodates complex structures composed of an arbitrary number of layers, each of which may have an arbitrary magnetization direction and anisotropic permeability. The procedure relies on an initial transformation into the 2-D spatial frequency domain and then the use of transmission matrices to relate the fields in the different layers. The approach is general in that it provides a method for finding the field configuration for any set of 3-D magnetic sources embedded in a layered magnetic structure with a linear B-H relationship. In this paper, we concentrate on the analytical formulation and we illustrate the method by using it to determine both the external and internal fields of some relatively simple finite 3-D geometric shapes. We also derive new 3-D expressions for the flux density at the surface of a multilayered magnetic recording medium. In a companion paper, the procedure is applied to examine readback responses for a variety of 3-D magnetic recording configurations. Index Terms--Anisotropic permeability, frequency response, layered structures, magnetic fields, magnetic recording, 3-D transmission.

We have applied a technique for modeling the transmission of three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic fields through an arbitrary number of layers of a layered structure to the specific case of a recording medium in order to study and explain the readback response for a variety of perpendicular recording configurations. We examine in particular the low-frequency response associated with flux-flow in the soft underlayer and the behavior of the main response for finite read and write widths. Our work leads to a useful analytic approximation for the 3-D on-track readback response. Index Terms--Anisotropic permeability, DC null, frequency response, layered media, magnetic recording, 3-D response.

By matching a singular function approximation to the Fourier solution at the air-bearing surface (ABS), we have derived a three-dimensional (3-D) analytic model of a shielded giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head, with side shields, for perpendicular replay. We present an explicit expression for the potential in the ABS and give values for the parameters in that expression for a range of practical head dimensions. Using only a few terms of this singular potential model, we show that the vertical field is accurate to within 1% of the sensor potential in the region of the medium for the majority of head dimensions suitable for magnetic recording. Index Terms--Distal recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics, perpendicular recording.

We investigated the effects of transition curvature on [T.sub.50] and [V.sub.p-p] for a shielded giant magnetoresistive (GMR) element reading a single, isolated transition recorded on a perpendicular medium in the presence of a soft magnetic underlayer. We considered displacement and rotation of the read head relative to the recorded track and a range of read head geometries. The curvature of the transition adversdy affects [T.sub.50], which also increases with azimuth angle. Both [T.sub.50] and [V.sub.p-p] decrease as either the GMR element or the element-side shield spacing is reduced. Index Terms--Digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, output measures, perpendicular recording.

Using the Fourier method, we have derived a three-dimensional, fully analytic model of a shielded magnetoresistive or giant magnetoresistive head for perpendicular replay. The head may include side shields. The field and the spectral response function are expressed in closed form. Here, we use the model to show the effect of varying the sensor-shield spacings and the air-bearing-surface--underlayer separation on the field and response of the sensor at high areal density. Index Terms--Digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics, perpendicular recording.

In a move to extend the storage capabilities of magnetic storage systems beyond 1 Tb/[in.sup.2], the use of patterned media has often been cited. Here, recorded domains are constrained by the geometry of the magnetic island and not the geometry of the recording head. Conventional two-dimensional readout modeling techniques, using the reciprocity integral, rely on the assumption that the across-track medium magnetization is uniform under the giant magnetoresistive replay head. However, in the case of a geometrically constrained medium this is not the case. This paper investigates the effect that the island geometry has on the characteristics of the replay signal in perpendicular patterned magnetic media storage through the extension of the reciprocity integral to three dimensions. The paper describes replay pulses that offer different characteristics from those obtained by conventional two-dimensional techniques. The origins of these differences are explained by the variation in medium magnetization across the track. Index Terms--Magnetic recording, patterned media, perpendicular magnetization, reciprocity.

We have used a series of singular expansion functions to represent the potential across the gap of a shielded pole head in the presence of a highly permeable underlayer. This method of analysis reduces the size of the system of equations to be solved for the series coefficients to the number of coefficients that will be used. Just two series terms suffice to evaluate the magnetic potential to within 1% of the pole potential at any point on the air-bearing surface for a large range of head dimensions. Here, we express the surface field spectrum analytically. Including just two series terms provides an excellent estimate. Index Terms--Digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, magnetoresistive head, mathematics, perpendicular recording.

This paper describes a relatively simple approach to calculating the frequency response for a two-dimensional (2-D) magnetic recording system with a medium that can include an arbitrary number of layers. Each layer may have an arbitrary magnetization direction, anisotropic permeability, and exchange coupling. The approach relies on an initial transformation into the spatial frequency domain and then the use of transmission matrices to relate the fields in the different layers. The approach is general in that it provides a method for finding the field configuration for any set of 2-D magnetic sources embedded in a layered magnetic medium with a linear B-H relationship. Here, we focus on calculating the readback response for a variety of longitudinal and perpendicular recording configurations. Since the permeability may have any wavelength dependence, we can easily include the effect of exchange coupling in the underlayer, Index Terms--Anisotropic permeability, exchange coupling, frequency response, layered media, magnetic recording.

We present an accurate method of obtaining approximate field components for a two-dimensional perpendicular magnetic recording head in the presence of a soft magnetic underlayer. It is easy to use and may be applied to any configuration of rectangular poles, shields, and gaps. Formulas for the potential at the air-bearing surface across a pole-shield gap or beyond a pole edge are obtained by assuming nonlinear magnetic potential drops both from a pole corner and from a shield corner to the underlayer. The fast Fourier transform then gives the potential and field components elsewhere. We demonstrate the accuracy of the field component estimates for an unshielded single pole and for a symmetrically shielded single pole. Index Terms--Approximations, digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics.

'The Location of Canada's Immigrants and the Spatial Distribution of Canada's Overseas Visitors'. The link between the locational choices of Canada's overseas visitors and the spatial distribution of Canada's immigrant [...]

We studied the dynamic switching time in two classes of media by considering two different particle orientation distribution functions. We calculated the switching constant directly from the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion, which was chosen to simulate the dynamic properties of the media. A strong linear relation between the reciprocal of the switching time and the difference between the applied and anisotropy fields is illustrated. In media for which experimental results are available, the values we obtained here agree within a factor of 2. Index Terms--Magnetic recording, magnetization switching, media.

This paper presents a new, entirely analytic solution for the magnetic field of a thin-film head of arbitrary dimensions in the presence of a soft magnetic underlayer. The magnetic potential on each pole is assumed to be a known constant. Fourier coefficients and field components are given for two particular cases of practical interest. The paper demonstrates the accuracy of approximations that require no Fourier coefficients, but that must be evaluated numerically. Index Terms--Approximations, digital recording, Laplace equations, magnetic head fields, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics.

Solutions for the magnetic potential in rectangular regions with simple boundary conditions are used to approximate the two-dimensional potential in the head face plane of a recording head. This method of approximation can be applied to any recording head with rectangular corners, in the presence of an underlayer. The slot approximation is demonstrated for ring heads and shielded (magnetoresistive) pole heads. The quarter plane approximation is given for application to finite-length heads. Estimates of the field components and the spectral response function are derived from the approximate potential. The simple slot approximation is shown to be at least as accurate as other, often more complicated, methods of approximation. Most significantly, both the slot and the quarter-plane approximations are easy to apply and need no prior knowledge of the head field of the particular geometry under consideration. Index Terms - Approximations, digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics.

An investigation is presented of the number of exact Fourier terms needed to evaluate the field components of a ring head, a slotted plane, and planar heads of various dimension ratios to specified accuracy. Simple approximate formulas for the coefficients of a ring head and a slotted plane are given, and two approximations to the coefficients of a planar head of given dimensions are provided. The accuracy of the field components and the spectral response function, each evaluated with the approximate coefficients, is used to assess the usefulness of these approximations. Both of the approximations for the coefficients of planar heads lead to excellent estimates of the field components. Index Terms - Approximations, digital recording, magnetic recording/reading heads, mathematics.