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© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/., Autoantibodies are produced within germinal centers (GC), in a process regulated by interactions between B, T follicular helper (Tfh), and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. The GC dysregulation in human autoimmunity has been inferred from circulating cells, albeit with conflicting results due to diverse experimental approaches. We applied a consistent approach to compare circulating Tfr and Tfh subsets in patients with different autoimmune diseases. We recruited 97 participants, including 72 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT, n = 18), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 16), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 32), and 31 matched healthy donors (HD). We found that the frequency of circulating T follicular subsets differed across diseases. Patients with HT had an increased frequency of blood Tfh cells (p = 0.0215) and a reduced Tfr/Tfh ratio (p = 0.0338) when compared with HD. This was not observed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (RA, SLE), who had a reduction in both Tfh (p = 0.0494 and p = 0.0392, respectively) and Tfr (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0001, respectively) cells, resulting in an unchanged Tfr/Tfh ratio. Activated PD-1+ICOS+Tfh and CD4+PD-1+CXCR5-Tph cells were raised only in patients with SLE (p = 0.0022 and p = 0.0054), without association with disease activity. Our data suggest that GC dysregulation, assessed by T follicular subsets, is not uniform in human autoimmunity. Specific patterns of dysregulation may become potential biomarkers for disease and patient stratification., This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (EJPRD/0003/2019).

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation. This article is available under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license and permits non-commercial use of the work as published, without adaptation or alteration provided the work is fully attributed., Isolated coronary arteritis without systemic involvement in adults is exceedingly rare. A 60-year-old patient developed recurrent non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions for 1 year. After an initial coronary angiogram that was normal, serial angiograms showed de novo aneurysm formation. The patient responded favorably to corticosteroids, supporting the diagnosis of isolated coronary arteritis.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:56:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-01 What is it to be Black? What are the contours of this subjectivity and the conditions that position this subject in the networks, flows, forces and narratives that institute it? The task that we propose in this article, is to offer a genealogical path way about the how in which such questions, coextensive with different black intellectual traditions and modernity itself, took shape and crossed the formulations of three specific intellectuals: W. E. B. Du Bois, Frantz Fanon and Stuart Hall. We have argue that not only is there both a route between the thinking of these scholars, which offers a critical status for speculation about the constitution of such a subject/subjectivity, as there is between them and the black intellectual traditions that represent the following proposition: there is possible to enunciate a existence that is not neither oppositional nor reactive, but becoming yourself an Afro-diasporic subject. Transnacionalismo Negro & Diaspora Africana UFSCa, Grupos Pesquisa Enfoques Antropol GEA Unesp, Sao Carlos, Brazil Grp Antropol Caribe Global USP, CANIBAL, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Integracao Int Lusofonia Afrobrasileira UNIL, Inst Humanidades & Letras, Campus Males, Sao Francisco Do Conde, BA, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos UFSCar, Dept & Programa Posgrad Sociol, Sao Carlos, Brazil Transnacionalismo Negro & Diaspora Africana UFSCa, Grupos Pesquisa Enfoques Antropol GEA Unesp, Sao Carlos, Brazil

Brazil has launched a few cubesats so far. Both through universities as well as through space research institutes and its Space Agency. There is a growing interest in the country for this type of satellite due to its low and feasible costs for these institutions, as well for the increasing number of possibilities with its use. The advantages of its use for science and educational purposes is not questioned any more in a changing scenario, as was the case in the world in general. However, so far, all these missions were developed with government funds. The challenge now is to transfer this technology and application to the private sector. The mission here described is the first in the country developed by a private company in cooperation with the public R&D space sector for the payload. In the process it also creates a production chain with other companies for the development of part of its subsystems and software. A few of them (HorusEye, USIPED) are new in the space field although with large experience in other micro electronics and precision mechanics applications. These subsystems are the attitude determination and control, the EPS and the structure. All of these with advantages when compared with similar subsystems available in the international cubesat market. Software is also developed by a small company from former INPE graduate students (EMSISTI). The OBC and the transceiver will still have to be imported due to the larger development costs, and the limited budget for the project. The scientific payload of the mission is an experiment for the detection of hard X-ray and gamma ray radiation in space, possibly from cosmic explosions such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). This experiment was initially conceived for a larger bus but it has never materialized due to its costs. The number of detectors in the payload array was significantly reduced but it will still produce significant results for the mission PI. One exciting possibility is the detection of electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave signals detected by the LIGO/Virgo consortium. This was not known when the larger bus was being considered for this mission. The cubesat is a 2U with 1U fully for the payload. CRON-1 was officially submitted to be launched in 2021 by the first launch of VLM (Microsatellite Launch Vehicle), the small launcher under development by the Brazilian Air Force, Brazilian industries and DLR (German Aerospace Center). However it will be ready to be launched by the end of 2020 and another earlier launch alternative may be selected if it can´t be launched by VLM. The project was selected to be funded by the São Paulo State Foundation for R&D (FAPESP) in a call from its Innovation Program for the Small Company (PIPE) for the development of the engineering model so far. The paper gives more information and details about the payload and the science motivation for the mission as well as for the subsystems developed for CRON-1.

Physiology and assessment constitute major bottlenecks of school learning among students with low socioeconomic status. The limited resources and household overcrowding typical of poverty produce deficits in nutrition, sleep, and exercise that strongly hinder physiology and hence learning. Likewise, overcrowded classrooms hamper the assessment of individual learning with enough temporal resolution to make individual interventions effective. Computational measurements of learning offer hope for low-cost, fast, scalable, and yet personalized academic evaluation. Improvement of school schedules by reducing lecture time in favor of naps, exercise, meals, and frequent automated assessments of individual performance is an easily achievable goal for education.

Germinal center (GC) responses are controlled by T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells and are crucial for the generation of high affinity antibodies. Although the biology of human circulating and tissue Tfh cells has been established, the relationship between blood and tissue Tfr cells, defined as CXCR5(+)Foxp3(+) T cells, remains elusive. Here, we found that blood Tfr cells are increased in Sjögren syndrome, especially in patients with high autoantibody titres, as well as in healthy subjects upon influenza vaccination. While, blood Tfr cells correlated with humoral responses they lack full B-cell suppressive capacity, despite being able to suppress T-cell proliferation. Blood Tfr cells have a naïve-like phenotype, although they are absent from human thymus or cord blood. Here, we found these cells were generated in peripheral lymphoid tissues prior to T-B interaction, as they are maintained in B-cell deficient patients. Therefore, blood CXCR5(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in human pathology indicate ongoing humoral activity, but are not competent Tfr cells.

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Imunologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2018 Submitted by Amelia Janeiro (ajaneiro@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2018-08-03T14:42:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731971_td_Valter_Fonseca.pdf: 13443768 bytes, checksum: 35aaeb0d82304835afc094b4c6930c5d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731971_td_Valter_Fonseca.pdf: 13443768 bytes, checksum: 35aaeb0d82304835afc094b4c6930c5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), SFRH/SINTD/96663/2013

RESUMO: A mancha púrpura é uma das doenças mais limitantes da cebola, e a resistência genética é forma de controle mais viável da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de cebola a alternaria porri em campo. Foram avaliados 64 genótipos (cultivares, populações e linhagens do programa de melhoramento da embrapa) em sistema convencional de cultivo. Utilizou-se como testemunha resistente a população cnph 6342 e como suscetível a linhagem macho-fértil 420. A cultura foi implantada pelo método de semeadura direta com população de 500 mil plantas por hectare. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de seis fileiras no sentido longitudinal do canteiro, espaçadas de 15 cm (área total de 0,9 m²). A doença ocorreu de forma natural no campo e, a severidade foi avaliada em dez plantas por parcela aos 80, 110 e 140 dias após a semeadura. A produtividade e a massa média de bulbos comerciais (diâmetro ≥35 mm) foram avaliadas em apenas 45 genótipos, os quais exibiram adaptação às condições de clima local e bulbificaram adequadamente. 'crioula mercosul', '446', 'bola precoce', 'juporanga l2', 'caeté', 'rainha', 'dourada', 'juporanga l7', 'cnph 6342', 'crioula alto vale' e 'roxa do barreiro' apresentaram maior resistência ao patógeno, com áreas abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da doença (aacpsd) inferiores a 437,33, enquanto a linhagem macho-fértil 420 apresentou aacpsd de 1.177,94. Os genótipos 'brs 367' e 'shinju', por sua vez, associaram alta produtividade de bulbos comerciais e moderada resistência à doença, com produtividades superiores a 43,9 t/ha e aacpsd inferiores a 567,28, sendo considerados os mais tolerantes à mancha púrpura. ABSTRACT: The purple blotch is one of the most limiting diseases of the onion, and genetic resistance is most feasible way to control the disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of onion genotypes to alternaria porri in the field. sixty four genotypes (cultivars, populations and lines of the embrapa breeding program) were evaluated under conventional tillage system. as a control were used the resistant population cnph 6342 and the susceptible male-fertile line 420. the crop was planted by direct sowing method with population of 500,000 plants per hectare. the experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications. plots consisted of six longitudinal rows on the seedbed, spaced 15 cm (total area of 0.9 m²). the disease occurred naturally in the field, and severity was evaluated on ten plants per plot at 80, 110 and 140 days after sowing. yield and the average mass of marketable bulbs (diameter ≥35 mm) was assessed in only 45 genotypes, which exhibited adaptation to local climate conditions and adequate bulbification. 'crioula mercosul', '446', 'bola precoce', 'juporanga l2', 'caeté', 'rainha', 'dourada', 'juporanga l7', 'cnph 6342', 'crioula alto vale' and 'roxa do barreiro' showed greater resistance to the pathogen, with area under the disease severity-progress curve (audspc) below 437.33, while the male-fertile line 420 presented aacpsd of 1177.94. the genotypes 'brs 367' and 'shinju', in turn, associated high productivity of marketable bulbs and moderate disease resistance, with yields greater than 43.9 t/ha and audspc below 567.28, these being considered the most tolerant genotypes to purple blotch.

Onion is a crop of significant socioeconomic importance to Brazil. Onion germplasm with adaptation to tropical and sub-tropical conditions has played an important role in the development of this crop in the country. In this context, we studied the genetic diversity in a germplasm collection potentially useful for the development of cultivars for tropical and subtropical regions. The genetic variability of 21 accessions/cultivars that have been used as germplasm and/or were developed by onion breeding programs in Brazil was evaluated via RAPD markers. The following accessions were included in the study :'Red Creole', 'Roxa IPA-3', 'Valenciana 14', 'Beta Cristal', 'Diamante', 'Composto IPA-6', 'Aurora', 'Bojuda Rio Grande', 'Alfa Tropical', 'Pêra IPA-4', 'Primavera', 'Belém IPA-9', 'Crioula Alto Vale', 'Conquista', 'Pira-Ouro', 'Vale-Ouro IPA-11', 'Franciscana IPA-10', 'Serrana', 'CNPH 6400', 'Petroline', and 'Baia Periforme'. From the 520 primers used in the initial screening only 38 displayed stable polymorphisms. They produced 624 amplicons, of which 522 (83.7%) were monomorphic and 102 (16.3%) were polymorphic. An average similarity coefficient of 0.72 was calculated among accessions based upon this subgroup of polymorphic amplicons. This allowed the discrimination of this germplasm collection into six groups with only one of them comprising more than one accession. The main group was formed by 16 accessions ('Diamante', 'Composto IPA-6', 'Aurora', 'Bojuda Rio Grande', 'Conquista', 'Pira-Ouro', 'Serrana', 'Vale-Ouro IPA-11', 'Baia Periforme', 'Primavera', 'Franciscana IPA-10', 'Belém IPA-9', 'Crioula Alto Vale', 'Petroline', 'Pêra IPA-4' and 'Alfa Tropical'), for which the genetic origin (with few exceptions) can be traced back to the variety 'Baia Periforme'. The populations 'Red Creole', 'Roxa IPA-3', 'Beta Cristal', 'CNPH 6400', and 'Valenciana 14' comprised a set of five isolated groups, showing genetic divergence among them and in relation to main 'Baia Periforme' group. This germplasm displayed a relatively low genetic diversity, with the predominance of materials originated from the base population 'Baia Periforme'. There are, however, some accessions, which can add genetic diversity to this germplasm and they can be exploited by onion breeding programs aiming to develop cultivars for tropical regions of the world.A cebola é uma cultura de expressiva importância socioeconômica para o Brasil. Marcantes contribuições para o desenvolvimento da cultura têm sido feitas utilizando-se germoplasma de cebola adaptado às regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a diversidade genética existente em uma coleção de germoplasma potencialmente útil ao desenvolvimento de cultivares para essas regiões. Para isso, a variabilidade genética de um grupo de 21 acessos foi analisada via marcadores RAPD. Esses acessos ('Red Creole', 'Roxa IPA-3', 'Valenciana 14', 'Beta Cristal', 'Diamante', 'Composto IPA-6', 'Aurora', 'Bojuda Rio Grande', 'Alfa Tropical', 'Pêra IPA-4', 'Primavera', 'Belém IPA-9', 'Crioula Alto Vale', 'Conquista', 'Pira-Ouro', 'Vale-Ouro IPA-11', 'Franciscana IPA-10', 'Serrana', 'CNPH 6400', 'Petroline' e 'Baia Periforme') têm sido empregados como germoplasma e/ou foram desenvolvidos pelos programas de melhoramento genético de cebola conduzidos no Brasil. Dos 520 iniciadores ('primers') utilizados na triagem inicial, somente 38 confirmaram polimorfismos entre os 21 acessos. Esses 38 'primers' produziram 624 amplicons, dos quais 522 (83,7%) foram monomórficos e 102 (16,3%) polimórficos. Com base nos padrões revelados, seis grupos foram formados de acordo com a similaridade média global entre os acessos (= 0,72). Somente um desses seis grupos englobou mais de um acesso. O grupo principal (formado por 16 acessos) incluiu, predominantemente, as cultivares que apresentam no seu pedigree a contribuição de 'Baia Periforme' ('Diamante', 'Composto IPA-6', 'Aurora', 'Bojuda Rio Grande', 'Conquista', 'Pira-Ouro', 'Serrana', 'Vale-Ouro IPA-11', 'Baia Periforme', 'Primavera', 'Franciscana IPA-10', 'Belém IPA-9', 'Crioula Alto Vale', 'Petroline', 'Pêra IPA-4' e 'Alfa Tropical'). As cultivares 'Red Creole', 'Roxa IPA-3', 'Beta Cristal', 'CNPH 6400' e 'Valenciana 14' formaram agrupamentos isolados e distintos do grupo 'Baia Periforme', revelando, dessa forma, divergência genética entre essas cinco populações e o grupo principal. Verificou-se que os materiais estudados possuem base genética relativamente estreita, apresentando, em sua grande maioria origem na população 'Baia Periforme'. Existem, no entanto, alguns materiais divergentes, cuja diversidade pode ser explorada em programas de melhoramento.

Com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para a seleção de consumíveis para a soldagem molhada foram determinadas algumas propriedades do metal de solda a partir de juntas soldadas em água doce com eletrodos revestidos comerciais específicos para este fim. As soldas foram realizadas em tanque a 0,5m de profundidade por dispositivo de soldagem por gravidade. Foram levantados dados que auxiliem a eleger os consumíveis de melhor desempenho para serem testados em maiores profundidades. Foram realizados os seguintes testes e avaliações: caracterização microestrutural, análise e quantificação das inclusões, composição química do metal de solda, dureza Vickers, hidrogênio difusível e avaliação da soldabilidade. Os resultados obtidos permitem classificar os consumíveis testados em dois grupos com características bem distintas. No primeiro grupo está o único eletrodo do tipo oxidante e no segundo grupo estão os quatro eletrodos do tipo rutílico testados. Quanto às propriedades mecânicas e às características operacionais, os eletrodos do tipo rutílico apresentaram os melhores resultados. Por outro lado, o eletrodo oxidante testado produziu soldas com mais baixo teor de hidrogênio difusível e, portanto, menor risco potencial de provocar trincas a frio. As diferenças de propriedades entre os eletrodos testados são evidenciadas e discutidas no presente trabalho.With the objective to supply subsidies to select ferritic electrodes for underwater wet welding, some weld metal characteristics of commercial electrodes were determined. The welding trials were carried out at 0.5m fresh water depth in an aquarium, using a gravity device for welding. The study aimed also to obtain data to help to elect the consumables of best performance to be tested in higher depths. The following characterizations were performed: microstructural analysis, quantification of inclusions, weld metal and inclusions chemical composition, mechanical properties, diffusible hydrogen and weldability evaluation. The obtained results helped to classify the tested consumables in two groups with quite different characteristics. The first group is composed of one oxidizing type electrode and the second one is composed of four rutile type electrodes. Regarding to hydrogen in the weld metal, the obtained results show that the oxidizing electrode is able to produce welds with considerable low diffusible hydrogen content. As a consequence, smaller potential risk of cold cracking is expected when using this electrode. Meantime, regarding to the arc stability and other operational indicators, the oxidizing electrode presented inferior performance. Considering mechanical properties, the rutile electrodes presented the best results. The properties differences among the electrodes tested are shown and discussed in the present work.

A identificação do tipo de citoplasma em cebola foi facilitada com a publicação de primers de DNA específicos para os tipos "S", "T" e "N". O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar, por meio de marcadores moleculares, o tipo de citoplasma presente na cultivar de cebola BRS São Francisco e numa população experimental em desenvolvimento na Embrapa Semi-Árido, de forma a orientar o desenvolvimento de híbridos de cebola adaptados à região. Na amostra de 19 plantas da 'BRS Alfa São Francisco' observou-se a amplificação de fragmentos de 180 pb, ausência do fragmento de 414 pb com os primers 5'cob e a amplificação do fragmento de 473 pb dos primers OrfA501, indicando que o citoplasma presente nesta população é o citoplasma T. Foi também identificada a presença de citoplasma N na população BRS Alfa São Francisco. Na amostra de 44 plantas da população experimental cascuda-bronzeada observou-se a amplificação de produtos consistentes com os fragmentos de 180 e 414 pb dos primers 5'cob, bem como a amplificação de fragmento de 473 pb dos primers OrfA501, indicando que o citoplasma presente na população é o citoplasma S. Não foi identificada a presença de citoplasma N na população cascuda-bronzeada. Estes resultados indicam a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de híbrido tropical, tendo como base a cultivar BRS Alfa São Francisco, enquanto que, na população cascuda-bronzeada será necessário a introgressão do citoplasma "N" para o desenvolvimento de linhagens mantenedoras.The identification of the onion cytoplasm was obtained by the development of DNA specific primers to "S", "T" and "N" types. The goal of this work was the identification of the cytoplasm type in two different onion populations in the São Francisco river Valley, in order to facilitate the development of onion hybrids from Northeast Brazil. In the sample of 19 plants of the BRS Alfa São Francisco cultivar was observed the amplification of fragments of 180 bp and absence of the fragment of 414 bp of the 5'cob primers and the presence of fragment of 473 bp of the orfA501 primers, indicating that the cytoplasm of the population is the "T". Plants with cytoplasm N were also identified in the BRS Alfa São Francisco population. The amplification of consistent fragments with the 180 and 414 bp of 5'cob primers was observed in the sample of 44 plants of a Valenciana type population and, the presence of a fragment of 473 bp of orfA501 primers, indicating that the cytoplasm of the population is the "S". No plant with cytoplasm N was identified in the Valenciana population. The development of a tropical onion hybrid is possible, based on the BRS Alfa São Francisco cultivar, while in the Valenciana type, the introgression of N cytoplasm will be necessary.

A divergência genética de 64 acessos de cebola (Allium cepa L.) tropicais e subtropicais do banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças foi avaliada utilizando 23 descritores morfológicos, bioquímicos e agronômicos. A distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²) foi usada como medida de dissimilaridade e os métodos de otimização de Tocher e hierárquico do Vizinho mais Próximo foram empregados para o agrupamento dos acessos. O germoplasma de cebola avaliado apresentou base genética relativamente ampla. As cultivares EX 3000 e Régia foram os acessos geneticamente mais similares. A maior distância genética estimada foi entre os acessos VAL 14 e Beta Cristal. O método de otimização de Tocher proporcionou a formação de treze grupos, enquanto o procedimento hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo possibilitou a formação de doze grupos (corte com 43% de dissimilaridade) A maioria dos acessos dos tipos Grano e Granex, agronomicamente considerados de dias curtos e com ciclo de maturação precoce, se concentraram em mesmo grupo de similaridade genética. À exceção do acesso Tampico White, os demais acessos de bulbos brancos do tipo indústria (Beta Cristal; Dehydrator # 8; Dehydrator # 6; Primero e White Creole) exibiram estreito relacionamento. Os acessos TX 24, Baia Periforme Super Precoce, EX 3001, Excel, Red Creole, H 688, Franciscana IPA 10 e Roxa IPA 3 exibiram alta dissimilaridade genética. Os caracteres teor de açúcares totais, comprimento de bulbo, número de dias para a colheita, porcentagem de bulbos com diâmetro entre 70 e 90 mm e massa média de bulbos foram responsáveis por 58% de toda a variabilidade genética observada entre os acessos. O estudo da divergência entre acessos é importante subsídio na escolha de parentais divergentes e complementares a fim de desenvolver populações segregantes com ampla base genética em programas de melhoramento genético de cebolas tropicais.The genetic diversity of 64 tropical and subtropical onion accessions (Allium cepa L.) belonging to the Embrapa Hortaliças collection was estimated using 23 morphological, agronomic, and biochemical descriptors. Methods of multivariate statistical analysis (Mahalanobis' D² distances, Tocher's cluster analysis and nearest-neighbor method) were employed in order to obtain the average genetic distances among accessions and to perform the clustering. The onion germplasm displayed a relatively large genetic base. Cultivars EX 3000 and Régia were the two most similar accessions. The highest mean genetic distance was observed between cultivars VAL 14 and Beta Cristal. The Tocher's optimization method revealed the formation of 13 groups, whereas the nearest-neighbor method revealed the formation of 12 groups (cutting point of 43% of dissimilarity. The majority of the accessions belonging to Grano and Granex cultivars (agronomically classified as short-day and early-maturing types) clustered together in the same group. The white bulb accessions for processing (Beta Cristal; Dehydrator # 8; Dehydrator # 6; Primero and White Creole), with the exception of Tampico White, displayed a small genetic divergence. The accessions TX 24, Baia Periforme Super Precoce, EX 3001, Excel, Red Creole, H 688, Franciscana IPA 10 and Roxa IPA 3 displayed a large genetic divergence. The descriptors total sugar content, bulb length, number of days from planting to harvesting (i.e. plant cycle), percentage of bulbs with transversal diameter between 70 and 90 mm, and average bulb weight were responsible for 58% of the genetic variability present among accessions. Studies of divergence among accessions are important to choose divergent parentals but complementary genetic materials would allow the development of useful segregating populations with wide genetic basis for tropical onion breeding programs.

Estudos sobre a distribuição espacial das plantas daninhas são importantes no contexto agronômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a distribuição espacial de plantas daninhas em dois sistemas de manejo de solo. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Campo Mourão, PR, utilizado em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e preparo convencional do solo (PC). Estabeleceu-se uma malha referenciada em coordenadas x e y, totalizando 128 pontos amostrais. Avaliou-se a biomassa da parte aérea das plantas, a densidade de plantas, a densidade de Commelina benghalensis e a densidade de Bidens pilosa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise exploratória e à análise variográfica. A variabilidade espacial foi estudada através da geoestatística, mediante a análise de semivariogramas, interpolação por krigagem e construção de mapas de isolinhas. O alcance das variáveis biomassa e densidade de B. pilosa é maior no PD que no PC; para a variável densidade de plantas, o alcance é maior no PC. A distribuição espacial descrita por técnicas geoestatísticas, mostra seu potencial no mapeamento de plantas daninhas o que permite estratégias de manejo localizado e o estabelecimento de critérios para experimentos futuros.Studies of spatial distribution of weeds are important in the agronomic and environmental context. The objective of this research was to describe the spatial distribution of weeds in two soil management systems. This study was accomplished in a Distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), located in Campo Mourão, Parana State, Brazil, in no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage of soil (CT). A grid was established in coordinated x and y, with 128 sampling points. The studied variables were biomass of shoot weeds, density of weeds, Commelina benghalensis density and Bidens pilosa density. Exploratory data analysis was used to evaluate distribution of variables as well as to adapt them for the spatial analysis. The spatial variability was studied using geostatistics by analysis of semivariograms, kriging interpolation and constructions of maps. The ranges of biomass and density of Bidens pilosa, were larger in NT than in the CT. For plant density range was larger in the PC. The spatial distribution described by geostatistics allowed weed mapping and its site specific management and the establishment of criteria for future experiments.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever alguns aspectos socioeconômicos relacionados à cebola no Brasil e detectar os principais desafios e oportunidades que o produto apresenta para o agronegócio. A cultura, de caráter tipicamente "familiar" (88%), gera cerca de 250 mil empregos somente no setor de produção. O consumo é estável em 85 mil t por mês. A consolidação do Mercosul e a conseqüente importação de cebola da Argentina somada à produção nacional tem causado excesso de oferta em alguns meses, gerando perdas e conseqüentes prejuízos para os produtores. O setor produtivo brasileiro necessita elevar o nível tecnológico para alcançar maior eficiência técnica e econômica. No entanto, é necessário que as regiões produtoras do Brasil e da Argentina tenham estabilidade de produção e que a quantidade ofertada seja suficiente para atender às necessidades de abastecimento em determinados períodos do ano, sem causar desequilíbio no mercado.The main objective of this work was to describe some socieconomic aspects of the onion production in Brazil and to detect the principal challenges and opportunities for the onion agribusiness. The onion cultivation in Brazil is a family activity (88%), generating about 250 thousand jobs directly involved in the production. The onion consumption in Brazil is nearly 85 thousand t per month. With the consolidation of the MERCOSUL, the onion import from Argentina and the national production has caused excess of supply in some months, generating losses and consequent damages for the producers. The Brazilian productive sector needs to improve the technological level of the onion production to reach greater technical and economic efficiency. However, it is necessary that Brazilian and Argentinian producers look for a better production forecast to avoid excess of supply during some periods of the year.

A yeast strain identified as Geotrichum sp. JR1 was able to use acetonitrile as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The strain grew in 0.5 to 2M acetonitrile. Ammonia generation as enzymatic product during the strain growth indicates the presence of an acetonitrile degrading enzyme. Acetic acid and acetamide were detected during assays with the resting cells cultivated in acetonitrile, indicating the presence of nitrile and amide degrading enzymes. This paper is the first to describe the use of acetonitrile as the sole carbon and nitrogen source by a yeast. Uma linhagem de levedura identificada como Geotrichum sp. JR1 foi capaz de utilizar acetonitrila, em concentrações de 0,5 a 2M, como única fonte de carbono e de nitrogênio. A geração de amônia durante o crescimento do microrganismo indica a presença de sistema enzimático capaz de degradar acetonitrila. Durante os ensaios enzimáticos, com células cultivadas em acetonitrila, foram detectados ácido acético e acetamida como produtos indicando a presença de sistema enzimático capaz de degradar acetonitrila e acetamida. Este trabalho é o primeiro a descrever a utilização de acetonitrila como única fonte de carbono e de nitrogênio por uma levedura.

An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning involving 42 people who had eaten a meal at a restaurant in the Municipality of Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is reported. Thirty-one of the individuals became ill with vomiting, diarrhea and dizziness within 30 minutes after eating the meal. The foods suspected were: chicken pancake, rice, beans, tomato sauce and mashed chick-peas. Large numbers (> 2.0x10(8) CFU/g) of enterotoxigenic staphylococci were present in the chicken pancake. These strains produced enterotoxins A, B and D. Swabs from the nasal cavity and throat and from under the fingernails of food handlers were cultured for the detection of enterotoxigenic staphylococci carriers. Four out of five of them were healthy carriers of enterotoxin A, B, C and D producing Staphylococcus aureus at the sites cultured and one of them was also a nasal carrier of TSST-1 toxin producing S. aureus. These results indicate that the food handlers would have been the source of the food contamination.Um surto de toxinfecção alimentar envolvendo 42 pessoas, ocorrido após a ingestão de uma refeição servida num restaurante do município de Passos, Minas Gerais, Brasil, é relatado. Trinta minutos após a ingestão dos alimentos, 31 pessoas adoeceram apresentando tontura, vômito, cólica e diarréia. Os alimentos suspeitos foram panqueca de frango, arroz, feijão, molho de tomate e pasta de grão de bico. Foram isolados na panqueca de frango contagens superiores a 2,0x10(8) UFC de estafilococos produtores de enterotoxinas A, B e D por grama do alimento. Culturas isoladas a partir da região orofaríngea, sub-ungüeal e mucosa nasal dos manipuladores de alimentos revelaram serem estes, portadores assintomáticos de cepas de S. aureus produtores de enterotoxinas A, B, C e D. Na mucosa nasal de um dos manipuladores foi isolada a cepa de S. aureus produtora de TSST-1. Os resultados obtidos indicam os manipuladores como prováveis fontes de contaminação dos alimentos.

Yeast strains of the genera Aureobasidium, Rhodotorula and Trichosporon were isolated from stainless steel effluents and tested for their ability to utilize phenol as the sole carbon source. Fourteen strains grew in the presence of up to 10 mm phenol. Only the strain Trichosporon sp. LE3 was able to grow in the presence of up to 20 mm phenol. An inhibitory effect was observed at concentrations higher than 11 mm, resulting in reduction of specific growth rates. Phenol degradation was a function of strain, time of incubation and initial phenol concentration. All strains exhibited activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and phenol hydroxylase in free cell extracts from cells grown on phenol, suggesting that catechol was oxidized by the ortho type of ring fission. Addition of glucose and benzoate reduced the phenol consumption rate, and both substrates were used simultaneously. Glucose concentrations higher than 0.25% inhibited the induction of phenol oxidation by non-proliferating cells and inhibited phenol oxidation by pre-induced cells.

Different encapsulation matrices were tested for immobilized cells of Candida guilliermondii UFMG-Y65 used for acetonitrile degradation. Acetonitrile degradation by free cells and cells immobilized in Ba-alginate, kappa-carrageenan and citric pectin was studied. The rate of acetonitrile degradation was monitored for 120 h by measuring yeast growth and ammonia concentration. Different alginate concentrations did not affect cell viability, but the period of incubation in BaCl2 solution reduced the number of viable cells. Likewise, the gel nature and the matrix structure of the support resulting from the cell immobilization conditions were of fundamental importance for biocatalyst activity and performance, affecting substantially the patterns of microbial growth and enzymatic activity. Alginate-immobilized cells degraded acetonitrile more efficiently than kappa-carrageenan or citric pectin-immobilized cells. Na degradação de acetonitrila, foram testadas células livres de Candida guilliermondii UFMG-Y65 e imobilizadas em diferentes suportes, quais sejam, Ba-alginato, kapa-carrageno e pectina cítrica. A velocidade de degradação da acetonitrila foi monitorada por 120 h, mediante o crescimento da levedura e geração de amônia. Diferentes concentrações de alginato não afetam a viabilidade das células; mas o período de incubação, em solução de BaCl2, reduziu o número de células vivas. Da mesma forma, a natureza do gel e a estrutura da matriz do suporte, ambas resultantes das condições de imobilização das células, foram de fundamental importância para a atividade catalisadora e sua performance; afetando assim, os padrões de crescimento microbiano e a de atividade enzimática. As células imobilizadas em alginato degradaram acetonitrila com maior eficácia do que as imobilizadas em kapa-carrageno ou as células imobilizadas em pectina cítrica.

Different encapsulation matrices were tested for immobilized cells of Candida guilliermondii UFMG-Y65 used for acetonitrile degradation. Acetonitrile degradation by free cells and cells immobilized in Ba-alginate, kappa-carrageenan and citric pectin was studied. The rate of acetonitrile degradation was monitored for 120 h by measuring yeast growth and ammonia concentration. Different alginate concentrations did not affect cell viability, but the period of incubation in BaCl2 solution reduced the number of viable cells. Likewise, the gel nature and the matrix structure of the support resulting from the cell immobilization conditions were of fundamental importance for biocatalyst activity and performance, affecting substantially the patterns of microbial growth and enzymatic activity. Alginate-immobilized cells degraded acetonitrile more efficiently than kappa-carrageenan or citric pectin-immobilized cells.Na degradação de acetonitrila, foram testadas células livres de Candida guilliermondii UFMG-Y65 e imobilizadas em diferentes suportes, quais sejam, Ba-alginato, kapa-carrageno e pectina cítrica. A velocidade de degradação da acetonitrila foi monitorada por 120 h, mediante o crescimento da levedura e geração de amônia. Diferentes concentrações de alginato não afetam a viabilidade das células; mas o período de incubação, em solução de BaCl2, reduziu o número de células vivas. Da mesma forma, a natureza do gel e a estrutura da matriz do suporte, ambas resultantes das condições de imobilização das células, foram de fundamental importância para a atividade catalisadora e sua performance; afetando assim, os padrões de crescimento microbiano e a de atividade enzimática. As células imobilizadas em alginato degradaram acetonitrila com maior eficácia do que as imobilizadas em kapa-carrageno ou as células imobilizadas em pectina cítrica.

Different encapsulation matrices were tested for immobilized cells of Candida guilliermondii UFMG-Y65 used for acetonitrile degradation. Acetonitrile degradation by free cells and cells immobilized in Ba-alginate, kappa-carrageenan and citric pectin was studied. The rate of acetonitrile degradation was monitored for 120 h by measuring yeast growth and ammonia concentration. Different alginate concentrations did not affect cell viability, but the period of incubation in BaCl2 solution reduced the number of viable cells. Likewise, the gel nature and the matrix structure of the support resulting from the cell immobilization conditions were of fundamental importance for biocatalyst activity and performance, affecting substantially the patterns of microbial growth and enzymatic activity. Alginate-immobilized cells degraded acetonitrile more efficiently than kappa-carrageenan or citric pectin-immobilized cells.

A diversidade entre 133 genótipos de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), em relação a doze características agronômicas, foi avaliada através de técnicas de análise multivariada (distância D² de Mahalanobis, agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e dispersão em eixos cartesianos). O ensaio foi conduzido no período de 6 de outubro de 1993 a 19 de março de 1994, em condições de campo, no município de Viçosa (MG), em solo Podzólico vermelho-amarelo câmbico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por seis plantas (2,16 m²). Com a metodologia utilizada foi observada a colocação dos genótipos em quinze grupos. Os genótipos P-141-195-F10, P-142-270-F10, P-141-90-F13, cv. Apolo AG 511 e P-142-222-F13 destacaram-se pela diversidade e elevada produtividade (935 g/planta) e qualidade de frutos (frutos brilhantes, com formato cônico, de coloração verde-escura uniforme e com reduzida presença de deformações), o que os qualifica como promissores para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento. As características com menor contribuição para a diversidade genética foram produção total de frutos por planta, número de dias para o início do florescimento, índice de concentração da colheita, diâmetro do caule e diâmetro do pedúnculo. As características de maior contribuição foram altura da primeira bifurcação, altura da planta, relação comprimento/largura do fruto e índice de precocidade.Diversity among 133 sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes in relation to twelve agronomic characteristics was assessed through multivariate analysis techniques (Mahalanobis' D² distances, Tocher's cluster analysis, and dispersion graph analysis). The trial was carried out from October 6, 1993 to March 19, 1994, under field conditions, in Viçosa (MG), on a red yellow podzolic soil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with three replications, and each experimental plot was made up of six plants (2.16 m²). Through the analysis it was possible to cluster the sweet pepper genotypes in fifteen distinct groups. Genotypes P-141-195-F10, P-142-270-F10, P-141-90-F13, cv. Apolo AG 511 and P-142-222-F13 were the most divergent and showed the highest yields (935 g/plant) and fruit quality (bright, conical-shaped, uniformly dark green coloured fruits, with a reduced occurrence of deformations), which qualifies them as promising for genetic breeding programs. The characteristics that contributed less to genetic diversity were total yield per plant, number of days to begin flowering, index of cropping concentration, and stem and stalk diameter. Those with major contributions were firstly bifurcation and plant height, length/width ratio of fruits and index of earlyness.

Yeast strains from the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Aureobasidium, Geotrichum, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Tremella, Hanseniaspora, and Cryptococcus were isolated from samples of a gold mine from liquid extraction circuit. These strains were tested for their ability to utilize acetonitrile at 12 mM as the sole nitrogen source. The yeasts that grew using acetonitrile at 12 mM were tested in the presence of acetonitrile, isobutyronitrile, methacrylnitrile, and propionitrile at concentrations of 12, 24, 48, 97, and 120 mM. One strain was selected for each nitrile and the concentration of nitrile in which the best growth occurred. Cryptococcus sp. strain UFMG-Y28 had a better growth on 120 mM propionitrile and 97 mM acetonitrile, Rhodotorula glutinis strain UFMG-Y5 on 48 mM methacrylnitrile, and Cryptococcus flavus strain UFMG-Y61 on 120 mM isobutyronitrile. The utilization of different nitriles and amides by yeast strains involves hydrolysis in a two-step reaction mediated by both inducible and intracellular nitrile hydratase and amidase.

Aspergillus niger was grown in an industrial gold mining solution containing cyano-metal complexes. Gold, silver, copper, iron and zinc were accumulated, and the major mechanism of metal uptake involved metal precipitation on the cell surface. This could be achieved by the extensive application of instrumental analyses combined to the study of the chemical composition of the solutions, before and after contact with the fungus.

Strains of Saccharomyces spp. from tropical substrates tolerated temperatures up to 40 ° C, sucrose concentrations up to 50% (w/v) and ethanol concentrations up to 20 g/L in fermentation conditions. Strain TD200 tolerated 20 g/l of ethanol. The ethanol produced by strain DR1459 was comparable to that of industrial strain HTYM-81. These strains have potential use for the production of fuel alcohol.