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The VILLIN (VLN) protein plays a crucial role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton, which is involved in numerous developmental processes, and is crucial for plant responses to both biotic and abiotic factors. Although various plants have been studied to understand the VLN gene family and its potential functions, there has been limited exploration of VLN genes in Gossypium and fiber crops. In the present study, we characterized 94 VLNs from Gossypium species and 101 VLNs from related higher plants such as Oryza sativa and Zea mays and some fungal, algal, and animal species. By combining these VLN sequences with other Gossypium spp., we classified the VLN gene family into three distinct groups, based on their phylogenetic relationships. A more in-depth examination of Gossypium hirsutum VLNs revealed that 14 GhVLNs were distributed across 12 of the 26 chromosomes. These genes exhibit specific structures and protein motifs corresponding to their respective groups. GhVLN promoters are enriched with cis-elements related to abiotic stress responses, hormonal signals, and developmental processes. Notably, a significant number of cis-elements were associated with the light responses. Additionally, our analysis of gene-expression patterns indicated that most GhVLNs were expressed in various tissues, with certain members exhibiting particularly high expression levels in sepals, stems, and tori, as well as in stress responses. The present study potentially provides fundamental insights into the VLN gene family and could serve as a valuable reference for further elucidating the diverse functions of VLN genes in cotton.

The VILLIN (VLN) protein plays a crucial role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton, which is involved in numerous developmental processes, and is crucial for plant responses to both biotic and abiotic factors. Although various plants have been studied to understand the VLN gene family and its potential functions, there has been limited exploration of VLN genes in Gossypium and fiber crops. In the present study, we characterized 94 VLNs from Gossypium species and 101 VLNs from related higher plants such as Oryza sativa and Zea mays and some fungal, algal, and animal species. By combining these VLN sequences with other Gossypium spp., we classified the VLN gene family into three distinct groups, based on their phylogenetic relationships. A more in-depth examination of Gossypium hirsutum VLNs revealed that 14 GhVLNs were distributed across 12 of the 26 chromosomes. These genes exhibit specific structures and protein motifs corresponding to their respective groups. GhVLN promoters are enriched with cis-elements related to abiotic stress responses, hormonal signals, and developmental processes. Notably, a significant number of cis-elements were associated with the light responses. Additionally, our analysis of gene-expression patterns indicated that most GhVLNs were expressed in various tissues, with certain members exhibiting particularly high expression levels in sepals, stems, and tori, as well as in stress responses. The present study potentially provides fundamental insights into the VLN gene family and could serve as a valuable reference for further elucidating the diverse functions of VLN genes in cotton.