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1. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019

Author: Boklund, A., Dhollander, S., Chesnoiu Vasile, T., Abrahantes, J. C., Bøtner, A., Gogin, A., Gonzalez Villeta, L. C., Gortázar, C., More, S. J., Papanikolaou, A., Roberts, H., Stegeman, A., Ståhl, K., Thulke, H. H., Viltrop, A., Van der Stede, Y., and Mortensen, S.
Published: 2020
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2. The impact of viral tropism and housing conditions on the transmission of three H5/H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens

Author: CLAES, G., WELBY, S., VAN DEN BERG, T., VAN DER STEDE, Y., DEWULF, J., LAMBRECHT, B., and MARCHÉ, S.
Published: 2013

3. Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union (September 2020 to August 2021)

Author: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Baños, J.V., Boklund, A., Gogin, A., Gortázar, C., Guberti, V., Helyes, G., Kantere, M., Korytarova, D., Linden, A., Masiulis, M., Miteva, A., Neghirla, I., Oļševskis, E., Ostojic, S., Petr, S., Staubach, C., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Viltrop, A., Wozniakowski, G., Broglia, A., Abrahantes Cortiñas, J., Dhollander, S., Mur, L., Papanikolaou, A., van der Stede, Y., Zancanaro, G., Ståhl, K., European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Baños, J.V., Boklund, A., Gogin, A., Gortázar, C., Guberti, V., Helyes, G., Kantere, M., Korytarova, D., Linden, A., Masiulis, M., Miteva, A., Neghirla, I., Oļševskis, E., Ostojic, S., Petr, S., Staubach, C., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Viltrop, A., Wozniakowski, G., Broglia, A., Abrahantes Cortiñas, J., Dhollander, S., Mur, L., Papanikolaou, A., van der Stede, Y., Zancanaro, G., and Ståhl, K.
Abstract: This report provides a descriptive analysis of the African swine fever (ASF) Genotype II epidemic in the affected Member States in the EU and two neighbouring countries for the period from 1 September 2020 to 31 August 2021. ASF continued to spread in wild boar in the EU, it entered Germany in September 2020, while Belgium became free from ASF in October 2020. No ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs nor cases in wild boar have been reported in Greece since February 2020. In the Baltic States, overall, there has been a declining trend in proportions of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples from wild boar carcasses in the last few years. In the other countries, the proportions of PCR-positive wild boar carcasses remained high, indicating continuing spread of the disease. A systematic literature review revealed that the risk factors most frequently significantly associated with ASF in domestic pigs were pig density, low levels of biosecurity and socio-economic factors. For wild boar, most significant risk factors were related to habitat, socio-economic factors and wild boar management. The effectiveness of different control options in the so-named white zones, areas where wild boar densities have been drastically reduced to avoid further spread of ASF after a new introduction, was assessed with a stochastic model. Important findings were that establishing a white zone is much more challenging when the area of ASF incursion is adjacent to an area where limited control measures are in place. Very stringent wild boar population reduction measures in the white zone are key to success. The white zone needs to be far enough away from the affected core area so that the population can be reduced in time before the disease arrives and the timing of this will depend on the wild boar density and the required population reduction target in the white zone. Finally, establishing a proactive white zone along the demarcation line of an affected area requires higher culling effort
Published: 2022

4. Welfare of small ruminants during transport (Scientific Opinion on the...)

Author: Nielsen, S.S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J.A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J.L., Gortázar Schmidt, C., Michel, V., Miranda Chueca, M.Á., Padalino, B., Pasquali, P., Roberts, H.C., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Velarde, A., Viltrop, A., Winckler, C., Earley, B., Edwards, S., Faucitano, L., Marti, S., Miranda de La Lama, G.C., Nanni Costa, L., Thomsen, P.T., Ashe, S., Mur, L., Van der Stede, Y., and Herskin, M.
Subjects: sheep, Settore AGR/19 - Zootecnica Speciale, goats, animal welfare assessment, animal-based measures, Farm to Fork Strategy, hazards, quantitative thresholds, small ruminants, transport, welfare consequences
Published: 2022

5. Eradication of peste des petits ruminants virus and the wildlife-livestock interface

Author: Fine, A E, Pruvot, M, Benfield, C T O, Caron, A, Cattoli, G, Chardonnet, P, Diolo, M, Dulu, T, Gilbert, M, Kock, R A, Mariner, J C, Ostrowski, S, Parida, S, Fereidouni, S, Shiilegdamba, E, Sleeman, J, Schulz, C, Soula, J-J, Van Der Stede, Y, Tekola, B G, Walzer, C, and Njeumi, F
Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that multiple wildlife species can be infected with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), with important consequences for the potential maintenance of PPRV in communities of susceptible hosts, and the threat that PPRV may pose to the conservation of wildlife populations and resilience of ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of PPRV across the ruminant community (wildlife and domestic), and the understanding of infection in wildlife and other atypical host species groups (e.g., camelidae, suidae, and bovinae) hinder our ability to apply necessary integrated disease control and management interventions at the wildlife-livestock interface. Similarly, knowledge gaps limit the inclusion of wildlife in the FAO/OIE Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR, and the framework of activities in the PPR Global Eradication Programme that lays the foundation for eradicating PPR through national and regional efforts. This article reports on the first international meeting on, “Controlling PPR at the livestock-wildlife interface,” held in Rome, Italy, March 27–29, 2019. A large group representing national and international institutions discussed recent advances in our understanding of PPRV in wildlife, identified knowledge gaps and research priorities, and formulated recommendations. The need for a better understanding of PPRV epidemiology at the wildlife-livestock interface to support the integration of wildlife into PPR eradication efforts was highlighted by meeting participants along with the reminder that PPR eradication and wildlife conservation need not be viewed as competing priorities, but instead constitute two requisites of healthy socio-ecological systems.
Published: 2020

6. Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union (September 2019 to August 2020)

Author: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Desmecht, D., Gerbier, G., Schmidt, C.G., Grigaliuniene, V., Helyes, G., Kantere, M., Korytarova, D., Linden, A., Miteva, A., Neghirla, I., Olsevskis, E., Ostojic, S., Petit, T., Staubach, C., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Viltrop, A., Richard, W., Wozniakowski, G., Abrahantes Cortiñas, J., Broglia, A., Dhollander, S., Lima, E., Papanikolaou, A., van der Stede, Y., Ståhl, K., European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Desmecht, D., Gerbier, G., Schmidt, C.G., Grigaliuniene, V., Helyes, G., Kantere, M., Korytarova, D., Linden, A., Miteva, A., Neghirla, I., Olsevskis, E., Ostojic, S., Petit, T., Staubach, C., Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Viltrop, A., Richard, W., Wozniakowski, G., Abrahantes Cortiñas, J., Broglia, A., Dhollander, S., Lima, E., Papanikolaou, A., van der Stede, Y., and Ståhl, K.
Abstract: An update on the African swine fever (ASF) situation in the 10 affected Member States (MS) in the EU and in two neighbouring countries from the 1 September 2019 until the 31 August 2020 is provided. The dynamics of the proportions of PCR‐ and ELISA‐positive samples since the first ASF detection in the country were provided and seasonal patterns were investigated. The impact of the ASF epidemic on the annual numbers of hunted wild boar in each affected MS was investigated. To evaluate differences in the extent of spread of ASF in the wild boar populations, the number of notifications that could be classified as secondary cases to a single source was calculated for each affected MS and compared for the earliest and latest year of the epidemic in the country. To evaluate possible risk factors for the occurrence of ASFV in wild boar or domestic pigs, a literature review was performed. Risk factors for the occurrence of ASF in wild boar in Romanian hunting grounds in 2019 were identified with a generalised linear model. The probability to find at least one PCR‐confirmed ASF case in wild boar in a hunting ground in Romania was driven by environmental factors, wild boar abundance and the density of backyard pigs in the hunting ground area, while hunting‐related variables were not retained in the final model. Finally, measures implemented in white zones (ASF‐free zones that are geographically adjacent to an area where ASF is present in wild boar) to prevent further spread of ASF were analysed with a spatially, explicit stochastic individual‐based model. To be effective, the wild boar population in the white zone would need to be drastically reduced before ASF arrives at the zone and it must be wide enough. To achieve the necessary pre‐emptive culling targets of wild boar in the white zone, at the start of the establishment, the white zone should be placed sufficiently far from the affected area, considering the speed of the natur
Published: 2021

7. Scientific Opinion on the rift Valley Fever: risk of persistence, spread and impact in Mayotte (France)

Author: Nielsen, S.S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Depner, K., Drewe, J.A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J.L., Smidt, C.G., Michel, V., Miranda Chueca, M.Á., Roberts, H.C., Sihvonen, I.H., Stahl, K., Velarde, A., Trop, A., Winckler, C., Cetre-Sossah, C., Chevalier, V., de Vos-de Jong, C.J., Gubbins, S., Antoniou, S.E., Broglia, A., Dhollander, S., and Van der Stede, Y.
Subjects: Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Life Science, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models
Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by different mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals and humans. In November 2018, RVF re-emerged in Mayotte (France) after 11 years. Up to the end of October 2019, 126 outbreaks in animals and 143 human cases were reported. RVF mortality was 0.01%, and the number of abortions reported in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive ruminants was fivefold greater than the previous 7 years. Milk loss production in 2019 compared to 2015–2018 was estimated to be 18%, corresponding to an economic loss of around €191,000 in all of Mayotte. The tropical climate in Mayotte provides conditions for the presence of mosquitoes during the whole year, and illegal introductions of animals represent a continuous risk of (re)introduction of RVF. The probability of RVF virus (RVFV) persisting in Mayotte for 5 or more years was estimated to be < 10% but could be much lower if vertical transmission in vectors does not occur. Persistence of RVF by vertical transmission in Mayotte and Réunion appears to be of minor relevance compared to other pathways of re-introduction (i.e. animal movement). However, there is a high uncertainty since there is limited information about the vertical transmission of some of the major species of vectors of RVFV in Mayotte and Réunion. The only identified pathways for the risk of spread of RVF from Mayotte to other countries were by infected vectors transported in airplanes or by wind currents. For the former, the risk of introduction of RVF to continental France was estimated to 4 × 10−6 epidemic per year (median value; 95% CI: 2 × 10−8; 0.0007), and 0.001 epidemic per year to Réunion (95% CI: 4 × 10−6; 0.16). For the latter pathway, mosquitoes dispersing on the wind from Mayotte between January and April 2019 could have reached the Comoros Islands, Madagascar, Mozambique and, possibly, Tanzania. However, these countries are already endemic for RVF, and an incursion of RVFV-infected mosquitoes would have negligible impact.
Published: 2020

8. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019

Author: Boklund, A, Dhollander, S, Chesnoiu Vasile, T, Abrahantes, J C, Bøtner, A, Gogin, A, Gonzalez Villeta, L C, Gortázar, C, More, S J, Papanikolaou, A, Roberts, H, Stegeman, A, Ståhl, K, Thulke, H H, Viltrop, A, Van der Stede, Y, Mortensen, S, Boklund, A, Dhollander, S, Chesnoiu Vasile, T, Abrahantes, J C, Bøtner, A, Gogin, A, Gonzalez Villeta, L C, Gortázar, C, More, S J, Papanikolaou, A, Roberts, H, Stegeman, A, Ståhl, K, Thulke, H H, Viltrop, A, Van der Stede, Y, and Mortensen, S
Abstract: African swine fever (ASF) entered Georgia in 2007 and the EU in 2014. In the EU, the virus primarily spread in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the period from 2014-2018. However, from the summer 2018, numerous domestic pig farms in Romania were affected by ASF. In contrast to the existing knowledge on ASF transmission routes, the understanding of risk factors and the importance of different transmission routes is still limited. In the period from May to September 2019, 655 Romanian pig farms were included in a matched case-control study investigating possible risk factors for ASF incursion in commercial and backyard pig farms. The results showed that close proximity to outbreaks in domestic farms was a risk factor in commercial as well as backyard farms. Furthermore, in backyard farms, herd size, wild boar abundance around the farm, number of domestic outbreaks within 2 km around farms, short distance to wild boar cases and visits of professionals working on farms were statistically significant risk factors. Additionally, growing crops around the farm, which could potentially attract wild boar, and feeding forage from ASF affected areas to the pigs were risk factors for ASF incursion in backyard farms.
Published: 2020

9. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019

Author: FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Boklund, A, Dhollander, S, Chesnoiu Vasile, T, Abrahantes, J C, Bøtner, A, Gogin, A, Gonzalez Villeta, L C, Gortázar, C, More, S J, Papanikolaou, A, Roberts, H, Stegeman, A, Ståhl, K, Thulke, H H, Viltrop, A, Van der Stede, Y, Mortensen, S, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Boklund, A, Dhollander, S, Chesnoiu Vasile, T, Abrahantes, J C, Bøtner, A, Gogin, A, Gonzalez Villeta, L C, Gortázar, C, More, S J, Papanikolaou, A, Roberts, H, Stegeman, A, Ståhl, K, Thulke, H H, Viltrop, A, Van der Stede, Y, and Mortensen, S
Published: 2020

10. Rift Valley Fever - epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe

Author: Nielsen, S.S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Depner, K., Drewe, J.A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Rojas, J.L.G., Schmidt, C.G., Chueca, M.A.M., Roberts, H.C., Sihvonen, L.H., Stahl, K., Calvo, A.V., Viltrop, A., Winckler, C., Bett, B., Cetre-Sossah, C., Chevalier, V., de Vos-de Jong, C.J., Gubbins, S., Monaco, F., Soteria-Eleni, A., Broglia, A., Abrahantes, J.C., Dhollander, S., van der Stede, Y., Zancanaro, G., Nielsen, S.S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Depner, K., Drewe, J.A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Rojas, J.L.G., Schmidt, C.G., Chueca, M.A.M., Roberts, H.C., Sihvonen, L.H., Stahl, K., Calvo, A.V., Viltrop, A., Winckler, C., Bett, B., Cetre-Sossah, C., Chevalier, V., de Vos-de Jong, C.J., Gubbins, S., Monaco, F., Soteria-Eleni, A., Broglia, A., Abrahantes, J.C., Dhollander, S., van der Stede, Y., and Zancanaro, G.
Abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by a broad spectrum of mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals (domestic and wild ruminants and camels) and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula, with periodic epidemics characterised by 5–15 years of inter-epizootic periods. In the last two decades, RVF was notified in new African regions (e.g. Sahel), RVF epidemics occurred more frequently and low-level enzootic virus circulation has been demonstrated in livestock in various areas. Recent outbreaks in a French overseas department and some seropositive cases detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya raised the attention of the EU for a possible incursion into neighbouring countries. The movement of live animals is the most important pathway for RVF spread from the African endemic areas to North Africa and the Middle East. The movement of infected animals and infected vectors when shipped by flights, containers or road transport is considered as other plausible pathways of introduction into Europe. The overall risk of introduction of RVF into EU through the movement of infected animals is very low in all the EU regions and in all MSs (less than one epidemic every 500 years), given the strict EU animal import policy. The same level of risk of introduction in all the EU regions was estimated also considering the movement of infected vectors, with the highest level for Belgium, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands (one epidemic every 228–700 years), mainly linked to the number of connections by air and sea transports with African RVF infected countries. Although the EU territory does not seem to be directly exposed to an imminent risk of RVFV introduction, the risk of further spread into countries neighbouring the EU and the risks of possible introduction of infected vectors, suggest that EU authorities need to strengthen their surveillance and response capacities, as well as the collaboration w
Published: 2020

11. 1α ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases IgA serum antibody responses and IgA antibody-secreting cell numbers in the Peyerʼs patches of pigs after intramuscular immunization

Author: VAN DER STEDE, Y., VERFAILLIE, T., COX, E., VERDONCK, F., and GODDEERIS, B. M.
Published: 2004

12. Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites

Author: Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez‐Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies, R., De Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons, M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Caccio, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., Van der Stede, Y., Robertson, L., Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., Alvarez‐Ordóñez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., Davies, R., De Cesare, A., Herman, L., Hilbert, F., Lindqvist, R., Nauta, Maarten, Peixe, L., Ru, G., Simmons, M., Skandamis, P., Suffredini, E., Caccio, S., Chalmers, R., Deplazes, P., Devleesschauwer, B., Innes, E., Romig, T., van der Giessen, J., Hempen, M., Van der Stede, Y., and Robertson, L.
Abstract: Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validate
Published: 2018

13. Dynvest's overview of the Culicoides surveillance systems in the EU and distribution maps of key species

Author: Balenghien, T., Bødker, Rene, Kiel, E., De Deken, R., Chirico, J., Lucientes, J., Carpenter, S., Elbers, A.R.W., Calistri, P., Miranda, M., Staubach, C., Van der Stede, Y., and Guis, H.
Subjects: Culicoides, L73 - Maladies des animaux, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux
Abstract: One of the aims of the DynVect project was to set up a network of European entomologists working on #Culicoides#, the vectors of bluetongue virus, to create a platform for discussion, data sharing and data analysis. The first task consisted in describing the surveillance systems in place in each country. For this, a questionnaire was sent to 9 countries: Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands. Between 1 and 9 institutes per country were involved in the surveillance. The first country to set up a surveillance system was Spain (in 2000), followed by other southern countries (Italy and France). A second wave of countries set up surveillance systems in 2006, with the arrival of bluetongue in northern Europe. All countries currently continue the surveillance except Germany (which stopped the surveillance in mid 2008). All countries shared common aims: defining "vector-free" periods and describing the diversity and dynamics of species. Except in Italy, all surveillance protocols evolved over the years, for example from covering specific regions to the entire country, and/or with an increasing number of traps. Surveillance systems vary between countries in terms of i) number of traps per country (5 - 300), ii) types of traps used (OVI, CDC, BG, Rieb, Rothamsted suction trap), although currently all countries use OVI traps except for Spain, iii) trapping frequency (day and night, weekly, fortnightly or monthly), iv) number of collection nights (mainly 1 night trapping, except Belgium with 2 consecutive nights and Germany with 7 consecutive days), v) trap location within farm (inside or outside buildings or both according to the season), vi) the level to which species are identified (Group, Complex or species) and vii) the definition of the vector-free period. Following this descriptive phase, participants discussed the data which could be shared and the associated aims as well as the database structure which should be used. This was fruitful and lead to the sharing of #Culicoides# data from 7 countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, England), thus allowing, for the first time ever at that scale, to map #Culicoides# distribution, and to further analyze and model the dynamics and distribution of #Culicoides# in Europe. (Texte intégral)
Published: 2010

14. Dynvect's overview of the Culicoides surveillance systems in the EU and distribution maps of key species

Author: Balenghien, T., Bødker, Rene, Kiel, E., De Deken, R., Chirico, J., Lucientes, J., Carpenter, S., Elbers, A.R.W., Calistri, P., Miranda, M., Staubach, C., Van der Stede, Y., Guis, H., Balenghien, T., Bødker, Rene, Kiel, E., De Deken, R., Chirico, J., Lucientes, J., Carpenter, S., Elbers, A.R.W., Calistri, P., Miranda, M., Staubach, C., Van der Stede, Y., and Guis, H.
Abstract: One of the aims of the DynVect project was to set up a network of European entomologists working on Culicoides, the vectors of bluetongue virus, to create a platform for discussion, data sharing and data analysis. The first task consisted in describing the surveillance systems in place in each country. For this, a questionnaire was sent to 9 countries: Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands. Between 1 and 9 institutes per country were involved in the surveillance. The first country to set up a surveillance system was Spain (in 2000), followed by other southern countries (Italy and France). A second wave of countries set up surveillance systems in 2006, with the arrival of bluetongue in northern Europe. All countries currently continue the surveillance except Germany (which stopped the surveillance in mid 2008). All countries shared common aims: defining "vector-free" periods and describing the diversity and dynamics of species. Except in Italy, all surveillance protocols evolved over the years, for example from covering specific regions to the entire country, and/or with an increasing number of traps. Surveillance systems vary between countries in terms of i) number of traps per country (5 - 300), ii) types of traps used (OVI, CDC, BG, Rieb, Rothamsted suction trap), although currently all countries use OVI traps except for Spain, iii) trapping frequency (day and night, weekly, fortnightly or monthly), iv) number of collection nights (mainly 1 night trapping, except Belgium with 2 consecutive nights and Germany with 7 consecutive days), v) trap location within farm (inside or outside buildings or both according to the season), vi) the level to which species are identified (Group, Complex or species) and vii) the definition of the vector-free period. Following this descriptive phase, participants discussed the data which could be shared and the associated aims as well as the database structure which should be used. This w
Published: 2011

15. A stochastic predictive model for the natural spread of bluetongue

Author: Ducheyne, E., Lange, Martin, van der Stede, Y., Meroc, E., Ducheyne, E., Lange, Martin, van der Stede, Y., and Meroc, E.
Abstract: In recent years the vector-borne diseases (VBD) are (re)-emerging and spreading across the world having a profound impact on human and veterinary health, ecology, socio-economics and disease management. Arguably the best-documented example of veterinary importance is the recent twofold invasion of bluetongue (BT) in Europe. Much attention has been devoted to derive presence-absence habitat distribution models and to model transmission through direct contact. Limited research has focused on the dynamic modelling of wind mediated BT spread. This paper shows the results of a stochastic predictive model used to assess the spread of bluetongue by vectors considering both wind-independent and wind-mediated movement of the vectors. The model was parameterised using epidemiological knowledge from the BTV8 epidemic in 2006/2007 and the BTV1 epidemic in 2008 in South-France. The model correctly reflects the total surface of the infected zone (overall accuracy = 0.77; sensitivity = 0.94; specificity = 0.65) whilst slightly overestimating spatial case density. The model was used operationally in spring 2009 to predict further spread of BTV1. This allowed veterinary officers in Belgium to decide whether there was a risk of introduction of BTV1 from France into Belgium and thus, whether there was a need for vaccination. Given the far distance from the predicted infected zone to the Belgian border, it was decided not to vaccinate against BTV1 in 2009 in Belgium.
Published: 2011

16. Development and inter-laboratory validation study of an improved new real-time PCR assay with internal control for detection and laboratory diagnosis of African swine fever virus

Author: Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Tignon, M., Gallardo, Carmina, Iscaro, C., Hutet, E., Van der Stede, Y., Kolbasov, D., De Mia, G. M., Le Potier, M. F., Bishop, Richard, Arias, Marisa, Koenen, F., Gallardo, Carmina [0000-0003-3293-306X], Tignon, M., Gallardo, Carmina, Iscaro, C., Hutet, E., Van der Stede, Y., Kolbasov, D., De Mia, G. M., Le Potier, M. F., Bishop, Richard, Arias, Marisa, and Koenen, F.
Abstract: A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV), multiplexed for simultaneous detection of swine beta-actin as an endogenous control, has been developed and validated by four National Reference Laboratories of the European Union for African swine fever (ASF) including the European Union Reference Laboratory. Primers and a TaqMan ® probe specific for ASFV were selected from conserved regions of the p72 gene. The limit of detection of the new real-time PCR assay is 5.7-57 copies of the ASFV genome. High accuracy, reproducibility and robustness of the PCR assay (CV ranging from 0.7 to 5.4%) were demonstrated both within and between laboratories using different real-time PCR equipments. The specificity of virus detection was validated using a panel of 44 isolates collected over many years in various geographical locations in Europe, Africa and America, including recent isolates from the Caucasus region, Sardinia, East and West Africa. Compared to the OIE-prescribed conventional and real-time PCR assays, the sensitivity of the new assay with internal control was improved, as demonstrated by testing 281 field samples collected in recent outbreaks and surveillance areas in Europe and Africa (170 samples) together with samples obtained through experimental infections (111 samples). This is particularly evident in the early days following experimental infection and during the course of the disease in pigs sub-clinically infected with strains of low virulence (from 35 up to 70dpi). The specificity of the assay was also confirmed on 150 samples from uninfected pigs and wild boar from ASF-free areas. Measured on the total of 431 tested samples, the positive deviation of the new assay reaches 21% or 26% compared to PCR and real-time PCR methods recommended by OIE. This improved and rigorously validated real-time PCR assay with internal control will provide a rapid, sensitive and reliable molecular tool for ASFV detect
Published: 2011

17. Autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) - seropositive cattle in Belgium: a risk-based targeted serological survey

Author: Roelandt, S, primary, Suin, V, additional, Riocreux, F, additional, Lamoral, S, additional, Van der Heyden, S, additional, Van der Stede, Y, additional, Lambrecht, B, additional, Cay, B, additional, Brochier, B, additional, Roels, S, additional, and Van Gucht, S, additional
Published: 2014
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18. Assessing Interventions by Quantitative Risk Assessment Tools To Reduce the Risk of Human Salmonellosis from Fresh Minced Pork Meat in Belgium

Author: Delhalle, L., primary, Saegerman, C., additional, Messens, W., additional, Farnir, F., additional, Korsak, N., additional, Van Der Stede, Y., additional, and Daube, G., additional
Published: 2009
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19. 1 α ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases IgA serum antibody responses and IgA antibody-secreting cell numbers in the Peyer's patches of pigs after intramuscular immunization.

Author: Van Der Stede, Y., Verfaillie, T., Cox, E., Verdonck, F., and Goddeeris, B. M.
Subjects: *INTRAMUSCULAR injections, *SERUM albumin, *INTERLEUKINS, *CYTOKINES, *IMMUNIZATION, *BLOOD proteins
Abstract: Pigs were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) twice with human serum albumin (HSA) with or without 1 α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1 α,25(OH)2D3] with a 5-week interval. The supplementation of 1 α,25(OH)2D3 enhanced the HSA-specific IgA serum antibody response but decreased the IgM, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 responses. Furthermore, higher numbers of HSA-specific IgA antibody-secreting cells were obtained in systemic lymphoid tissues (local draining lymph node, spleen and bone marrow) as well as in Peyer's patches and lamina propria of the gut (GALT). In addition, the in vivo mRNA expression for Th1 [interferon (IFN)- γ, interleukin (IL-2)], Th2 (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) and Th3 [transforming growth factor (TGF)- β] cytokines as well as the percentage of different cell subsets (CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, IgM+, MHC II+, CD25+) of monomorphonuclear cells from the local draining lymph node were determined at different time-points after the i.m. immunizations. Cytokine profiles did not resemble a typical Th-cytokine profile using 1 α,25(OH)2D3: higher levels of IL-10 and significantly lower levels of IL-2 were observed the first day after the primary immunization. However, significantly higher levels of IL-2 and significantly lower levels of IFN- γ were observed the first day after the second immunization. Furthermore, after the second immunization TGF- β mRNA expression decreased more quickly in the 1 α,25(OH)2D3 group. This difference became significant 7 days after the second immunization. One week later a significantly higher percentage of CD25+ cells was observed in this group, indicating more activated T and B cells using the steroid hormone. These results suggest that in pigs the addition of 1 α,25(OH)2D3 to an intramuscularly injected antigen can enhance the antigen-specific IgA-response and prime GALT tissues, but the relation with cytokines and cell phenotype in the local draining lymph node needs further clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2004
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20. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Newcastle disease

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (EFSA AHAW Panel), Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Alvarez, Julio, Bicout, Dominique Joseph, Calistri, Paolo, Canali, Elisabetta, Drewe, Julian Ashley, Garin-Bastuji, Bruno, Gonzales Rojas, José Luis, Gortázar Schmidt, Christian, Herskin, Mette, Michel, Virginie, Miranda Chueca, Miguel Ángel, Padalino, Barbara, Pasquali, Paolo, Spoolder, Hans, Ståhl, Karl, Velarde, Antonio, Viltrop, Arvo, Winckler, Christoph, Gubbins, Simon, Stegeman, Jan Arend, Antoniou, Sotiria-Eleni, Aznar, Inma, Broglia, Alessandro, Van der Stede, Yves, Zancanaro, Gabriele, Roberts, Helen Clare, Producció Animal, Benestar Animal, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Gortazar Schmidt C., Herskin M., Michel V., Miranda Chueca M.A., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Viltrop A., Winckler C., Gubbins S., Stegeman J.A., Antoniou S.-E., Aznar I., Broglia A., Van der Stede Y., Zancanaro G., and Roberts H.C.
Subjects: Veterinary (miscellaneous), Control (management), surveillance zone, TP1-1185, Plant Science, Microbiology, Newcastle disease, Environmental health, Medicine, TX341-641, sampling procedures, biology, Animal health, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Chemical technology, sampling procedure, biology.organism_classification, protection zone, Scientific Opinion, disease control measures, disease control measure, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, monitoring period, ND, business, Food Science
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (‘Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Newcastle disease (ND). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period (21 days) was assessed as effective in non-vaccinated chicken and turkey flocks, although large uncertainty remains surrounding the effectiveness of this period in vaccinated galliform flocks and flocks of other bird species. It was also concluded that the protection (3 km radius) and the surveillance (10 km radius) zones contain 99% of the infections from an infectious establishment. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to ND. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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21. Welfare of sheep and goats at slaughter

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Alvarez, Julio, Bicout, Dominique Joseph, Calistri, Paolo, Canali, Elisabetta, Drewe, Julian Ashley, Garin-Bastuji, Bruno, Gonzales Rojas, Jose Luis, Gortázar Schmidt, Christian, Herskin, Mette, Miranda Chueca, Miguel Ángel, Padalino, Barbara, Pasquali, Paolo, Roberts, Helen Clare, Spoolder, Hans, Stahl, Karl, Velarde, Antonio, Viltrop, Arvo, Winckler, Christoph, Candiani, Denise, Rapagnà, Cristina, Van der Stede, Yves, Michel, Virginie, Producció Animal, Benestar Animal, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Gortazar Schmidt C., Herskin M., Miranda Chueca M.A., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Roberts H.C., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Viltrop A., Winckler C., Candiani D., Rapagna C., Van der Stede Y., and Michel V.
Subjects: ABMs, hazard, Veterinary (miscellaneous), media_common.quotation_subject, animal welfare consequences, ABM, TP1-1185, Plant Science, Microbiology, Skill sets, animal welfare consequence, preventive/corrective measure, Environmental health, Medicine, TX341-641, small ruminants, Cold stress, media_common, preventive/corrective measures, Social stress, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Chemical technology, Stunning, Anim7316, Heat stress, Distress, Scientific Opinion, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, slaughter, business, Welfare, hazards, Food Science
Abstract: The killing of sheep and goats for human consumption (slaughtering) can take place in a slaughterhouse or on-farm. The processes of slaughtering that were assessed for welfare, from the arrival of sheep and goats until their death (including slaughtering without stunning), were grouped into three main phases: pre-stunning (including arrival, unloading from the truck, lairage, handling and moving of sheep and goats); stunning (including restraint); and bleeding. Stunning methods were grouped into two categories: mechanical and electrical. Twelve welfare consequences that sheep and goats may experience during slaughter were identified: heat stress, cold stress, fatigue, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, impeded movement, restriction of movements, resting problems, social stress, pain, fear and distress. These welfare consequences and their relevant animal-based measures are described in detail in this Scientific Opinion. In total, 40 welfare hazards that could occur during slaughter were identified and characterised, most of them related to stunning and bleeding. Staff were identified as the origin of 39 hazards, which were attributed to the lack of appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or to fatigue. Measures to prevent and correct hazards were identified, and structural and managerial measures were identified as those with a crucial role in prevention. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal-based measures, origin of hazards and preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences are proposed. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021
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22. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Classical Swine Fever

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Elisabetta Canali, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, José Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Mette Herskin, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Barbara Padalino, Paolo Pasquali, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Ståhl, Antonio Velarde, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Simon Gubbins, Jan Arend Stegeman, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Inma Aznar, Alessandro Broglia, Eliana Lima, Yves Van der Stede, Gabriele Zancanaro, Helen Clare Roberts, Producció Animal, Benestar Animal, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Gortazar Schmidt C., Herskin M., Michel V., Miranda Chueca M.A., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Sihvonen L.H., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Viltrop A., Winckler C., Gubbins S., Stegeman J.A., Antoniou S.-E., Aznar I., Broglia A., Lima E., Van der Stede Y., Zancanaro G., and Roberts H.C.
Subjects: disease control, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Control (management), surveillance zone, Legislation, CSF, Plant Science, TP1-1185, Microbiology, EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION, EPIDEMIC, Medicine, European commission, TX341-641, CP7-E2ALF, CSF MARKER VACCINE, intervention, CHIMERIC PESTIVIRUS, sampling procedures, biology, Animal health, Minimum radius, business.industry, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Chemical technology, Anim7316, sampling procedure, EFFICACY, biology.organism_classification, Disease control, WEANER PIGS, protection zone, Scientific Opinion, veterinary (miscalleneous), Classical swine fever, Law, VIRUS, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, monitoring period, BETWEEN-PEN TRANSMISSION, CHALLENGE, business, Food Science
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Classical swine fever (CSF). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radii of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, details of the model used for answering these questions are presented in this opinion as well as the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. Here, several recommendations are given on how to increase the effectiveness of some of the sampling procedures. Based on the average length of the period between virus introduction and the reporting of a CSF suspicion, the monitoring period was assessed as non-effective. In a similar way, it was recommended that the length of the measures in the protection and surveillance zones were increased from 15 to 25 days in the protection zone and from 30 to 40 days in the surveillance zone. Finally, the analysis of existing Kernels for CSF suggested that the radius of the protection and the surveillance zones comprise 99% of the infections from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to CSF. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
Published: 2021
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23. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law:Foot and Mouth Disease

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Elisabetta Canali, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, José Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Mette Herskin, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Barbara Padalino, Paolo Pasquali, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Ståhl, Antonio Velarde, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Kris De Clercq, Simon Gubbins, Eyal Klement, Jan Arend Stegeman, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Inma Aznar, Alessandro Broglia, Alexandra Papanikolaou, Yves Van der Stede, Gabriele Zancanaro, Helen Clare Roberts, Producció Animal, Benestar Animal, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Gortazar Schmidt C., Herskin M., Michel V., Miranda Chueca M.A., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Sihvonen L.H., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Viltrop A., Winckler C., De Clercq K., Gubbins S., Klement E., Stegeman J.A., Antoniou S.-E., Aznar I., Broglia A., Papanikolaou A., Van der Stede Y., Zancanaro G., and Roberts H.C.
Subjects: surveillance zone, CATTLE, Plant Science, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0403 veterinary science, FMDV, foot and mouth diseases virus, 2001 EPIDEMIC, Medicine, European commission, TX341-641, Animal health, Foot-and-mouth disease, Minimum radius, Anim7316, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, disease control measures, Mandate, monitoring period, foot and mouth diseases viru, 040301 veterinary sciences, TRANSMISSION, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Control (management), GREAT-BRITAIN, Legislation, TP1-1185, VIRUS-INFECTION, LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS, Microbiology, FMD, EMERGENCY VACCINATION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, sampling procedures, business.industry, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Chemical technology, REAL-TIME, sampling procedure, medicine.disease, Foot and mouth disease, protection zone, Scientific Opinion, ANTIBODY, Law, disease control measure, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, business, PHASE COMPETITION ELISA, Food Science
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for foot and mouth disease (FMD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection zone of 3 km and of the surveillance zone of 10 km are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, and it was concluded that the protection and the surveillance zones comprise > 99% of the infections from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations, provided for each of the scenarios assessed, aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to FMD. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
Published: 2021
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24. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Peste des petits ruminants

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Alvarez, Julio, Bicout, Dominique Joseph, Calistri, Paolo, Canali, Elisabetta, Depner, Klaus, Drewe, Julian Ashley, Garin-Bastuji, Bruno, Gonzales Rojas, José Luis, Gortázar, Christian, Herskin, Mette, Michel, Virginie, Miranda Chueca, Miguel Ángel, Padalino, Barbara, Pasquali, Paolo, Roberts, Helen Clare, Sihvonen, Liisa Helena, Spoolder, Hans, Ståhl, Karl, Velarde, Antonio, Viltrop, Arvo, Winckler, Christoph, Gubbins, Simon, Libeau, Genevieve, Broglia, Alessandro, Aznar, Inma, Van der Stede, Yves, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Depner K., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Gortazar C., Herskin M., Michel V., Miranda Chueca M.A., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Roberts H.C., Sihvonen L.H., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Viltrop A., Winckler C., Gubbins S., Libeau G., Broglia A., Aznar I., Van der Stede Y., Producció Animal, and Benestar Animal
Subjects: Veterinary (miscellaneous), Control (management), surveillance zone, Legislation, TP1-1185, Plant Science, Microbiology, PPR, EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION, GOATS, Medicine, TX341-641, European commission, peste des petits ruminant, ANTIBODY DYNAMICS, EXCRETION, sampling procedures, Animal health, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Chemical technology, Anim7316, GAMMA, sampling procedure, peste des petits ruminants, protection zone, Scientific Opinion, SHEEP, disease control measures, Law, disease control measure, PPR OUTBREAK, VIRUS, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, monitoring period, ISOLATE, business, Food Science
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radii of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radii of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, except for the first affected establishments detected, where 33 days is recommended. It was concluded that beyond the protection (3 km) and the surveillance zones (10 km) only 9.6% (95% CI: 3.1-25.8%) and 2.3% (95% CI: 1-5.5%) of the infections from an affected establishment may occur, respectively. This may be considered sufficient to contain the disease spread (95% probability of containing transmission corresponds to 5.3 km). Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad-hoc requests in relation to PPR. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
Published: 2021
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25. Research priorities to fill knowledge gaps in wild boar management measures that could improve the control of African swine fever in wild boar populations

Author: EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Alvarez, Julio, Bicout, Dominique Joseph, Calistri, Paolo, Canali, Elisabetta, Drewe, Julian Ashley, Garin-Bastuji, Bruno, Gonzales Rojas, Jose Luis, Schmidt, Christian, Herskin, Mette, Michel, Virginie, Padalino, Barbara, Pasquali, Paolo, Roberts, Helen Claire, Spoolder, Hans, Stahl, Karl, Velarde, Antonio, Winckler, Christoph, Blome, Sandra, Boklund, Anette, Bøtner, Anette, Dhollander, Sofie, Rapagnà, Cristina, Van der Stede, Yves, Miranda Chueca, Miguel Angel, Producció Animal, Benestar Animal, Nielsen S.S., Alvarez J., Bicout D.J., Calistri P., Canali E., Drewe J.A., Garin-Bastuji B., Gonzales Rojas J.L., Schmidt C., Herskin M., Michel V., Padalino B., Pasquali P., Roberts H.C., Spoolder H., Stahl K., Velarde A., Winckler C., Blome S., Boklund A., Botner A., Dhollander S., Rapagna C., Van der Stede Y., and Miranda Chueca M.A.
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, disease control, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Control (management), LITTER SIZE, DEER, ESTIMATING ANIMAL DENSITY, TP1-1185, Plant Science, CROP DAMAGE, Microbiology, African swine fever virus, ASF, study protocols, Wild boar, Environmental health, biology.animal, Epidemiology, medicine, TX341-641, intervention, Potential impact, SUS-SCROFA-SCROFA, research, African swine fever, biology, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Chemical technology, Clinical study design, MORTALITY, Anim7316, biology.organism_classification, Research objectives, Scientific Opinion, Geography, HUMAN DIMENSION, RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, CAMERA TRAPS, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, epidemiology, SPAIN IMPLICATIONS, Food Science
Abstract: The European Commission asked EFSA to provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains (RDs) according to major gaps in knowledge identified by EFSA in a report published in 2019: (RD 1) African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology in wild boar; (RD 2) ASF transmission by vectors; (RD 3) African swine fever virus (ASFV) survival in the environment, and (RD 4) the patterns of seasonality of ASF in wild boar and domestic pigs in the EU. In this Scientific Opinion, the second RD on ASF epidemiology in wild boar is addressed. Twenty-nine research objectives were proposed by the working group and broader ASF expert networks and 23 of these research objectives met a prespecified inclusion criterion. Fourteen of these 23 research objectives met the predefined threshold for selection and so were prioritised based on the following set of criteria: (1) the impact on ASF management; (2) the feasibility or practicality to carry out the study; (3) the potential implementation of study results in practice; (4) a possible short time-frame study (< 1 year); (5) the novelty of the study; and (6) if it was a priority for risk managers. Finally, after further elimination of three of the proposed research objectives due to overlapping scope of studies published during the development of this opinion, 11 research priorities were elaborated into short research proposals, considering the potential impact on ASF management and the period of one year for the research activities. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority.
Published: 2021
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26. Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites

Author: EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skandamis, Elisabetta Suffredini, Simone Cacciò, Rachel Chalmers, Peter Deplazes, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Elisabeth Innes, Thomas Romig, Joke van der Giessen, Michaela Hempen, Yves Van der Stede, Lucy Robertson, Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Alvarez-Ordonez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Peixe L., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Caccio S., Chalmers R., Deplazes P., Devleesschauwer B., Innes E., Romig T., van der Giessen J., Hempen M., Van der Stede Y., Robertson L., University of Zurich, Indústries Alimentàries, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 10078 Institute of Parasitology, 2405 Parasitology, detection, Plant Science, Biological Hazards, PROTOZOAN PARASITES, Food chain, 0302 clinical medicine, 600 Technology, 1110 Plant Science, Medicine and Health Sciences, TX341-641, food-borne parasite, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS, food‐borne parasites, Transmission (medicine), 2404 Microbiology, public health risk, Cryptosporidium, TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION, HUMAN ALVEOLAR ECHINOCOCCOSIS, 3401 Veterinary (miscellaneous), EXPERT ELICITATION, Livestock, Risk assessment, medicine.medical_specialty, 663/664, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, UNITED-STATES, 610 Medicine & health, Toxoplasmagondii, TP1-1185, Biology, Echinococcus multilocularis, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, medicine, 1106 Food Science, business.industry, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Public health, Chemical technology, Toxoplasma gondii, LONG-TERM SURVIVAL, Echinococcu, OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA, biology.organism_classification, food-borne parasites, Echinococcus, MUSSELS MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS, TISSUE CYSTS, Scientific Opinion, 570 Life sciences, biology, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, 1103 Animal Science and Zoology, business, control, Food Science
Abstract: Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2018
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27. Welfare of horses during killing for purposes other than slaughter.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Boklund A, Dippel S, Dorea F, Figuerola J, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MA, Nannoni E, Nonno R, Riber A, Stahl K, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Tuyttens F, Winckler C, Raj M, Velarde A, Candiani D, Van der Stede Y, and Michel V
Abstract: Horses of different ages may have to be killed on-farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually (i.e. on-farm killing of unproductive, injured or terminally ill animals) or on a large-scale (i.e. depopulation for disease control purposes and other situations, such as environmental contamination, disaster management, etc.). The purpose of this opinion is to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the on-farm killing of horses. The killing procedure is divided into Phase 1 (pre-killing), which includes the processes (i) handling and moving the animals to the killing place and (ii) restraint of the animals before application of the killing method; and Phase 2 (stunning and/or killing), which includes stunning and killing of the animals (for methods that require one step for stunning and another for subsequent killing) or killing only (for methods that simultaneously stun and kill the animals). Three stunning and/or killing methods for Phase 2 for horses were identified: (i) penetrative captive bolt followed by killing, (ii) firearms with free projectiles and (iii) lethal injection. Welfare consequences that horses may experience during each process (e.g. handling stress, restriction of movement and injuries during restraint) were identified and potential hazards are listed for all phases, along with preventive and corrective measures. Animal-based measures (ABMs) to assess all identified welfare consequences were proposed. During the application of the stunning and/or killing methods, horses will experience pain and fear if they are ineffectively stunned/killed or if they recover consciousness. A flowchart including ABMs for the assessment of consciousness and death to monitor stunning and killing effectiveness is provided. Additionally, specific practices deemed unacceptable on welfare grounds are listed., (© 2025 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2025
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28. Welfare of horses at slaughter.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Boklund A, Dippel S, Dorea F, Figuerola J, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MA, Nannoni E, Nonno R, Riber A, Stahl K, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Tuyttens F, Winckler C, Raj M, Velarde A, Candiani D, Van der Stede Y, and Michel V
Abstract: The objective of this Scientific Opinion is to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the slaughter of horses for human consumption. The entire slaughter procedure, from arrival at the slaughterhouse until death, is divided into three phases: Phase 1 - pre-stunning, Phase 2 - stunning and Phase 3 - bleeding. Phase 1 includes the following processes (in chronological order): (a) arrival, (b) unloading of the animals from the vehicle, (c) lairage, (d) handling and moving to the stunning area and (e) restraint before application of the stunning method. Phase 2 encompasses the stunning methods, while Phase 3 involves the bleeding process (i.e. exsanguination following stunning). Stunning methods for horses include penetrative captive bolt and firearms. Welfare consequences that horses may experience (such as handling stress, restriction of movement and injuries) and potential hazards were identified for all the phases along with preventive and corrective measures. For arrival and unloading during phase 1, this Opinion refers to a previous EFSA assessment on the transport of Equidae. Animal-based measures (ABMs) to assess all identified welfare consequences are proposed. A flowchart of ABMs to assess the state of consciousness is provided to allow monitoring during the stunning and bleeding phase at three key stages ((1) between the end of stunning and shackling, (2) during neck cutting or sticking, (3) during bleeding). Additionally, specific practices deemed unacceptable on welfare grounds are listed., (© 2025 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2025
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29. The use of high expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin MS, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Viltrop A, Martin J, Raj M, Vyssotski A, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Manakidou A, and Michel V
Abstract: The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of high-expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry. A dossier was provided by the applicant as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the method is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the currently allowed methods for pigs and poultry. According to legislation, to be approved in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure (1) the absence of pain, distress or suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and (2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. An ad hoc Working Group set up by EFSA performed the assessment as follows: (1) The data provided were checked against the criteria laid down in the EFSA Guidance (EFSA, 2018), and was found to partially fulfil those criteria; (2) extensive literature search; (3) data extraction for quantitative assessment; (4) qualitative exercise based on non-formal expert elicitation. The assessment led to conclude that it is more likely than not (certainty > 50%-100%) that high-expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry, named NEFS in container (Nitrogen Expansion Foam Stunning in container), provides a level of welfare at least equivalent to one or more of the currently allowed methods listed in Annex I of Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009. The overall assessment of EFSA is valid only under the technical conditions described in this Opinion for laying hens, broiler chickens of all age and pigs weighing 15-41 kg in situations other than slaughter. The overall assessment of EFSA is that NEFS can be suitable for depopulation using containers for pig and poultry farms respecting the technical conditions and the categories and types of animals defined in this Scientific Opinion., Competing Interests: 3.2.5 Poultry No conflicts of interest were declared by the study authors (McKeegan, Reimert, et al., 2013). The WG notes that the proposers for the NEFS system were not associated in this study and did not provide equipment. Pigs The study authors declared no conflict of interest (Lindahl et al., 2020). The WG notes that the funders (Tönnies Forschung) had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. But the proposers for the NEFS system were associated with the study and were acknowledged in the publication.If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu., (© 2024 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2024
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30. Welfare of sheep and goats during killing for purposes other than slaughter.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Raj M, Candiani D, Van der Stede Y, and Michel V
Abstract: Sheep and goats of different ages may have to be killed on-farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually (i.e. on-farm killing of unproductive, injured or terminally ill animals) or on a large scale (i.e. depopulation for disease control purposes and for other situations, such as environmental contamination and disaster management) outside the slaughterhouses. The purpose of this opinion was to assess the hazards and welfare consequences associated with the on-farm killing of sheep and goats. The whole killing procedure was divided into Phase 1 (pre-killing) - that included the processes (i) handling and moving the animals to the killing place and (ii) restraint of the animals before application of the killing methods and Phase 2 - that included stunning and killing of the animals. The killing methods for sheep and goats were grouped into three categories: (1) mechanical, (2) electrical and (3) lethal injection. Welfare consequences that sheep and goats may experience during each process were identified (e.g. handling stress, restriction of movements and tissue lesions during restraint) and animal-based measures (ABMs) to assess them were proposed. During application of the killing method, sheep and goats will experience pain and fear if they are ineffectively stunned or if they recover consciousness. ABMs related to the state of consciousness can be used to indirectly assess pain and fear. Flowcharts including ABMs for consciousness specific to each killing method were included in the opinion. Possible welfare hazards were identified for each process, together with their origin and related preventive and corrective measures. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, ABMs, origins, preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences were proposed., Competing Interests: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu., (© 2024 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2024
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31. Scientific and technical assistance on welfare aspects related to housing and health of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments.

Author: Candiani D, Drewe J, Forkman B, Herskin MS, Van Soom A, Aboagye G, Ashe S, Mountricha M, Van der Stede Y, and Fabris C
Abstract: This Scientific Report addresses a mandate from the European Commission according to Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 on the welfare of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments kept for sport, hunting and companion purposes. The aim was to scrutinise recent recommendations made by the EU Platform on Animal Welfare Voluntary Initiative on measures to assist the preparation of policy options for the legal framework of commercial breeding of cats and dogs. Specifically, the main question addressed was if there is scientific evidence to support the measures for protection of cats and dogs in commercial breeding related to housing, health considerations and painful procedures. Three judgements were carried out based on scientific literature reviews and, where possible a review of national regulations. The first judgement addressed housing and included: type of accommodation, outdoor access, exercise, social behaviour, housing temperature and light requirements. The second judgement addressed health and included: age at first and last breeding, and breeding frequency. Judgement 3 addressed painful procedures (mutilations or convenience surgeries) and included: ear cropping, tail docking and vocal cord resections in dogs and declawing in cats. For each of these judgements, considerations were provided indicating where scientific literature is available to support recommendations on providing or avoiding specific housing, health or painful surgical interventions. Areas where evidence is lacking are indicated., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2023
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32. The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005-2020.

Author: Maia C, Conceição C, Pereira A, Rocha R, Ortuño M, Muñoz C, Jumakanova Z, Pérez-Cutillas P, Özbel Y, Töz S, Baneth G, Monge-Maillo B, Gasimov E, Van der Stede Y, Torres G, Gossner CM, and Berriatua E
Subjects: Animals, Dogs, Humans, Europe epidemiology, Italy epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral veterinary, Leishmania infantum, Leishmaniasis epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Dog Diseases epidemiology
Abstract: Background: This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autochthonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control., Methodology/principal Findings: It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autochthonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishmaniasis cases-of which 94% were autochthonous-and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases-of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005-2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53-0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07-0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal., Conclusions/significance: Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006-2007 and 2011-2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases provide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Maia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2023
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33. Welfare of ducks, geese and quail on farm.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Berg C, Edwards S, Knierim U, Riber A, Salamon A, Tiemann I, Fabris C, Manakidou A, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, and Velarde A
Abstract: This Scientific Opinion concerns the welfare of Domestic ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ), Muscovy ducks ( Cairina moschata domesticus ) and their hybrids (Mule ducks), Domestic geese ( Anser anser f. domesticus ) and Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) in relation to the rearing of breeders, birds for meat, Muscovy and Mule ducks and Domestic geese for foie gras and layer Japanese quail for egg production. The most common husbandry systems (HSs) in the European Union are described for each animal species and category. The following welfare consequences are described and assessed for each species: restriction of movement, injuries (bone lesions including fractures and dislocations, soft tissue lesions and integument damage and locomotory disorders including lameness), group stress, inability to perform comfort behaviour, inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour and inability to express maternal behaviour (related to prelaying and nesting behaviours). Animal-based measures relevant for the assessment of these welfare consequences were identified and described. The relevant hazards leading to the welfare consequences in the different HSs were identified. Specific factors such as space allowance (including minimum enclosure area and height) per bird, group size, floor quality, characteristics of nesting facilities and enrichment provided (including access to water to fulfil biological needs) were assessed in relation to the welfare consequences and, recommendations on how to prevent the welfare consequences were provided in a quantitative or qualitative way., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2023
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34. Welfare of dairy cows.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, De Boyer des Roches A, Jensen MB, Mee J, Green M, Thulke HH, Bailly-Caumette E, Candiani D, Lima E, Van der Stede Y, and Winckler C
Abstract: This Scientific Opinion addresses a European Commission's mandate on the welfare of dairy cows as part of the Farm to Fork strategy. It includes three assessments carried out based on literature reviews and complemented by expert opinion. Assessment 1 describes the most prevalent housing systems for dairy cows in Europe: tie-stalls, cubicle housing, open-bedded systems and systems with access to an outdoor area. Per each system, the scientific opinion describes the distribution in the EU and assesses the main strengths, weaknesses and hazards potentially reducing the welfare of dairy cows. Assessment 2 addresses five welfare consequences as requested in the mandate: locomotory disorders (including lameness), mastitis, restriction of movement and resting problems, inability to perform comfort behaviour and metabolic disorders. Per each welfare consequence, a set of animal-based measures is suggested, a detailed analysis of the prevalence in different housing systems is provided, and subsequently, a comparison of the housing systems is given. Common and specific system-related hazards as well as management-related hazards and respective preventive measures are investigated. Assessment 3 includes an analysis of farm characteristics (e.g. milk yield, herd size) that could be used to classify the level of on-farm welfare. From the available scientific literature, it was not possible to derive relevant associations between available farm data and cow welfare. Therefore, an approach based on expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) was developed. The EKE resulted in the identification of five farm characteristics (more than one cow per cubicle at maximum stocking density, limited space for cows, inappropriate cubicle size, high on-farm mortality and farms with less than 2 months access to pasture). If one or more of these farm characteristics are present, it is recommended to conduct an assessment of cow welfare on the farm in question using animal-based measures for specified welfare consequences., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2023
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35. Welfare of calves.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Jensen MB, Waiblinger S, Candiani D, Lima E, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, and Winckler C
Abstract: This Scientific Opinion addresses a European Commission request on the welfare of calves as part of the Farm to Fork strategy. EFSA was asked to provide a description of common husbandry systems and related welfare consequences, as well as measures to prevent or mitigate the hazards leading to them. In addition, recommendations on three specific issues were requested: welfare of calves reared for white veal (space, group housing, requirements of iron and fibre); risk of limited cow-calf contact; and animal-based measures (ABMs) to monitor on-farm welfare in slaughterhouses. The methodology developed by EFSA to address similar requests was followed. Fifteen highly relevant welfare consequences were identified, with respiratory disorders, inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour, gastroenteric disorders and group stress being the most frequent across husbandry systems. Recommendations to improve the welfare of calves include increasing space allowance, keeping calves in stable groups from an early age, ensuring good colostrum management and increasing the amounts of milk fed to dairy calves. In addition, calves should be provided with deformable lying surfaces, water via an open surface and long-cut roughage in racks. Regarding specific recommendations for veal systems, calves should be kept in small groups (2-7 animals) within the first week of life, provided with ~ 20 m 2 /calf and fed on average 1 kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) per day, preferably using long-cut hay. Recommendations on cow-calf contact include keeping the calf with the dam for a minimum of 1 day post-partum. Longer contact should progressively be implemented, but research is needed to guide this implementation in practice. The ABMs body condition, carcass condemnations, abomasal lesions, lung lesions, carcass colour and bursa swelling may be collected in slaughterhouses to monitor on-farm welfare but should be complemented with behavioural ABMs collected on farm., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2023
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36. Welfare of broilers on farm.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin MS, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Tiemann I, de Jong I, Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Keeling L, Riber AB, Ashe S, Candiani D, García Matas R, Hempen M, Mosbach-Schulz O, Rojo Gimeno C, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Bailly-Caumette E, and Michel V
Abstract: This Scientific Opinion considers the welfare of domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus ) related to the production of meat (broilers) and includes the keeping of day-old chicks, broiler breeders, and broiler chickens. Currently used husbandry systems in the EU are described. Overall, 19 highly relevant welfare consequences (WCs) were identified based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: 'bone lesions', 'cold stress', 'gastro-enteric disorders', 'group stress', 'handling stress', 'heat stress', 'isolation stress', 'inability to perform comfort behaviour', 'inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour', 'inability to avoid unwanted sexual behaviour', 'locomotory disorders', 'prolonged hunger', 'prolonged thirst', 'predation stress', 'restriction of movement', 'resting problems', 'sensory under- and overstimulation', 'soft tissue and integument damage' and 'umbilical disorders'. These WCs and their animal-based measures (ABMs) that can identify them are described in detail. A variety of hazards related to the different husbandry systems were identified as well as ABMs for assessing the different WCs. Measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate each of the WCs are listed. Recommendations are provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of broilers and related to genetic selection, temperature, feed and water restriction, use of cages, light, air quality and mutilations in breeders such as beak trimming, de-toeing and comb dubbing. In addition, minimal requirements (e.g. stocking density, group size, nests, provision of litter, perches and platforms, drinkers and feeders, of covered veranda and outdoor range) for an enclosure for keeping broiler chickens (fast-growing, slower-growing and broiler breeders) are recommended. Finally, 'total mortality', 'wounds', 'carcass condemnation' and 'footpad dermatitis' are proposed as indicators for monitoring at slaughter the welfare of broilers on-farm., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2023
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37. Welfare of equidae during transport.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, and Herskin M
Abstract: In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare legislation. This opinion deals with the protection of horses and donkeys during transport. While the opinion focuses primarily on road transport of horses, there are specific sections dealing with the transport of horses on roll-on-roll-off ferries, horses transported by air and the transport of donkeys. In addition, the opinion covers welfare concerns in relation to a specific scenario identified by the European Commission related to the transport of horses on long journeys to slaughterhouses. Current practices related to transport of horses during the different stages (preparation, loading and unloading, transit and the journey breaks) are described. Overall, 13 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of horses during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: gastro-enteric disorders, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, isolation stress, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, resting problems, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation and separation stress. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified related to factors such as inexperienced/untrained handlers, lack of horse training, structural deficiencies of vehicles/facilities, poor driving skills/conditions, horse separation/regrouping, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices. The opinion contains general and specific conclusions in relation to the different stages of transport. Recommendations to prevent hazards and correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and for space allowance. The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey time., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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38. Welfare of pigs during transport.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, de La Lama GCM, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, and Herskin M
Abstract: In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of pigs during transport. The welfare of pigs during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of pigs during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 10 welfare consequences were identified as highly relevant for the welfare of pigs during transport based on the severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified, mainly relating to factors such as mixing of unfamiliar pigs, inappropriate handling methods and devices, the use of pick-up pens, inexperienced/untrained handlers, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport of pigs. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences are made. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions and minimum space allowance within means of transport. The development of the welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of cull sows and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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39. Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Mitchell M, Vinco LJ, Voslarova E, Candiani D, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, and Velarde A
Abstract: This opinion, produced upon a request from the European Commission, focuses on transport of domestic birds and rabbits in containers (e.g. any crate, box, receptacle or other rigid structure used for the transport of animals, but not the means of transport itself). It describes and assesses current transport practices in the EU, based on data from literature, Member States and expert opinion. The species and categories of domestic birds assessed were mainly chickens for meat (broilers), end-of-lay hens and day-old chicks. They included to a lesser extent pullets, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and game birds, due to limited scientific evidence. The opinion focuses on road transport to slaughterhouses or to production sites. For day-old chicks, air transport is also addressed. The relevant stages of transport considered are preparation, loading, journey, arrival and uncrating. Welfare consequences associated with current transport practices were identified for each stage. For loading and uncrating, the highly relevant welfare consequences identified are handling stress, injuries, restriction of movement and sensory overstimulation. For the journey and arrival, injuries, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation, motion stress, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged hunger and prolonged thirst are identified as highly relevant. For each welfare consequence, animal-based measures (ABMs) and hazards were identified and assessed, and both preventive and corrective or mitigative measures proposed. Recommendations on quantitative criteria to prevent or mitigate welfare consequences are provided for microclimatic conditions, space allowances and journey times for all categories of animals, where scientific evidence and expert opinion support such outcomes., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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40. Welfare of cattle during transport.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, de La Lama GCM, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, and Herskin M
Abstract: In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of cattle (including calves) during transport. Welfare of cattle during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of cattle during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 11 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of cattle during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards, mainly relating to inexperienced/untrained handlers, inappropriate handling, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions, and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences were identified. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport for cattle. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and spatial thresholds (minimum space allowance). The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of unweaned calves, cull cows, the export of cattle by livestock vessels, the export of cattle by road, roll-on-roll-off ferries and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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41. Welfare of small ruminants during transport.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Nanni Costa L, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, and Herskin M
Abstract: In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with the protection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) during transport. The main focus is on welfare of sheep during transport by road but other means of transport and concerns for welfare of goats during transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of sheep during the different stages (preparation, loading and unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 11 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of sheep during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, predation stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A wide variety of hazards, mainly relating to inappropriate or aggressive handling of animals, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices, leading to these welfare consequences were identified. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions in relation to the different stages of transport. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and spatial thresholds (minimum space allowance). The development of welfare consequences over time were assessed in relation to maximum journey time. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to the export of sheep by livestock vessels, export of sheep by road, roll-on-roll-off vessels and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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42. Welfare of pigs on farm.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt G, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Mosbach-Schulz O, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Edwards S, Ivanova S, Leeb C, Wechsler B, Fabris C, Lima E, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, and Spoolder H
Abstract: This scientific opinion focuses on the welfare of pigs on farm, and is based on literature and expert opinion. All pig categories were assessed: gilts and dry sows, farrowing and lactating sows, suckling piglets, weaners, rearing pigs and boars. The most relevant husbandry systems used in Europe are described. For each system, highly relevant welfare consequences were identified, as well as related animal-based measures (ABMs), and hazards leading to the welfare consequences. Moreover, measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate the welfare consequences are recommended. Recommendations are also provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of pigs related to tail biting and related to the European Citizen's Initiative 'End the Cage Age'. For example, the AHAW Panel recommends how to mitigate group stress when dry sows and gilts are grouped immediately after weaning or in early pregnancy. Results of a comparative qualitative assessment suggested that long-stemmed or long-cut straw, hay or haylage is the most suitable material for nest-building. A period of time will be needed for staff and animals to adapt to housing lactating sows and their piglets in farrowing pens (as opposed to crates) before achieving stable welfare outcomes. The panel recommends a minimum available space to the lactating sow to ensure piglet welfare (measured by live-born piglet mortality). Among the main risk factors for tail biting are space allowance, types of flooring, air quality, health status and diet composition, while weaning age was not associated directly with tail biting in later life. The relationship between the availability of space and growth rate, lying behaviour and tail biting in rearing pigs is quantified and presented. Finally, the panel suggests a set of ABMs to use at slaughter for monitoring on-farm welfare of cull sows and rearing pigs., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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43. Methodological guidance for the development of animal welfare mandates in the context of the Farm to Fork Strategy.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Michel V, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Edwards S, Ashe S, Candiani D, Fabris C, Lima E, Mosbach-Schulz O, Gimeno CR, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, and Winckler C
Abstract: This document provides methodological guidance developed by the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare to produce Scientific Opinions in response to mandates received from the European Commission in the context of the Farm to Fork Strategy. The mandates relate to the welfare of (i) animals during transport, (ii) calves, (iii) laying hens, (iv) broilers, (v) pigs, (vi) ducks, geese and quails, and (vii) dairy cows. This guidance was developed in order to define the methods and strategy to be applied for responding to the Terms of Reference (ToRs) of the mandates. The mandates each consist of a set of General ToRs which refer to the husbandry systems used in the production of each animal species or the current transport practices for free moving animals and animals transported in cages, and a set of specific ToRs for which difficulties in ensuring animal welfare have been identified and where specific scenarios are envisaged. Part I of the guidance includes a description of welfare consequences for the animals. Part II includes a new methodology for providing quantitative recommendations regarding animal welfare. The proposed methodology follows the assumption that the effect of an exposure variable (e.g. space allowance) on animal welfare can be quantified by comparing the expression of an animal-based measure (ABM) under 'unexposed conditions' (e.g. unlimited space) and under high exposure (e.g. restrictive conditions). The level of welfare as assessed through this ABM can be quantified for different levels of the exposure variable (e.g. at increasing space allowances) and quantitative recommendations can thus be provided. The final version of the methodological guidance was endorsed for public consultation, which took place between 14 February 2022 and 31 March 2022. The comments received are integrated in this document., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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44. Guidance on good practice in conducting scientific assessments in animal health using modelling.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gervelmeyer A, Van der Stede Y, and Bicout DJ
Abstract: The EFSA asked the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare to develop a guidance document on good practice in conducting scientific assessments in animal health using modelling. In previous opinions, the AHAW Panel has responded to two-thirds of animal health-related mandates using some kind of modelling. These models range from simple to complex, employing a combination of scientific, economic, socio-economic or other types of data. Hence, there is strong interest in the development of a guidance document to integrate modelling efforts into the routine process of EFSA working groups. In this document, an 'operating procedure' (OP) for the use of modelling within an AH working group is presented. The OP provides a detailed flowchart enabling modelling to be transparently and consistently integrated in the assessment. The OP is structured into phases. These phases combine the relevant standard operating procedures and working instructions of EFSA with the modelling process. Each phase includes roles and actions to be taken, expected output and the sequence of agreements that need to be made between all partners in the scientific assessment. In conclusion, it is expected that adherence to the OP will improve transparency of models in EFSA outputs, and it is recommended to adopt it as a standard procedure when responding to AHAW mandates., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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45. Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union: (September 2020 to August 2021).

Author: Baños JV, Boklund A, Gogin A, Gortázar C, Guberti V, Helyes G, Kantere M, Korytarova D, Linden A, Masiulis M, Miteva A, Neghirla I, Oļševskis E, Ostojic S, Petr S, Staubach C, Thulke HH, Viltrop A, Wozniakowski G, Broglia A, Abrahantes Cortiñas J, Dhollander S, Mur L, Papanikolaou A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, and Ståhl K
Abstract: This report provides a descriptive analysis of the African swine fever (ASF) Genotype II epidemic in the affected Member States in the EU and two neighbouring countries for the period from 1 September 2020 to 31 August 2021. ASF continued to spread in wild boar in the EU, it entered Germany in September 2020, while Belgium became free from ASF in October 2020. No ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs nor cases in wild boar have been reported in Greece since February 2020. In the Baltic States, overall, there has been a declining trend in proportions of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples from wild boar carcasses in the last few years. In the other countries, the proportions of PCR-positive wild boar carcasses remained high, indicating continuing spread of the disease. A systematic literature review revealed that the risk factors most frequently significantly associated with ASF in domestic pigs were pig density, low levels of biosecurity and socio-economic factors. For wild boar, most significant risk factors were related to habitat, socio-economic factors and wild boar management. The effectiveness of different control options in the so-named white zones, areas where wild boar densities have been drastically reduced to avoid further spread of ASF after a new introduction, was assessed with a stochastic model. Important findings were that establishing a white zone is much more challenging when the area of ASF incursion is adjacent to an area where limited control measures are in place. Very stringent wild boar population reduction measures in the white zone are key to success. The white zone needs to be far enough away from the affected core area so that the population can be reduced in time before the disease arrives and the timing of this will depend on the wild boar density and the required population reduction target in the white zone. Finally, establishing a proactive white zone along the demarcation line of an affected area requires higher culling efforts, but has a higher chance of success to stop the spread of the disease than establishing reactive white zones after the disease has already entered in the area., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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46. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in swine.

Author: Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Van der Stede Y, and Alvarez J
Abstract: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ( B. hyodysenteriae ) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for swine in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR B. hyodysenteriae can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33-66% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 3 (Categories A, B and C; 1-10%, 10-33% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 4 and 5 (Categories D and E, 50-90% and 33-66% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The main animal species to be listed for AMR B. hyodysenteriae according to Article 8 criteria are pigs and some species of birds, such as chickens and ducks., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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47. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou SE, Aznar I, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, and Roberts HC
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD., (© 2022 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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48. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Rift Valley Fever.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gubbins S, Broglia A, Aznar I, and Van der Stede Y
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures were assessed for several diseases, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Rift Valley Fever (RVF). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. Different risk-based sampling procedures based on clinical visits and laboratory testing are assessed in case of outbreak suspicion, granting animal movements and for repopulation purposes. The length of monitoring period and minimum duration of measures to be implemented in the restricted zones as defined in the Delegated Regulation (30 days) are considered effective for the investigation and control of suspected and confirmed RVF outbreaks, as well as the size of protection and surveillance zone of 20 and 50 km, respectively, which are assessed as sufficient to contain disease transmission with at least 95% probability., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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49. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1.

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, and Van der Stede Y
Abstract: Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66-100%) or not (0-33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33-66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33-90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV-1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1-5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10-66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66-90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33-90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV-1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae., (© 2022 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
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50. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders).

Author: Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gubbins S, Laroucau K, Antoniou SE, Aznar I, Broglia A, Lima E, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, and Roberts HC
Abstract: EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for glanders. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Considering the epidemiology and distribution of glanders, it was foreseen that three different situations could lead to a suspicion of the disease. Sampling procedures were defined for each of the three different suspicion types, which can also be applied in most of the other scenarios assessed. The monitoring period (6 months) was assessed as effective in all scenarios. The AHAW Panel of experts considered the minimum radius and duration of the existing protection and surveillance zone, set at the establishment level, effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to glanders., (© 2022 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

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