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Additional file 2. Details of the interventions for each of the studies included. Presents the intervention, comparators/controls, subjects, volume, and instructors/facilitators.

Additional file 1. Characteristics of the included studies. Presents the total number of participants, inclusion criteria, mean symptom duration, mean age, sex, education, and self-efficacy outcomes of the seven included studies.

Additional file 3. Results of multiple regression analyses

Additional file 1. Flow chart describing participant recruitment

Additional file 2. Scatter plots for number of steps per day and psychological characteristics

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between exercise habits and health-related quality of life(HRQOL) in “Tokuteikenshin” participants. Methods: One hundred twenty two community-dwelling “Tokuteikenshin” participants were investigated for their exercise environment by questionnaires. HRQOL was determined by SF-36. The subjects were divided into persons at maintenance stage (EA) and at precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, or action stage (NEA) according to their exercise habits by Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Results: In male, Physical Function (PF) score in HRQOL was significantly higher among participants in EA group than in NEA group (p＜0.05). In female, PF score, Vitality (VT), and Role Emotional (RE) score in HRQOL were significantly higher in EA group than NEA group (p＜0.05). In female, more people in EA group did exercise with their family or friends than those in NEA group. (p＜0.05). Discussion and Conclusions: Exercise habit may increase PF, VT and RE in HRQOL. In addition, companions during exercise may encourage their maintenance in exercise habits especially in female.

Purpose: To investigate the exercise environment expected by "Tokuteikenshin" participants. Methods: Sixty-seven community-dwelling "Tokuteikenshin" participants were investigated in this study. Blood tests and anthro-pometric measurements were conducted. We also investigated the lifestyle and environment expected by the subjects by questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their expected habits by Transtheoretical Model (TIM): persons at maintenance stage (EA:20 female, 23 male, mean age 63.5±5.7) and at precontemplation, contemplation. preparation or action stage (NEA:11 female, 13 male, mean age 63.4±5.6). The outcome measures were compared between EA group and NEA group. Results: Diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in EA group. There was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. There were more participants at the maintenance stage in eating habit (TTM) in EA group (p=0.046). More persons in EA group agreed "Do exerecise if you are introduced the companion of exercise" than those in NEA group (p=0.002). Discussion and Conclusions: Having several companions during exercise may encourage their maintenance in exercise habits. In addition, eating habit may be important in the continuation of exercise.