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Presents nineteenth-century photographs of the Zulu, and analyzes the photographs from an art historians perspective. Technical difficulties of early process; History of photography in South Africa; Photography as recording of colonial expansion; Use of studio photography; Use of photographs in constructing factual accounts of a people; Problems of cultural bias.

Profiles the works of Charles Sheeler and Walker Evans who, between 1914 and 1935, documented the objects on display at African art exhibits in New York. Important historical records; Works of art in their own right; When each was published; Sheeler's approach; Evans's portfolio as historically important to several fields of study; Brought together many individuals who subsequently shaped vision of African and American art; More.

Public health experts worldwide are calling for a reduction of the marketing of nutrient-poor food and beverages to children. However, industry self-regulation and most government policies do not address in-store marketing, including shelf placement and retail promotions. This paper reports two U.S.-based studies examining the prevalence and potential impact of in-store marketing for nutrient-poor child-targeted products. Study 1 compares the in-store marketing of children's breakfast cereals with the marketing of other (family/adult) cereals, including shelf space allocation and placement, special displays and promotions, using a national audit of U.S. supermarkets. Child-targeted cereals received more shelf space, middle- and lower-shelf placements, special displays, and promotions compared with other cereals. Study 2 compares the proportion of product sales associated with in-store displays and promotions for child-targeted versus other fruit drinks/juices, using syndicated sales data. A higher proportion of child-targeted drink sales were associated with displays and promotions than sales of other drinks. In both categories, the results were due primarily to major company products. Although in-store marketing of child-targeted products likely appeals to both children and parents, these practices encourage children's consumption of nutrient-poor food and drinks. If companies will not voluntarily address in-store marketing to children, government policy options are available to limit the marketing of unhealthy foods in the supermarket.

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are widely present among people living with HIV. Especially its milder forms, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), remain highly prevalent worldwide. Diagnosing these conditions is subject to a time and resource consuming neuropsychological assessment. Selecting patients at a higher risk of cognitive impairment by using a simple but effective screening tool helps to organise access to further neuropsychological diagnosis. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) has until now been a well-established screening tool in African and American countries, however these populations' demographics defer significantly from ours, so using the same parameters could be ineffective., Objectives: To calculate the prevalence of this condition among people attending an HIV outpatient clinic in Berlin and to validate the use of the IHDS as a screening tool for HAND in a German-speaking population., Methods: We screened 480 HIV-infected patients using the IHDS, 89% of them were on a stable antiretroviral treatment. Ninety of them completed a standardised neuropsychological battery of tests and a specific cognitive complaints questionnaire. The same procedure was applied to a control group of 30 HIV-negative participants. HAND diagnosis was established according to the Frascati criteria., Results: The overall prevalence of HAND in our cohort was 43% (20% ANI, 17% MND and 6% HIV-associated dementia). The optimal cut-off on the IHDS for detecting HAND cases was set at 11 and achieved both a sensitivity and a specificity of 80%. When specifically screening for the more severe form of HAND, HIV-associated dementia, a cut-off value of 10 offered an increase in both sensitivity (94%) and specificity (86%). The Youden Index for diagnostic accuracy was 0.6 and 0.8, respectively., Conclusions: The prevalence of HAND was comparable to the reported by recent studies performed in countries with a similar economic development. The study confirms the IHDS to be a useful HAND screening tool in primary care settings and establishes new recommendations for its use in German-speaking countries., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction: Bacterial cellulitis post-Cesarean section is rare. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is widely used in various medical specialities; its effectiveness in obstetrics however remains the topic of debate-used predominantly as an adjunct to secondary intention specific to high-risk patient groups. Its application in the treatment of actively infected wounds post-Cesarean is not well documented. Here, we document NPWT in the treatment of an unusually severe case of bacterial cellulitis with abdominal abscess postpartum. We provide a unique photographic timeline of wound progression following major surgical debridement, documenting the effectiveness of 2 different NPWT systems (RENASYS GO and PICO, Smith & Nephew). We report problems encountered using these NPWT systems and "ad-hoc" solutions to improve efficacy and patient experience.A 34-year-old primiparous Caucasian female with no prior history or risk factors for infection and a normal body mass index (BMI) presented with severe abdominal pain, swelling, and extensive abdominal redness 7 days postemergency Cesarean section. Examination revealed extensive cellulitis with associated abdominal abscess. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in wound exudates and extensive surgical debridement undertaken day 11 postnatally due to continued febrile episodes and clinical deterioration, despite aggressive intravenous antibiotic therapy. Occlusive NPWT dressings were applied for a period of 3 weeks before discharge, as well as a further 5 weeks postdischarge into the community.NPWT was well tolerated and efficacious in infection clearance and wound healing during bacterial cellulitis. Wound healing averaged 1 cm per week before NPWT withdrawal; cessation of NPWT before full wound closure resulted in significantly reduced healing rate, increased purulent discharges, and skin irritation, highlighting the efficacy of NPWT. Five-month follow-up in the clinic found the wound to be fully healed with no additional scarring beyond the boundaries of the original Cesarean incision. The patient was pleased with treatment outcomes, reporting no lasting pain or discomfort from the scar., Conclusions: This report represents the first documented use of NPWT to aid healing of an actively infected, open wound following extensive surgical debridement 10 days post-Cesarean section, confirming both the efficacy and tolerability of NPWT for the treatment of severe bacterial cellulitis in obstetric debridement., Competing Interests: The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

The increasing prevalence of obesity has become one of the most challenging problems facing healthcare providers. Despite recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force, many health professionals fail to discuss obesity with their patients. This study sought to identify terms that obese individuals who were treated in primary care would find the most and least acceptable for describing their excess weight. Three-hundred ninety obese adult primary care patients in the Philadelphia area were administered the Weight Preferences Questionnaire from January 2008 through February 2009. Ratings of 11 terms used to describe excess weight were transformed to a 5-point scale, ranging from "very desirable" (+2) to neutral (0) to "very undesirable" (-2). The term "fatness" (mean score -1.1 ± 1.3) was rated as significantly more undesirable than all other descriptors (P < 0.001). The terms "excess fat" (-0.6 ± 1.3), "large size" (-0.6 ± 1.3), "obesity" (-0.5 ± 1.4), and "heaviness" (-0.4 ± 1.2) were rated as significantly more undesirable then the remaining terms, which included weight problem, BMI, and excess weight (P < 0.001). In contrast, the term "weight" was viewed as the most desirable term for characterizing excess weight. Patients' preferences for terms were not significantly influenced by gender, race/ethnicity, or a BMI ≥40 kg/m(2). Practitioners who treat obesity are encouraged to avoid undesirable terms when discussing this condition with their patients. Instead practitioners may want to consider broaching the topic using more patient-friendly terms such as "weight," "BMI," "weight problem," or "excess weight."

Uninucleate and multinucleate stages of a protozoan parasite are described from cultured abalone Haliotis iris Martyn, 1784 in New Zealand. The parasite is identified as a haplosporidian by the occurrence of multinucleate plasmodia, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets, anastomosing endoplasmic reticulum (aER), multivesicular bodies (MVBs), haplosporogenesis by the production of haplosporosome-like bodies from nuclear membrane-bound Golgi, and their maturation to haplosporosomes. Coated pits occurred in the plasma membrane and coated vesicles were scattered in the cytoplasm, particularly in association with the Golgi face away from the nucleus, and aER. It is concluded that the outward face of the Golgi may be the trans face, and that aER is the trans-Golgi network. Coated pits and bristle-coated vesicles are reported from a haplosporidian for the first time. The vesicles in the MVBs resembled the cores and inner membranes of haplosporosomes, without the outer layer. The possible inter-relationships of these features are discussed. The abalone parasite differs from previously described haplosporidians in the apparent absence of a persistent mitotic spindle, and the presence of intracytoplasmic coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria resembling Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes indicated that these organisms belong to the Rickettsia cluster. The prokaryotes have a high (7%) sequence divergence from known Rickettsieae, with Rickettsia sp. and R. massiliae being the closest relatives. The lack of non-molecular evidence prevents us from proposing a new rickettsial genus at this time.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of treatment of settling problems and night waking in young children. DESIGN: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of interventions. SETTING: Electronic bibliographic databases and references on identified papers, hand searches, and personal contact with specialists. SUBJECTS: Children aged 5 years or younger who had established settling problems or night waking. INTERVENTIONS: Interventions had to be described and a placebo, waiting list, or another intervention needed to have been used as a comparison. Interventions comprised drug trials or nondrug trials. Main outcome measures Number of wakes at night, time to settle, or number of nights in which these problems occurred. RESULTS: Drugs seemed to be effective in treating night waking in the short term, but long-term efficacy was questionable. In contrast, specific behavioral interventions showed both short-term efficacy and possible longer term effects for dealing with settling problems and night walking. CONCLUSIONS: Given the prevalence and persistence of childhood sleep problems and the effects they can have no children and families, treatments that offer long-lasting benefits are more appealing, and these are likely to be behavioral interventions.

The 72 Escherichia coli strains of the ECOR collection were examined for resistance to 10 different antimicrobial agents including ampicillin, tetracycline, mercury, trimethoprim, and sulfonamides. Eighteen strains were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, and nearly 20% (14 of 72) were resistant to two or more. Several of the resistance determinants were shown to be carried on conjugative elements. The collection was screened for the presence of the three classes of integrons and for the sul1 gene, which is generally associated with class 1 integrons. The four strains found to carry a class 1 integron also had Tn21-encoded mercury resistance. One of the integrons encoded a novel streptomycin resistance gene, aadA7, with an attC site (or 59-base element) nearly identical to the attC site associated with the qacF gene cassette found in In40 (M.-C. Ploy, P. Courvalin, and T. Lambert, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2557-2563, 1998). The conservation of associated attC sites among unrelated resistance cassettes is similar to arrangements found in the Vibrio cholerae superintegrons (D. Mazel, B. Dychinco, V. A. Webb, and J. Davies, Science 280:605-608, 1998) and supports the hypothesis that resistance cassettes are picked up from superintegron pools and independently assembled from unrelated genes and related attC sites.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of treatments for settling problems and night waking in young children., Design: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of interventions for settling problems and night waking in young children., Setting: Electronic bibliographic databases and references on identified papers, hand searches, and personal contact with specialists., Subjects: Children aged 5 years or less who had established settling problems or night waking., Interventions: Interventions had to be described and a placebo, waiting list, or another intervention needed to have been used as a comparison. Interventions comprised drug trials or non-drug trials., Main Outcome Measures: Number of wakes at night, time to settle, or number of nights in which these problems occurred., Results: Drugs seemed to be effective in treating night waking in the short term, but long term efficacy was questionable. In contrast, specific behavioural interventions showed both short term efficacy and possible longer term effects for dealing with settling problems and night waking., Conclusions: Given the prevalence and persistence of childhood sleep problems and the effects they can have on children and families, treatments that offer long lasting benefits are appealing and these are likely to be behavioural interventions.

The ability of bacteria to acquire and disseminate heterologous genes has been a major factor in the development of multiple drug resistance. A gene, intI4, was identified that encodes a previously unknown integrase that is associated with a "gene-VCR" organization (VCRs are Vibrio cholerae repeated sequences), similar to that of the well-characterized antibiotic resistance integrons. The similarity was confirmed by IntI1-mediated recombination of a gene-VCR cassette into a class 1 integron. VCR cassettes are found in a number of Vibrio species including a strain of V. metschnikovii isolated in 1888, suggesting that this mechanism of heterologous gene acquisition predated the antibiotic era.

We have studied the effects of 30 peptides administered intracerebroventricularly on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated (8 micrograms/kg s.c.) gastric acid secretion in conscious dogs. None of the peptides significantly increased basal gastric acid secretion. Twelve peptides (2 nmol/kg) significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased the pentagastrin-stimulated 2-h acid output (percentage inhibition in parentheses): human calcitonin (CT) (36%), neurotensin (NT) (52%), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (59%), human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (59%), ovine CRF (66%), beta-endorphin (beta-End) (80%), urotensin-I (81%), rat CT (81%), porcine gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) (83%), sauvagine (Svg) (85%), rat CGRP (87%), and bombesin (Bom) (95%). Blockade of the autonomic nervous system with chlorisondamine abolished the gastric inhibitory action induced by CRF, beta-End, CT, and NT, but not by CGRP and Bom (1 nmol/kg each). Corticotropin-releasing factor, beta-End, CT, NT, CGRP, and Bom significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by an intragastric 8% peptone meal for 2 h. None of these six peptides significantly altered plasma gastrin concentrations in response to the peptone meal as compared with control experiments. A rise of plasma concentrations of gastrin, CT, CRF, and CGRP could not be detected by radioimmunoassay in animals after intracerebroventricular administration of these four peptides. The results of this study indicate that CT, CGRP, NT, beta-End, and peptides of the CRF and Bom families act within the brain to inhibit pentagastrin- and meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion in conscious dogs. None of the 30 peptides administered intracerebroventricularly increased basal gastric acid secretion in the dog. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion induced by CRF, beta-End, CT, and NT, but not by CGRP and Bom is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Gastrin does not appear to play a role in gastric acid inhibition induced by the six brain peptides studied.