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With the increasing deterioration of the global climate, ushered in by fossil-fueled industrialization, a call to action is set forth to develop technologies that will transform our current manufacturing and energy landscapes into sustainable ones, where materials chemistry plays a central role. Among the biggest challenges of our time lies the realization of carbon neutral and negative emission technologies as ways to ameliorate the effects of global warming. From a materials’ perspective, this realization can be achieved by the design of efficient light absorbers that can harvest intermittent sunlight, through the development of higher capacity batteries wherein this collected energy can be stored, and by the conception of selective catalyst materials that can directly or indirectly utilize renewably-sourced energy inputs to enable the conversion of molecules, whose products can act as energy vectors or replace petroleum-derived commodities. Metal chalcogenides represent a material space with apt characteristics to tackle these problems owing to the wide range of properties that sulfides, selenides, and tellurides encompass.Chapter 1 provides a summary of the advantageous properties that metal chalcogenides present in the field of energy storage and conversion, with a focus on the fundamental principles that underpin them. Additionally, gaps in the current understanding of catalytic and sensing properties in these materials are introduced. Essential information related to important characterization techniques applied in this work is incorporated as well. Chapter 2 delves into the study of the structural and electronic changes induced by the intercalation of transition metals into the framework of Chevrel Phase chalcogenides (MxMo6T8, where M = transition metal, T = S, Se, Te) – a series of materials with promising applications as catalysts and battery electrodes, for which the connection between composition and function is still poorly understood. Using X-ray abso

Global population increase has highlighted the scarcity of resources, specifically energy and potable water, and emphasized the need to develop new technologies to help meet these growing needs. Additionally, the impact of the historic use of carbon-intensive fuel sources to meet energy demand has become increasingly apparent through the environmental repercussions of anthropogenic climate change. Since energy and water security intrinsically consider cost and access to resources, disruptive technologies to improve energy and water security must exhibit translatability, scalability, and low-cost. Harnessing abundant renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro, and wind is a promising solution to carbon-intensive energy production, while also providing low-cost energy. The coupling of renewable energy resources with energy-intensive and expensive water remediation processes such as reverse osmosis, can lower their costs. However, the efficient storage of intermittent renewable resources during peaks hours of production for delivery of energy during times of peak demand has proven a challenge for decades. Furthermore, the development of robust membrane materials that drastically impact the cost of water remediation, especially considering increasing water pollutants from anthropogenic activity, have yet to be realized in recent years. As a result, research and development of more efficient energy storage and robust membrane technologies is vital for meeting society’s growing demand for energy and water remediation without increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas production. A thorough understanding of both fundamental cationic-host relationships and gaseous precursor-substrate interactions are necessary for the intelligent design of next generation energy storage and membrane materials. This dissertation work focuses on the design of synthetic parameters for controlled material property engineering, the development of electrochemical methods elucidating cationic beha

The increased energy demands of the rising global population in a fossil fuel-based energy economy have caused unprecedented anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which presents a potentially irreversible threat to human societies. The imperative transition to carbon-neutral or carbon-negative energy solutions requires the interplay of advanced technologies that can provide electricity generated from renewable sources, including wind, solar, and hydropower, while also providing energy-dense liquid fuels for long-term storage. To this end, electrochemical processes such as CO2 reduction, N2 reduction and hydrogen evolution could provide chemical feedstocks and fuels currently obtained by large-scale emission processes without requiring massive changes to the present energy infrastructures. The economic viability of this approach is highly dependent on the design of catalysts from earth-abundant elements that exhibit high activity and selectivity along with chemical and catalytic stability over long periods of operation. In aqueous solutions, CO2 and N2 reduction must compete with the kinetically more facile hydrogen evolution reaction, which is one of the main challenges in achieving catalytic selectivity. Therefore, understanding hydrogen adsorption interactions on the catalyst surface can simultaneously assist in improving hydrogen evolution activity, as well as increasing selectivity for CO2 and N2 reduction reactions. To this end, compositionally diverse families of materials such as molybdenum chalcogenides (sulfides, selenides, and tellurides) offer an ideal platform to evaluate hydrogen adsorption interactions and develop composition-structure-function relationships. This dissertation details an integrative research approach that includes the (1) synthesis of molybdenum chalcogenides compositions through approaches that allow facile compositional changes as well as control of morphology and dimensionality, (2) characterization of their local and electronic structures

The concept of sustainability aims to integrate diverse aspects of human needs through the analysis of the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Although there is a marked consensus on the concept of sustainability, there are local conditions that define the production patterns and their actual sustainability conditions. This paper aims to integrate a research review of sustainability in the agriculture systems of Mexico with a localscale approach, highlighting the local perspectives of each region to provide a clear view of the whole country’s agriculture systems and to find the thresholds of sustainability research in the coffee regions of Mexico. To integrate the review, several databases and quotes from selected papers were used from 2012, with some baseline references from 2002, and the paper structure was developed under a narrative technique. As a result, we show a view of the sustainability research approaches at different local scales in the agriculture systems of Mexico, emphasizing coffee systems and showing the thresholds of sustainability research with these approaches.

Water is an essential resource for all living organisms, yet it is contaminated with a wide variety of toxins that are harmful to human beings and the marine ecosystem. The two main contaminants discussed in this dissertation will be crude oil and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Crude oil enters the marine ecosystem when there is a crude oil spill on the surface of the ocean. The application of dispersant molecules causes the oil to be broken into smaller droplets which travel deeper into the ocean leading to further contamination. While crude oil affects large bodies of water, PFAS enter our drinking water streams by industrial waste, groundwater contamination, and leachate. PFAS are fluorinated carbon chains with a terminal functional group ranging from carboxylic acids, sulfuric acids, and alcohols. Unlike crude oil these molecules do not absorb visible light, and can’t be seen in drinking water but are still very toxic. There is a need for developing robust, mechanically and chemically stable adsorbent materials to treat these contaminants in our water sources. This dissertation discusses the sol-gel synthesis of an understudied ceramic mesoporous hafnium oxide (MHO) for the adsorption of crude oil as well as PFAS. The MHO is chemically stable due to the variety of surface functional groups, thermally stable due to the fact that it is synthesized at high temperature (700°C), and has a bimodal pore network with both macropores (>50 nm), and mesopores (2-50 nm) that allow for rapid water flux and entrapment of contaminants respectively. Chapter 1 aims to provide an introduction to challenges faced by our marine environments today by discussing effects of crude oil spills on the marine ecosystem, and impacts of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on our environment. The chapter reviews current technologies used to address crude oil spills and PFAS contamination. Finally it addresses some knowledge gaps in current adsorbent materials for water r

Iron oxides may reside in an abundance of environments where their chemical and physical properties may assist in combating repercussions of human industrialization. Uranium species, such as from leaked radiological waste repositories or from ore mine tailings, may easily mobilize and spread throughout their immediate aqueous environments. Readily present iron oxide nanoparticles may favorably adsorb these radiotoxic contaminants and limit the extent by which the actinide may spread by. They may further inhibit their mobility by trapping the atoms within their structures – a mechanism which we utilize and offer as a potential filtration and processing method. This dissertation aims to address the lack of thermodynamic data for uranium-incorporated iron oxide polymorphs. Results from this work may assist in understanding the fate of uranium in geological disposal sites over extended timescales and the transport of uranium in the environment. These insights will help guide the improvement of safe and scalable radioactive waste practices and water remediation applications, which ultimately improve water safety for humans and surrounding ecosystems. Chapter 2 discusses the role that uranium incorporation plays on the structure and thermodynamic stability of hematite. The synthesis method for these samples addresses challenges present in existing literature, namely high uranium concentrations and largely reduced reaction times. Formation enthalpies relative to constituent U and Fe oxides become increasingly positive with increasing uranium content. Based on structural measurements and calculations, the described coprecipitation and accelerated hydrothermal treatment process produce UxFe2-2xO3 analogous to conventionally aged samples studied in previous literature. Chapter 3 expands this work to explore U-Fe interactions in conditions where goethite, rather than hematite, is the energetically favorable polymorph. This chapter provides an alternative synthesis method for u

Introduction: The first three months of 2020 have been influenced by the spreading of a pandemic caused by the SARS-coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19 infection that in some cases is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome.Objective: To identify the relationship between COVID-19 and hypertension.Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out using database search engines. In addition, reference literature in Cardiology was used as well as information from official government websites such as WHO/PAHO and other scientific societies.Development: Coronaviruses enter into target cells through a spike S protein, whose S1 surface unit is coupled to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a receptor. In the different revised series, the clear relationship between the history of arterial hypertension and the unfavorable evolution is observed in patients with COVID-19. In an extensive literature search, there is no scientific evidence for discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients with COVID-19.Conclusions: The angiotensin-converting enzyme acts as a SARS-CoV2 receptor. Hypertensive individuals have a less favorable evolution course of the condition caused by this virus. Discontinuation of treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers is not advisable in hypertensive patients with COVID-19., Introducción: El primer trimestre de 2020 se ha visto influenciado por la propagación de una pandemia ocasionada por el virus SARS coronavirus 2, el cual origina una afección (COVID-19) que en algunos casos llega al Síndrome de Distress Respiratorio Agudo.Objetivo: Identificar la relación existente entre COVID-19 y la Hipertensión Arterial. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión, utilizando bases de datos bibliográficas y buscadores. Además, se utilizó literatura de consulta obligada en Cardiología e información de sitios web oficiales gubernamentales, de la OMS/OPS y sociedades científicas. Desarrollo: Los coronavirus se unen a sus células diana a través de una proteína espícula (S), cuya unidad de superficie S1 se acopla a la enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 como receptor. En las diferentes series revisadas se observa la clara relación entre el antecedente de Hipertensión Arterial y el curso evolutivo desfavorable en pacientes con COVID-19. Al realizar una búsqueda extensa de la bibliografía no se encuentra evidencia científica que ampare la suspensión del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina/ antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina en pacientes hipertensos con COVID-19.Conclusiones: La enzima conversora de angiotensina actúa como receptor del SARS-CoV 2. Los individuos hipertensos presentan un curso evolutivo menos favorable de la afección por este virus. No es aconsejable la suspensión del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina o antagonistas del receptor de angiotensina en pacientes hipertensos afectados con COVID-19.

Introducción: El espectro clínico de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos sin elevación del segmento ST incluye tanto a pacientes asintomáticos como a los que presentan isquemia activa, inestabilidad eléctrica, hemodinámica o parada cardiaca.Objetivo: Evaluar probables factores predictivos de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales en pacientes con diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin elevación del segmento ST.Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal con un universo de 218 individuos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico “Manuel Fajardo” en 2016 y 2017.Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (51.4%) y la edad media fue de 68 años. Prevaleció la Hipertensión Arterial como factor de riesgo coronario. La edad mostró asociación estadística significativa con la aparición de cualquier complicación (p=0.015) y con las complicaciones hemodinámicas (p=0,014). El riesgo intermedio-alto, según el score TIMI, tuvo asociación estadísticamente muy significativa con las complicaciones hemodinámicas (p<0.01).Conclusiones: La edad tuvo asociación estadística con la aparición de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales. El sexo no se asoció con las complicaciones ni los antecedentes estudiados tampoco. Los pacientes con un riesgo intermedio-alto al ingreso, se asociaron con las complicaciones hemodinámicas., Introduction: The clinical spectrum of Non-ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes includes both asymptomatic patients and those with active ischemia, electrical instability, hemodynamic or cardiac arrest.Objective: To evaluate probable predictive factors of non-lethal intra-hospital complications in patients diagnosed with Non-ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.Material and Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with a universe of 218 individuals admitted into the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of "Manuel Fajardo" Clinical and Surgical Hospital between 2016 and 2017.Results: Male sex predominated (51.4%) and the mean age was 68 years. Arterial Hypertension prevailed as a coronary risk factor. The age showed significant statistical association with the appearance of any complication (p = 0.015) and with hemodynamic complications (p =0,014). The intermediate-high risk, according to the TIMI score, had a statistically significant association with hemodynamic complications (p <0.01).Conclusions: Age was statistically associated with the appearance of non-lethal intra-hospital complications. Sex was not associated with complications, nor did the background studied either. Patients with an intermediate-high risk at admission were associated with hemodynamic complications.

“De Winter” pattern was first described by Robbert J. de Winter in 2008. It is an electrocardiographic sign characterized by ST-segment depression of 1-3 mm, in precordial leads (V1-V4), with a high and symmetrical T wave in the same leads, associated with ST-segment elevation in aVR, which represents a severe lesion of the proximal left anterior descending artery. The case report presented corresponds to 22-year-old man who came to the emergency department with the mentioned electrocardiographic changes; in the coronary angiography is confirmed the presence of a severe, occlusive lesion (100%), of ostial location, in the left anterior descending artery, on which a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successfully performed., El patrón de «de Winter» fue descrito por Robbert J. de Winter en 2008. Es un signo electrocardiográfico caracterizado por infradesnivel del segmento ST de 1-3 mm, en derivaciones precordiales (V1-V4), con una onda T alta y simétrica en las mismas derivaciones, asociado con supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR, lo que se corresponde con una lesión grave de la arteria descendente anterior de localización proximal. Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 22 años de edad que acudió a urgencias con las alteraciones electrocardiográficas descritas, y en la coronariografia se corroboró la presencia de una lesión grave, oclusiva (100%), de localización ostial, en la arteria descendente anterior, sobre la que se realizó angioplastia coronaria transluminal percutánea satisfactoriamente.

The problem analyzed in this investigation has to do with the tourism that is undertaken in indigenous communities. The so-called ecotourism is characterized by actions implemented to receive visitors and provide services within the framework of national and international laws. However, the inhabitants face the challenge of conserving the environment and the culture that distinguish them. Due to the lack of studies showing the way in which the original inhabitants adapt their traditional activities for the development of ecotourism, a study of the elements contained in the law and those proposed by Velázquez-Sánchez et al (2016), was carried out in six indigenous communities of Mexico. The objective of the research was to analyze the actions they carry out to preserve their traditional form of organization and the basis of their original culture in the presence of ecotourism and the normative framework for self-determination and sustainability. In order to review the worldview of the inhabitants, the key informants were interviewed in depth and a qualitative analysis of the content was carried out to identify the categories. With the identified categories, a questionnaire was designed and applied to collect the data that was analyzed quantitatively to observe the factors of the variables. The results showed the actions carried out by indigenous communities to adapt the modern normative framework to the guidelines of traditional organization and to preserve traditions and care for the environment. In addition, the adequacy is the strategy of the communities to remain with a community dynamic. The indicators tested in this study contribute to explain the permanence of the culture and the conservation of the environment as a result of the strategies of the indigenous communities and it is proposed as a distinctive feature of the truly sustainable ecotourism., O problema analisado nesta investigação tem a ver com o turismo que é realizado nas comunidades indígenas. O chamado ecoturismo é caracterizado por ações implementadas para receber visitantes e prestar serviços no âmbito das leis nacionais e internacionais. No entanto, os habitantes enfrentam o desafio de conservar o meio ambiente e a cultura que os distingue. Devido à falta de pesquisa que mostra a forma como os habitantes originais adaptam suas atividades tradicionais para o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo, um estudo dos elementos contidos na lei e os propostos por Velázquez-Sánchez et al. (2016), em seis comunidades indígenas do México. O objetivo deste projeto foi analisar as ações que eles tomaram para preservar sua forma tradicional de organização e a base de sua cultura original na presença do ecoturismo e do quadro regulatório para a autodeterminação e sustentabilidade. A fim de rever a visão de mundo dos habitantes, os informantes chave foram entrevistados em profundidade e a análise de conteúdo qualitativo foi realizada para identificar as categorias. Com as categorias identificadas, um questionário foi projetado e aplicado para coletar os dados que foram analisados quantitativamente para observar os fatores das variáveis. Os resultados mostraram as ações realizadas pelas comunidades indígenas para adaptar o quadro normativo moderno aos princípios da organização tradicional e preservar tradições e cuidados com o meio ambiente. Além disso, eles permitiram reconhecer que a adequação é a estratégia para permanecer com uma dinâmica da comunidade. Os indicadores testados neste estudo contribuem para explicar a permanência da cultura e a conservação do meio ambiente como resultado das estratégias das comunidades indígenas e é proposto como característica distintiva do ecoturismo verdadeiramente sustentável., El problema analizado en esta investigación tiene que ver con el turismo que se emprende en comunidades indígenas. El llamado ecoturismo se caracteriza por acciones implementadas para recibir visitantes y prestar servicios en el marco de leyes a nivel nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, los habitantes se enfrentan al reto de conservar el ambiente y la cultura que los distingue. Debido a la falta de investigaciones que muestren la forma en que los habitantes originarios adecuan sus actividades tradicionales para el desarrollo de ecoturismo, se realizó un estudio de los elementos contenidos en la ley y los propuestos por Velázquez-Sánchez et al. (2016), en seis comunidades indígenas de México. El objetivo de este proyecto fue analizar las acciones que realizan para conservar su forma tradicional de organización y la base de su cultura originaria ante la presencia del ecoturismo y del marco normativo para la libre determinación y la sustentabilidad. Para revisar la cosmovisión de los habitantes, se entrevistó a profundidad a los informantes clave y se realizó análisis cualitativo del contenido para identificar las categorías. Con las categorías identificadas se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario para colectar los datos que fueron analizados cuantitativamente para observar los factores de las variables. Los resultados mostraron las acciones que realizan las comunidades indígenas para adecuar al marco normativo moderno a los principios de organización tradicional y para la conservación de tradiciones y cuidado del ambiente. Además, permitieron reconocer que la adecuación es la estrategia para permanecer con una dinámica comunitaria. Los indicadores probados en este estudio contribuyen a explicar la permanencia de la cultura y la conservación del ambiente como resultado de las estrategias de las comunidades indígenas y se propone como característica distintiva del ecoturismo realmente sustentable.

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is the most frequent risk factor associated with acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and other conditions.Objective: To characterize the intra-hospital consumption of antihypertensive drugs at Manuel Fajardo Hospital throughout the period between 2013 and 2017. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of the intra-hospital consumption of antihypertensive drugs was carried out. The universe was determined by all the antihypertensive drugs that had intra-hospital medical prescription during the period studied.Results: A total of 301.616 units of antihypertensive drugs were used. Enalapril was the most consumed drug with 126.306 units, representing 41.89% of the total consumption of antihypertensive drugs during the period; also being the most used drug for the entire years of the study. The increased cost was represented by Enalapril for a total of 31.576.50 Cuban pesos (CUP).Conclusions: The most used antihypertensive drugs were Enalapril, Chlorthalidone and Amlodipine. Enalapril was the most consumed drug in all the years studied, whereas Chlorthalidone was one of the three most commonly used. Regarding economical repercussion of the most consumed antihypertensive drugs, Enalapril was the most expensive one, followed by Amlodipine.Keywords: antihypertensive, hypertension, pharmacoepidemiology, drug price, pharmacology, cost control., Introducción: La Hipertensión Arterial es el factor de riesgo más frecuente de infarto agudo de miocardio, enfermedad cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca y otras afecciones.Objetivo: Caracterizar el consumo intrahospitalario de medicamentos antihipertensivos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico “Manuel Fajardo” en el período comprendido entre 2013 y 2017.Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal sobre el consumo intrahospitalario de antihipertensivos. El universo estuvo determinado por todos los antihipertensivos que tuvieron indicación facultativa intrahospitalaria en los años comprendidos.Resultados: Se consumió un total de 301 616 unidades de drogas antihipertensivas. El Enalapril fue el antihipertensivo más consumido con 126 306 unidades, representando 41.89% del consumo total de antihipertensivos en el período, siendo además el más empleado en todos los años del estudio. El mayor costo lo representó el Enalapril para un total de 31 576.50 CUP.Conclusiones: Los antihipertensivos más empleados fueron el Enalapril, la Clortalidona y el Amlodipino. El Enalapril fue el más consumido en todos los años estudiados, mientras que la Clortalidona estuvo entre los tres más empleados en todos esos años. En cuanto a la repercusión económica del consumo de los antihipertensivos más empleados, el Enalapril fue el más costoso, seguido por el Amlodipino.Palabras claves: Antihipertensivos, Hipertensión, Farmacoepidemiología, Precio de Medicamento, Farmacología, control de costos.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are a serious health problem worldwide. Ischemic Cardiopathy represents a high percentage of this problem, and Cuba is not excluded. Objective: To characterize patients who died after Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of the Clinical-Surgical Hospital "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" in the period from June 2009 to March 2017.Material and Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with a universe of 50 patients who died of acute myocardial infarction.Results: The mean age was 62.6 ± 7 years. The anterior myocardial infarction predominated (76%), together with patients classified according to Killip-Kimball III-IV criteria that also had low TIMI risk (68% and a 40%, respectively). 56% of the universe of patients was not thrombosed, and cardiogenic shock (40%) was confirmed as the most common complication.Conclusions: Patients with anterior myocardial infarction and Killip-Kimbal III-IV classification predominated in the study, without statistically significant association between these two variables. Most patients were not thrombosed and they were the ones who presented cardiogenic shock as a complication, although these variables also showed no statistically significant association.Keyword: Mortality, myocardial infarction, thrombolytic therapy, myocardial ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, cardiology., Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un serio problema de salud a nivel mundial, la Cardiopatía Isquémica representa gran parte de este problema al cual Cuba no está exenta.Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes fallecidos por Infarto Agudo de Miocardio en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico “Comandante Manuel Fajardo” en el período comprendido desde junio 2009 hasta marzo 2017.Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal con un universo de 50 pacientes fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio.Resultados: Edad media de 62,6 años ± 7. Predominó el infarto de localización anterior (76%), unido a los pacientes con Killip-Kimball III - IV y con TIMI de riesgo bajo con un (68%) y (40%) respectivamente. El 56% del universo no recibió terapia de reperfusión y el Shock Cardiogénico (40%) fue constatado como complicación más presentada.Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes con infarto de cara anterior y los de clasificación de Killip-Kimbal III-IV, sin asociación estadísticamente significativa entre ambas variables. También fueron mayoría los no trombolizados y los que presentaron shock cardiogénico como complicación, aunque estas variables tampoco mostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa.Palabras clave: mortalidad, infarto de miocardio, terapia trombolítica, isquemia miocárdica, síndrome coronario agudo, cardiología.

Debido a la falta de análisis de los factores de innovación en el ecoturismo indígena, con los elementos de micro innovación de Gómez García, Zavala Cortéz, y Marín (2015), se realizó un análisis de los elementos de micro innovación en las actividades de ecoturismo indígena en México. En esta investigación se analizaron los elementos de innovación en los servicios y actividades de ecoturismo en 10 comunidades indígenas de México. Para ello se entrevistó a profundidad a diez informantes clave del padrón de comunidades con ecoturismo indígena del padrón de la CDI (2014). La entrevista se estructuró a partir de palabras clave de los elementos de micro innovación propuestos por Gómez (2014). Los resultados mostraron la definición de los elementos de innovación: incorporación de nuevos ingredientes, incorporación de nuevas cosas, adecuación en la organización para atender a visitantes, adecuar cosas, y adecuación de servicios. Asimismo, se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario a 40 habitantes de comunidades indígenas con ecoturismo. Se observó que los elementos de innovación son considerados como adecuaciones en las actividades de ecoturismo en las diez comunidades indígenas observadas.La adecuación de elementos de micro innovación a la sustentabilidad es un proceso de acercamiento de las comunidades indígenas con ecoturismo al desarrollo pero con un principio de conservación de tradiciones y principalmente de comunalidad.

El concepto de sustentabilidad establecido en 1983 por la Comisión Mundial para el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, se define como “el hecho de satisfacer las necesidades del presente sin comprometer las capacidades que tienen las futuras generaciones para satisfacer sus propias necesidades”. Por tanto, en la actividad turística es necesaria la preservación del patrimonio para que las futuras generaciones puedan conocerlo y disfrutarlo. Por otra parte, existe un sinnúmero de atractivos turísticos con un potencial increíble pero sin la promoción, ni el desarrollo necesarios para dinamizarse; tal es el caso de San Mateo del Mar, una localidad costera en la angostura de México entre el centro y la península. Dicho lugar es una pequeña comunidad con una singular geografía en una barra entre la Laguna Superior y el Océano Pacífico donde domina la cultura Huave, única en el mundo; sin embargo, aunque tiene el museo de La Casa Huave, la actividad turística no está encaminada a la barra, laguna ni playas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las oportunidades de un proyecto de turismo alternativo con visión de desarrollo local, pero manteniendo la comunalidad, con base en la cosmovisión indígena Huave y con elementos para la integración de la comunalidad y el desarrollo. Se emplearon los elementos del turismo alternativo y los elementos de comunalidad propuestos por Díaz (1999), categorizados por Martínez (2003) y operacionalizados por Velázquez-Sánchez y Solana (2013), desde un enfoque analítico y generando conocimiento empírico. También se tomaron como base los estudios que anteceden el análisis de la comunidad en el ecoturismo indígena (Velázquez et al, 2013). La relevancia estriba en el conocimiento de la participación de los pueblos en el desarrollo de turismo alternativo.

A criação da Dirección General de la Beneficencia Pública, em 1877, permitiu aos hospitais insanas da cidade do México foi consagrada como as principais áreas para a construção de doença mental moderna eo desenvolvimento de alienism mexicana. Neste contexto, as novas concepções de loucura e doença mental masculino foram usados por famílias e as autoridades da cidade do México para alcançar o confinamento dos loucos no Hospital de Santo Hipólito; enquanto os médicos adotada para integrar novas teorias a fenômenos como a pobreza eo crime no catálogo de transtornos mentais., La creación de la Dirección General de la Beneficencia Pública en 1877 permitió que los hospitales para dementes de la ciudad de México se consagraran como los principales espacios para la construcción de la enfermedad mental moderna y el desarrollo del alienismo mexicano. En este contexto, las nuevas concepciones de locura y enfermedad mental masculina fueron utilizadas por las familias y las autoridades de la ciudad de México para lograr el internamiento de los locos en el Hospital de San Hipólito. Por su parte, los médicos adoptaron nuevas teorías que integraron fenómenos como la pobreza y la criminalidad dentro del catálogo de los trastornos mentales., The establishment of the General Directorate of Public Welfare in 1877 allowed for the insane hospitals of Mexico City devote themselves as major areas for the construction of modern mental illness and the development of Mexican mental medicine. In this context, new conceptions of male madness and mental illness were used by the families and the authorities of Mexico City to achieve the confinement of the insane in the Hospital of San Hipólito. Meanwhile, physicians adopted new theories that formed phenomena such as poverty and crime in the catalog of mental disorders.

The insanity and dementia were integrated concepts in civil and criminal codes in order to provide the necessary protection to individuals who for some reason were affected in his mental faculties. This new legal form was used during the trials for the defense as an argument to evade criminal punishment. This text considers the judicial process as a space where converged medical and legal knowledge, madness and crime, which were contributed to modern construction elements of the criminal, the insane and legal responsibilities, La enajenación mental y la demencia fueron conceptos integrados en los códigos civil y penal con el fin de brindar la protección necesaria a los individuos que por alguna causa se encontraban afectados de sus facultades mentales. Esta nueva figura jurídica fue utilizada durante los procesos judiciales por la defensa como un argumento para evadir al castigo penal. Este texto considera los procesos judiciales como un espacio donde confluyeron los conocimientos médicos y jurídicos, la locura y el crimen, en el cual se aportaron elementos para la construcción moderna del criminal, el loco y sus responsabilidades judiciales.