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Existen familias caracterizadas por patrones de comportamiento negativos enmarcadas por el abuso de drogas en el hogar. El consumo de drogas de los padres puede tener afecciones en el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la funcionalidad familiar con las funciones ejecutivas y neurotransmisores en adolescentes hijos de adultos adictos a la marihuana. Método: estudio correlacional y aplicado de diseño metodológico clínico y comparativo, con n=35 divida en dos grupos de adolescentes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron FACES III, Stroop Color Word y Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt. La dopamina se midió en orina a través de la prueba ELISA. Se empleó r considerando un nivel de significancia p ≤.05. Resultados: La media de edad fue 14.11±2.53 años. La media de dopamina para el grupo de estudio fue 228.83±83.40 ng/ml y para el grupo de comparación 182.19±24.52 ng/ml. Hay correlación de -.605 con una significancia de .003 entre la dimensión de cohesión de la funcionalidad familiar y la impulsividad cognitiva. Conclusión: Hay diferencias entre los grupos, pero no existes datos estadísticamente significativos de que la funcionalidad familiar altera las funciones ejecutivas y neurotransmisores de los adolescentes hijos de adultos adictos a la marihuana.

In addition to the known metabolic alterations, obesity has consequences at the brain level, driving imbalance in neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The consumption of fruits with antioxidant properties, such as the berrycactus Myrtillocactus geometrizans, could have beneficial effects in such an imbalance. The study objective was to evaluate frontal cortex neurotransmitter levels and weight changes in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and MG. To achieve that, five groups of Wistar rats received different diets for 24 weeks: standard diet (SDt), HFD, HFD + MG extract 150 mg (HMg150), HFD + MG extract 300 mg (HMg300), and HFD + MG extract 450 mg (HMg450); rats received MG extract for the last 4 weeks. Weight and food intake were recorded every week, and also neurotransmitter levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Groups fed with HFDs had increased Glu and Gln levels, decreased GABA, and also gained more weight compared to the SDt group; MG extract of 450 mg decreased Glu levels. Concentrations of 300 and 450 mg of MG extract decreased weight compared to the HFD and HMg150 groups. This study reports that HFDs have an impact on neurotransmitter levels and weight, MG extract showed a reduction in Glu concentration and weight.

Interruption or lack of sleep has been linked to chronic degenerative diseases including obesity, which has tripled its figures worldwide in the last 40 years according to data from the world Health organization (WHO). Obesity associated with lack of sleep affects the Circadian rhythm which is responsible for synchronizing the energy balance during the sleep- wake cycle, hormonal secretion, homeostasis of food/energy, among the others. The aim of the study was to determine plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in obese young adults with sleep deprivation to plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in obese Young Adults. Study was carried out a total of 56 young adults with obesity, one of the groups had the condition of lack of sleep, n = 28 per group, to determine the relationship between hours of sleep levels of acylated ghrelin Spearman's correlation test was applied, a negative correlation of Rho = -0.293 and p = 0.028 was found the results obtained suggest that lack of sleep may be a factor that alters hormonal regulation and promotes obesity.

The aim was to describe the clinical data from patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 and clinical data of patients with pneumonia by the same virus. It was selected articles on clinical data from patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2 in pubmed, embase and google schoolar. It was described the clinical data of patients with COVID-19 from 3 studies with 1,078 patients. The main clinical data for COVID-19 were cough 60.4%, fever 40.9%, and production of sputum 26.0%. For pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2, was described clinical data from 495 patients from 5 studies, were fever 77.4%, cough 68.9%, and myoarthralgia 49.9%. In children with COVID-19 was reported cough 48.5%, pharyngeal erythema 46,2%, and fever 41.5%. To use only clinical data to submit patients to RT-PCR test is not good, because many infected patients have not clinical data (asymptomatic carriers) or they did not reported the main clinical data as fever, cough or myoarthralgia.

Aims: Disease for a novel coronavirus has been a big public health challenge around the world in the past several months. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemic and report the number of confirmed cases and deaths of disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexico until May 15, 2020. Study Design: Ecological study. Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexican population during January and until May 15, 2020, from National System of Epidemiological Surveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico. Methodology: Based on the database of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus by Secretary of Health in Mexico, we collected data on age, gender, and deaths, and co-morbidities. As of May 15, 2020, 45,032 cases have been identified in Mexico. Results: The first confirmed case in Mexico has been identified on January 8, 2020 and the incidence has been rising from the end of February and throughout March. The early confirmed cases were imported cases resulting from travel to USA, Italy, Germany, Spain, France and Singapore. No one travelled to China. No cases of community transmission have been reported. The cause-specific mortality rate was 10.59% and the possibility to death is three times more if comorbidities are in the patient. Conclusion: The frequency of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexico are concerning and the health authorities in Mexico are waiting for the peak of the epidemiological curve to occur in May. The mortality is high with co-morbidities.

El alcoholismo por parte de los padres está estrechamente ligado a causar alteraciones cognitivas tanto a la persona dependiente de la sustancia como a las personas con las que convive éste todos los días, existen habilidades cognitivas de tipo superior llamadas funciones ejecutivas, las cuales regulan las acciones complejas del ser humano para llevar una conducta social aceptada, dichas funciones se desarrollan en la adolescencia, etapa en la cual el cerebro alcanza su tamaño igual al del adulto y por ende, su madurez. Callista Roy desarrolló un modelo del proceso cognitivo basado en las unidades funcionales del cerebro, se fundamenta en el conocimiento de la neurociencia y las observaciones en la práctica de enfermería, hace mención de las funciones ejecutivas y los cambios que sufre el adolescente.

Objective: To determine the relationship of the perception of lifestyle with the level of physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes and without type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional observational study in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Methodology: Sample composed of 100 people with type 2 diabetes and 100 people without type 2 diabetes, the lifestyle questionnaire and IPAQ questionnaire were used. Descriptive statistics were calculated for sociodemographic variables; it was calculated Chi-square test and Odds Ratio. To demonstrate the statistical significance of results, the value of P was set at .05. Statistical analysis was performed in STATA 13.0 ®. Results: In patients with Type 2 Diabetes predominated females, married, who never went school and elementary and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; among patients without Type 2 Diabetes, predominant males, singles, went school or university, BMI ≥25 kg/m2; no relationship was found between lifestyle perception and level of physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes (X² = 0.0022 gl 1 P = .96) neither it was found a significant relationship between lifestyle perception and level of physical activity in adults without type 2 diabetes (X² = 5.23 gl 1 P = .02 RM = 2.85 95% CI = 0.80 to 10.4). Conclusion: The results show that self-perception of lifestyle and physical activity is different in people with less age, more schooling, males.

Aims: Identify the correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurement with digital arm and wrist baumanometers in young adults aged 18 to 40 at the Public University of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Study Design: Observational, analytical, quantitative, correlational, diagnostics. Place of Study: Public University of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Methodology: We included 397 participants of an age range between 18 and 40 years; which 287 were women and 110 were men; with an average weight of 65.28 ± 15.08, and of stature 1.63 ± 0.09. Two types of digital, wrist and arm baumanometers were used to measure the systolic and diastolic blood pressure to observe the effectiveness of the values recorded during the measurement. Results: The correlation between the 3 measurements of the systolic blood pressure was repeated in the first and third measurements (r = 0.46) and varied in the second (r = 0.39), in all three the value recorded by the highest arm baumanometer was found. In the 3 measurements of the diastolic blood pressure the correlation varied (r = 0.54, r = 0.50, r = 0.59); registering the highest value in the measurement with the arm baumanometer. Conclusion: The correlation between the measurements with the baumanometers was not perfect, however it was good, it was considered that the measurement of blood pressure with the wrist baumanometer should be done with the wrist at the level of the heart; as well as movements of arm, hand or fingers will alter the result.

Mexican spices are used in the supplementation of the human diet and as medicinal herbs for the particularly high amounts of compounds capable of deactivating free radicals. In addition, these spices can have beneficial effects on chronic, no-transmissible diseases such as type II diabetes and hypertension arterial. The objective of this study is to determine the content of phenolic compounds on the antioxidant activity and inhibitory enzymes of &alpha, amylase, &alpha, glucosidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in melissa, peppermint, thyme and mint, which are subjected to microwave drying, conventional and freeze-drying to be used as alternative treatments. Spices were evaluated to determine total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), (2,2&prime, azino-bis- (3-ethyl benzothiazolin-6-ammonium sulphonate) (ABTS) and Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP), enzymatic activity. The investigation showed that conventional drying caused a decrease in antioxidant properties and inhibitory activity, in some species, while remained preserved in microwave drying and freeze-drying. The activity of polyphenol oxides and peroxidase decreases with high temperatures and these increase with the use of cold temperatures. This study aims to determine the extent of optimal drying required to preserve phenolic compounds, and the positive effect on antioxidant activity and enzymatic activity in in vitro models, which will produce benefits for the infusion processing industry and the pharmaceutical industry.

Background Sound transmission is used in the diagnosis of hip dysplasia since the end of the 80’s. Aim of this study is to quantify the validity and reliability of electroacoustic probe for the diagnosis of hip dysplasia in neonates. Methods Diagnostic study included neonates aged 4–28 days, whose parents signed an informed consent. The probe was used three times for comparative sound transmission and with extension/flexion; hip ultrasound was performed with Graf technique as gold standard. Kappa was determined for intraobserver and interobserver reliability; validity was calculated with sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Results 100 neonates were included. For the comparative sound transmission, 0.80 and 0.81 Kappa were obtained for the intraobserver and interobserver respectively; with extension/flexion, Kappa 0.98 and 0.95 were obtained for the intraobserver and interobserver respectively. With comparative sound transmission, 44.8%, 97.7%, 76.5% and 91.3% for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, respectively; with extension/flexion test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values: 82.8%, 99.4%, 96.0%, and 97.1%, respectively. Conclusion The electroacoustic probe is moderate valid and reliable for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Trial registration Open Science framework https://osf.io/kpf5s/?view_only=0a9682c6w1c842ad8e1d9a66e8dcf038

Cancer has increased in all the countries of the world and Mexico is no exception. The recognised risk factors for the main types of cancer are reviewed and searched through the Mexican government web pages and cancer prevention programmes to tackle the risk factors in the population. The Mexican government, a member of the World Health Organization, shows that the main approach is an early diagnosis rather than prevention, forgetting that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Effective public programmes should be promoted to reduce preventable risk factors in the population (smoking, nutrition, obesity, diet, environmental toxicity, sedentary lifestyle) and control the non-preventable factors (genetics) if we really want to control the incidence of different types of cancer.

Introduction: Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation can potentially lead to adverse health effects, including cancer and genetic defects. Genetic damage caused by radiation can be detected if micronuclei are observed. The objective of this pilot study was to detect the presence of micronuclei in cells of the oral mucosa in inidividuals occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.Methods: We implemented a pilot case-control study in which we compared oral mucosa micronuclei in 30 medical and nursing personnel in radiology centers in Celaya, Mexico, with 30 volunteers not exposed to ionizing radiation recruited from a public University. The oral mucosa was brushed and the amount of micronuclei was quantified. Chi-square test or t-test for two proportions were used to compared ionizing radiation and genetic damage between exposed and non-exposed groups.Results: The exposed group had an average of 5.37 ± 3.49 micronuclei and the non-exposed had 0.37 ± 0.61 (P

Introduction: Oestrogen deficiency produces oxidative stress (OS) and changes in hippocampal neurons and also reduces the density of dendritic spines (DS). These alterations affect the plastic response of the hippocampus. Oestrogen replacement therapy reverses these effects, but it remains to be seen whether the same changes are produced by tibolone (TB). The aim of this study was to test the neuroprotective effects of long-term oral TB treatment and its ability to reverse DS pruning in pyramidal neurons (PN) of hippocampal area CA1. Methods: Young Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed in 3 groups: a control group in proestrus (Pro) and two ovariectomised groups (Ovx), of which one was provided with a daily TB dose (1 mg/kg), OvxTB and the other with vehicle (OvxV), for 40 days in both cases. We analysed lipid peroxidation and DS density in 3 segments of apical dendrites from PNs in hippocampal area CA1. Results: TB did not reduce lipid peroxidation but it did reverse the spine pruning in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus which had been caused by ovariectomy. Conclusions: Oestrogen replacement therapy for ovariectomy-induced oestrogen deficiency has a protective effect on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Resumen: Introducción: El hipoestrogenismo produce estrés oxidativo (EO) y cambios en las neuronas del hipocampo (H) y reduce la densidad de las espinas dendríticas (ED). Estas alteraciones repercuten en la respuesta plástica del H. La terapia de sustitución intraperitoneal con estrógenos revierte estos efectos, pero no se sabe si ocurre lo mismo con la tibolona (TB). El objetivo fue comprobar los efectos neuroprotectivos de la TB administrada por vía oral a largo plazo y su capacidad para revertir la poda de ED de las neuronas piramidales (NP) del CA1 del H. Métodos: Ratas Sprague-Dawley jóvenes: distribuidas en 3 grupos: control en proestro (Pro) y 2 grupos ovariectomizados (Ovx), uno suplementado con dosis diaria de TB (1 mg/kg), OvxTB, y otro con vehículo (OvxV), por 40 días. Se analizaron la peroxidación de lípidos y la densidad de las ED en 3 segmentos de la dendrita apical de las NP del CA1 del H. Resultados: La TB no redujo la peroxidación de lípidos en el H, pero recuperó la poda de espinas en las NP del CA1 del H, producida por la ovariectomía. Conclusiones: La terapia de sustitución estrogénica en el hipoestrogenismo por ovariectomía tiene un efecto protector. Keywords: Oestrogen deficiency, Tibolone, Hippocampus, Area CA1, Morphology, Dendritic spines, Palabras clave: Hipoestrogenismo, Tibolona, Hipocampo, Área CA1, Morfología, Espinas dendríticas

Resumen: Introducción: El hipoestrogenismo produce estrés oxidativo (EO) y cambios en las neuronas del hipocampo (H) y reduce la densidad de las espinas dendríticas (ED). Estas alteraciones repercuten en la respuesta plástica del H. La terapia de sustitución intraperitoneal con estrógenos revierte estos efectos, pero no se sabe si ocurre lo mismo con la tibolona (TB). El objetivo fue comprobar los efectos neuroprotectivos de la TB administrada por vía oral a largo plazo y su capacidad para revertir la poda de ED de las neuronas piramidales (NP) del CA1 del H. Métodos: Ratas Sprague Dawley jóvenes: distribuidas en 3 grupos: control en proestro (Pro) y 2 grupos ovariectomizados (Ovx), uno suplementado con dosis diaria de TB (1 mg/kg), OvxTB, y otro con vehículo (OvxV), por 40 días. Se analizaron la peroxidación de lípidos y la densidad de las ED en 3 segmentos de la dendrita apical de las NP del CA1 del H. Resultados: La TB no redujo la peroxidación de lípidos en el H, pero recuperó la poda de espinas en las NP del CA1 del H, producida por la ovariectomía. Conclusiones: La terapia de sustitución estrogénica en el hipoestrogenismo por ovariectomía tiene un efecto protector. Abstract: Introduction: Oestrogen deficiency produces oxidative stress (OS) and changes in hippocampal neurons and also reduces the density of dendritic spines (DS). These alterations affect the plastic response of the hippocampus. Oestrogen replacement therapy reverses these effects, but it remains to be seen whether the same changes are produced by tibolone (TB). The aim of this study was to test the neuroprotective effects of long-term oral TB treatment and its ability to reverse DS pruning in pyramidal neurons (PN) of hippocampal area CA1. Methods: Young Sprague Dawley rats were distributed in 3 groups: a control group in proestrus (Pro) and two ovariectomised groups (Ovx), of which one was provided with a daily TB dose (1 mg/kg), OvxTB and the other with vehicle (OvxV), for 40 days in both cases. We analysed lipid peroxidation and DS density in 3 segments of apical dendrites from PNs in hippocampal area CA1. Results: TB did not reduce lipid peroxidation but it did reverse the spine pruning in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus which had been caused by ovariectomy. Conclusions: Oestrogen replacement therapy for ovariectomy-induced oestrogen deficiency has a protective effect on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Palabras clave: Hipoestrogenismo, Tibolona, Hipocampo, Área CA1, Morfología, Espinas dendríticas, Keywords: Estrogen deficiency, Tibolone, Hippocampus, Area CA1, Morphology, Dendritic spines

Introduction: Morphine shares with other opiates and drugs of abuse the ability to modify the plasticity of brain areas that regulate the morphology of dendrites and spines, which are the primary sites of excitatory synapses in regions of the brain involved in incentive motivation, rewards, and learning. Objective: In this review we discuss the impact of morphine use during the prenatal period of brain development and its long-term consequences in murines, and then link those consequences to similar effects occurring in human neonates and adults. Development: Repeated exposure to morphine as treatment for pain in terminally ill patients produces long-term changes in the density of postsynaptic sites (dendrites and spines) in sensitive areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala), and caudate nuclei and nucleus accumbens. This article reviews the cellular mechanisms and receptors involved, primarily dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptors, as well as synaptic plasticity brought about by changes in dendritic spines in these areas. Conclusions: The actions of morphine on both developing and adult brains produce alterations in the plasticity of excitatory postsynaptic sites of the brain areas involved in limbic system functions (reward and learning). Doctors need further studies on plasticity in dendrites and spines and on signalling molecules, such as calcium, in order to improve treatments for addiction. Resumen: Introducción: La morfina, como otros opiáceos y las drogas de abuso, tiene la capacidad de modificar la plasticidad cerebral de las áreas que regulan la morfología neuronal de las dendritas y espinas, que son el sitio primario de sinapsis excitatorias en regiones cerebrales que regulan funciones de incentivo motivación, recompensa y aprendizaje. Objetivo: En la presente revisión se analizan aspectos del impacto del uso de la morfina durante los periodos prenatales del desarrollo cerebral y las consecuencias a largo plazo en murinos, para relacionar estos efectos que ocurren en el humano neonato y adulto. Desarrollo: La exposición repetida a la morfina en el tratamiento del dolor en enfermos terminales produce cambios a largo plazo en la densidad postsináptica de sitios (dendritas y espinas) en áreas sensibles del cerebro, como la corteza prefrontal y el sistema límbico (hipocampo, amígdala), así como en los núcleos caudado y accumbens. Este artículo revisa los mecanismos celulares implicados, principalmente de los receptores dopaminérgicos y glutamatérgicos, así como la plasticidad sináptica lograda por los cambios en las dendritas y espinas en esta área. Conclusiones: Las acciones de la morfina durante el desarrollo del cerebro y también en el cerebro adulto producen alteraciones en la plasticidad de sitios excitatorios postsinápticos, áreas del cerebro que están implicadas en las funciones del sistema límbico (la recompensa y el aprendizaje). Se necesitan más estudios sobre la plasticidad en las dendritas y espinas en sus moléculas de señalización, tales como el calcio, con el fin de mejorar el tratamiento de la adicción. Keywords: Morphine, Dendritic spines, Brain plasticity, Opiate receptors, Palabras clave: Morfina, Espinas dendríticas, Plasticidad cerebral, Receptores opiáceos

Flavonoids and polyphenols from the strawberry and other fruits have been proposed to reduce the oxidative stress produced by the obesity and her complications. Moreover, it has been proposed that irradiation with UV‐C to strawberry may increase the antioxidant capacity of this fruit. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of the UV‐C on antioxidant capacity of strawberry in vitro and in vivo. Strawberry slices were irradiated with ultraviolet light‐C (UV‐C) at 1.2 W/m2/16.5 min; then, the power antioxidant was isolated from the nonirradiated and irradiated strawberry slices into an organic phase, which was lyophilized to finally producing a nonirradiated strawberry extract (NSE) and UV‐irradiated strawberry extract (UViSE) powder. After the antioxidant capacity of both extracts were determined in vitro using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and in vivo using high‐fat diet‐induced obese rats. Our results demonstrated that irradiation with UV‐C to strawberry slices increased the antioxidants content, which was corroborated in vitro, where the antioxidant capacity of UViSE was higher than the NSE. However, in obese rats, the reduction in the oxidative damage by the UViSE and NSE were similar in peripheral tissues. Interestingly, the UViSE was better than the NSE to reduce the oxidative damage in brain. In conclusion, UV‐irradiation increases the antioxidants content of strawberry that is correlated with an increased antioxidant capacity in vitro, but in rats, this antioxidant capacity may be more effective in brain than in peripheral tissues.

Flavonoids and polyphenols from the strawberry and other fruits have been proposed to reduce the oxidative stress produced by the obesity and her complications. Moreover, it has been proposed that irradiation with UV-C to strawberry may increase the antioxidant capacity of this fruit. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of the UV-C on antioxidant capacity of strawberry in vitro and in vivo. Strawberry slices were irradiated with ultraviolet light-C (UV-C) at 1.2 W/m2/16.5 min; then, the power antioxidant was isolated from the nonirradiated and irradiated strawberry slices into an organic phase, which was lyophilized to finally producing a nonirradiated strawberry extract (NSE) and UV-irradiated strawberry extract (UViSE) powder. After the antioxidant capacity of both extracts were determined in vitro using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and in vivo using high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Our results demonstrated that irradiation with UV-C to strawberry slices increased the antioxidants content, which was corroborated in vitro, where the antioxidant capacity of UViSE was higher than the NSE. However, in obese rats, the reduction in the oxidative damage by the UViSE and NSE were similar in peripheral tissues. Interestingly, the UViSE was better than the NSE to reduce the oxidative damage in brain. In conclusion, UV-irradiation increases the antioxidants content of strawberry that is correlated with an increased antioxidant capacity in vitro, but in rats, this antioxidant capacity may be more effective in brain than in peripheral tissues.