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Additional file 4. Characteristics of 38 nuclear microsatellite loci.

Additional file 11. The isolines in the three climate layers Bio 4, Bio 8 and Bio 19.

Additional file 5. Genetic diversity of each population based on 31 neutral nuclear microsatellite loci.

Additional file 3. The ancestral areas were reconstructed using the BBM (Bayesian Binary MCMC) method. (a) The ancestral areas were reconstructed using the BBM implemented in RASP v. 3.0. Three regions (west, middle and east areas) were defined according to the precision of consensus tree and the distribution range of the species. (b) Geographical locations of the three regions and the most likely dispersal direction.

Additional file 6. The most probable number of clusters determined using the Delta K approach. (a) When K = 2 for all individuals, Delta K has the highest value. (b) When K = 4 for western subset (plus HA and NJ) of individuals, Delta K has the highest value.

Additional file 7. Migration rates (m) across the five clusters of Actinidia eriantha based on 31 neutral nuclear SSRs.

Additional file 9. Set A, B, C and D of scenarios in DIYABC of Actinidia eriantha. Posterior probability of each scenario obtained by logistic regression of 1% of the closest simulated datasets is shown on the top of the scenario. Scenario outlined in red is the best option.

Background Refugia is considered to be critical for maintaining biodiversity; while discerning the type and pattern of refugia is pivotal for our understanding of evolutionary processes in the context of conservation. Interglacial and glacial refugia have been studied throughout subtropical China. However, studies on refugia along the oceanic–continental gradient have largely been ignored. We used a liana Actinidia eriantha, which occurs across the eastern moist evergreen broad-leaved forests of subtropical China, as a case study to test hypotheses of refugia along the oceanic–continental gradient and ‘oceanic’ adaptation. Results The phylogeographic pattern of A. eriantha was explored using a combination of three cpDNA markers and 38 nuclear microsatellite loci, Species distribution modelling and dispersal corridors analysis. Our data showed intermediate levels of genetic diversity [haplotype diversity (hT) = 0.498; unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHE) = 0.510] both at the species and population level. Microsatellite loci revealed five clusters largely corresponding to geographic regions. Coalescent time of cpDNA lineages was dated to the middle Pliocene (ca. 4.03 Ma). Both geographic distance and climate difference have important roles for intraspecific divergence of the species. The Zhejiang-Fujian Hilly Region was demonstrated to be a refugium along the oceanic–continental gradient of the species and fit the ‘refugia in refugia’ pattern. Species distribution modelling analysis indicated that Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (importance of 44%), Temperature Seasonality (29%) and Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (25%) contributed the most to model development. By checking the isolines in the three climate layers, we found that A. eriantha prefer higher precipitation during the coldest quarter, lower seasonal temperature difference and lower mean temperature during the wettest quarter, which correspond to ‘oceanic’ adaptation. Actinidia eriantha expanded to its western distribution range along the dispersal corridor repeatedly during the glacial periods. Conclusions Overall, our results provide integrated evidence demonstrating that the Zhejiang-Fujian Hilly Region is a refugium along the oceanic–continental gradient of Actinidia eriantha in subtropical China and that speciation is attributed to ‘oceanic’ adaptation. This study gives a deeper understanding of the refugia in subtropical China and will contribute to the conservation and utilization of kiwifruit wild resources in the context of climate change.

Potentilla sunhangii D.G. Zhang, H.C. Wang & T. Deng, sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) Type: — CHINA. Hubei, Shennongjia Forest District alpine grasslands in Jinhou hill, E110°18′44.50″, N31°27′59.31″, elev. 2932 m, 13 June 2019, Q . Liu wlc05 (holotype KUN1498244; isotype KUN1498245). Diagnosis:— Potentilla sunhangii is similar to P. saundersiana, from which it is distinguished by many granular glands on both the abaxial and adaxial sides of leaves, sepals, epi-sepals and stipule, and leaf blade sparse appressed sericeous. Description: —Herbs perennial. Root terete, slender, with brown remaining stipules, membranous. Flowering stem erect, single or 2–3 cluster, 6–10 cm tall, with white long pubescence. Radical leaves palmately 3 foliolate, 1.5–4 cm including petiole. Petioles with white long pubescence, mid leaflet ovalellipsoidal, lateral leaflets obliquely ovoid, length and width are nearly equal, 0.6–1cm, apex obtuse, base cuneata or truncate, margin obtusely 10–12 serrate on side, green on both surfaces, both sides of leaflets with sparse pubescence and sticky glands. Cauline leaves 1–2, leaflets resembling those of radical leaves, smaller. Radical leaves stipule brown, membranous, with sparse pubescence. Cauline leaves, only radical concrescent with petiole, stipules grayish green, oval, obtuse, with sparse pubescence and granular glands. Inflorescence corymbose cyme, 1–3 flowered, pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely with long pubescence and glands. Flowers diameter 1.5 cm-sepals long triangle, apex taper, episepals elliptic lanceolate, apex obtuse, abaxially sparsely pubescent and stick glands. Petals yellow, obcordate, apex micro concave, stamens ca. 20, filaments sparsely with pubescence, carpels 20, ovary sparsely pubescence, styles subterminal, base thickened, stigma bending. Distribution and habitat: — P. sunhangii is known only in Jin-hou-ling moutains, Shennongjia Fostery District, Hubei, China (Fig. 5). The terrain is mountainous with deep ravines and the climate is subtropical monsoon climate. The species is alpine herbs, which distributed in relatively drought alpine grassland meadow even in rock crevices. Etymology: — Potentilla sunhangii is named in honor of Prof. Hang Sun, a Chinese botanist who has made significant contributions to the flora of China and research on Biogeography., Published as part of Zhang, Hua-Jie, Zhang, Dai-Gui, Feng, Tao, Liu, Qun, Yang, Jing-Yuan, Chen, Li, Wang, Heng-Chang & Deng, Tao, 2021, A new species of Potentilla (Potentilleae, Rosaceae) from central China, with reference to molecular and morphological evidence, pp. 185-194 in Phytotaxa 480 (2) on pages 188-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.480.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5416148

Trichosanthes sunhangii D.G.Zhang, Z.M.Li, Qun Liu & T.Deng, sp. nov. Type: CHINA, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forestry District, 990 m, 28 July 2011, D. G . Zhang et al. 20110728049 (holotype KUN [barcode 1498246!]; isotypes KUN [barcode 1498247!], JIU!). Paratypes: CHINA, Hubei Province, Shennonjia Forestry District, 990 m, 8 Oct 2020, Qun Liu Qun gl001 (KUN), Qun gl002 (KUN). Lianas. Dioecious. Stems grooved, puberulent. Petiole 2.5���6.5 cm long, striate, puberulent; leaf blade adaxially pale green, glabrous; abaxially deep green, with long hairs at first, sparsely puberulent along veins at maturity, (6���)8���11(��� 14) �� (5���)7���11(���14) cm, papery, usually 3���5-lobed or unlobed; lobes oblong to triangular, margin denticulate, apex acuminate, veins sparsely puberulent. Tendrils 2 or 3, pubescent. Male raceme solitary, 3���5-flowered, or with solitary flowers in axillary pairs; peduncle 10���20 cm; robust, grooved, slightly hairy; bracts sessile, oblanceolate, 1.2���2.5 �� 0.5���1 cm, base attenuate, entire, sparsely puberulent, apex distally 3 parted, segments lanceolate; calyx tube narrowly cylindric, dilated at apex, 2.5���3(���3.5) cm, segments lanceolate, 5���8 �� 10��� 1.5 mm; corolla white, lobes obovate, 20 mm long, 16 mm wide, filiform tassels on both sides, pilose; anthers close together, about 5 mm long and 3 mm in diameter. Pistillate flowers solitary; pedicel 5���8 cm long, puberulent; calyx tube cylindric, 20���25 �� 5���8 mm; ovary oblong, 10���20 �� 5���10 mm, puberulent; corolla like male flower; ovary oval, green, 2 cm long, 1 cm diameter, style 2 cm long, stigmas 3, yellow. Fruiting peduncle 4���9 cm long; fruit orange-yellow, globose or oblong, 8���11 �� 8���11 cm, sparsely pubescent. Seeds, ovate-oblong, compressed, 1���1.5 �� 0.8���1 cm, marginate. Fl. Jun���Aug, fr. Aug���Oct. Figure 3. Trichosanthes sunhangii D.G.Zhang, Z.M.Li, Qun Liu & T.Deng. Left: Staminate plant. A, staminate flower dissection; B, habit; C, flower front view; D, bracts; E, bracts of T. kirilowii; F, bracts of T. rosthornii. Right: Pistillate plant: a, pistillate flower, leaf and tendril; b, fruit; c, seed (drawing by Jianing Yang). Figure 4. Maximum parsimony tree of Trichosanthes sunhangii and related species. The MP tree is based on the combined matrix of ITS, matK, rpl20-rps12 sequences. Numbers below branches are MP bootstraps and ML bootstraps, numbers above branches indicate Bayesian posterior probability; the new species is shown in bold. Distribution and habitat: Trichosanthes sunhangii is known only from near Qin Mountain, Yangri County, Xujiazhuang Songluo county and along the Longmen River; roadsides and thickets on limestone foothills at elevations of 900-1000 m. Vernacular name: ��t���������, sh��n n��ng ji�� gu�� l��u in Chinese Pinyin. Etymology: The species epithet honors Prof. Hang Sun (1963���), a Chinese Botanist who has conducted research on plant taxonomy, floristics, biogeography and evolutionary biology and who has inspired many people through his work., Published as part of Liu, Qun, Lin, Nan, Zhang, Dai-Gui, Huang, Xian-Han, Wang, Heng-Chang, Yang, Jing- Yuan, Tojibaev, Komiljon, Lv, Zhen-Yu, Deng, Tao & Li, Zhi-Min, 2021, Trichosanthes sunhangii (Cucurbitaceae), a new species from Hubei, China, pp. 287-294 in Phytotaxa 479 (3) on pages 290-292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.479.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5413934