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Additional file 1.

Additional file 3.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-02 Introduction: Studies which verified the effects of physical exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers and its relation to muscle glycogen are scant. Objective: The present study verified the effects of aerobic swimming training (AST) on biomarkers of oxidative stress, glycogen content and cell growth in the skeletal muscle of rats. Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats (60 days) were divided into two groups: Sedentary Group (SG; n = 10): sedentary rats; and Trained Group (TG; n = 8): rats subjected to AST (5.0% of body weight), 1h/day, 5x/week, during 8 weeks. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (AOE) superoxide dismutase (SOD; U/ml), catalase (CAT; μmol/min/100mg), glutathione peroxidase (GPx; nmol/min/100mg), and substances that react with thiobarbituric acid levels (TBARs; nmolMDA/ mg protein) were determined in the right gastrocnemius muscle. Glycogen (mg/100mg), protein (g/100g), and DNA (g/100g) contents were evaluated in the left gastrocnemius muscle. Data were analyzed by Student t-test (p < 0.05). Results: AOE activity was higher in the TG group (CAT: 0.87 ± 0.04; SOD: 6.49 ± 0.45; GPX: 6.49 ± 0.52) when compared to SG group (CAT: 0.52 ± 0.03; SOD: 4.10 ± 0.37; GPx: 2.87 ± 0.35). TBARs levels was lower in TG (TG: 2.35 ± 0.45; SG: 8.90 ± 0.47). Gastrocnemius glycogen content (SG: 0.108 ± 0.013; TG: 0.320 ± 0.012) and protein/DNA ratio (SG: 24.94 ± 3.25; TG: 41.68 ± 4.02) were higher in TG group. Conclusion: Altogether, these data provide evidence that AST improved antioxidant defense, which may be associated to higher glycogen content of skeletal muscle of the animals. UFMT, Cuiabá, MT Physical Education and Sports School USP, São Paulo, SP UNIVAG - University Center, Várzea Grande, MT State University of São Paulo UNESP, Rio Claro, SP State University of São Paulo UNESP, Rio Claro, SP

Skeletal muscle protein turnover is modulated by intracellular signaling pathways involved in protein synthesis, degradation, and inflammation. The proinflammatory status of muscle cells, observed in pathological conditions such as cancer, aging, and sepsis, can directly modulate protein translation initiation and muscle proteolysis, contributing to negative protein turnover. In this context, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), especially leucine, have been described as a strong nutritional stimulus able to enhance protein translation initiation and attenuate proteolysis. Furthermore, under inflammatory conditions, BCAA can be transaminated to glutamate in order to increase glutamine synthesis, which is a substrate highly consumed by inflammatory cells such as macrophages. The present paper describes the role of inflammation on muscle remodeling and the possible metabolic and cellular effects of BCAA supplementation in the modulation of inflammatory status of skeletal muscle and the consequences on protein synthesis and degradation.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:31:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-01 Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica (ICC) apresentam alterações metabólicas, hemodinâmicas e do músculo-esquelético as quais diminuem a expectativa de vida e são atribuídas a inúmeros fatores. O foco dessa revisão foi abordar as questões relacionadas às alterações fisiológicas, metabólicas, morfológicas e moleculares que afetam o sistema muscular desses pacientes. Posteriormente, foram discutidos os benefícios do exercício físico sobre essa síndrome assim como as intervenções farmacológicas que estão em investigação para o tratamento da mesma. Algumas alterações musculares já estão bem descritas na literatura. Dentre elas se destacam a maior predominância de fibras do tipo II, menor atividade enzimática oxidativa, atrofia muscular e elevada concentrações de citocinas, as quais afetam a integridade muscular. Assim, são necessários estudos futuros que envolvam os mecanismos celulares e moleculares do músculo-esquelético com o intuito de criar estratégias de prevenção e tratamento para os pacientes com ICC. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) show metabolic, hemodynamic and skeletal muscle alterations, which decrease the life expectancy. These alterations are attributed to several factors. The focus of this review was to approach the questions related to physiological, metabolic, morphological and molecular alterations which affect the muscular system of these patients. Later, it was discussed the benefits of physical exercise to this syndrome as well as the pharmacological interventions, which are in investigation aiming the treatment of the same. Some muscle alterations are already described on the literature. For example, the more predominance of type II fibers, lower oxidative enzymatic activity, muscle atrophy and elevated concentration of cytokines that affect the muscle integrity. Thus, further studies involving cellular and molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle in order to create strategies for prevention and treatment for patients with CHF are required Univ Metodista Piracicaba, Fac Ciencias Saude, Dept Educ Fis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil USP SP, Escola Educ Fis & Esporte, São Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Dept Educ Fis FEF, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil