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Molecular phylogenetic analyses have addressed the systematic position of several major Northern Hemisphere lineages of Pezizales but the taxa of the Southern Hemisphere remain understudied. This study focuses on the molecular systematics and taxonomy of Southern Hemisphere species currently treated in the genera Underwoodia and Gymnohydnotrya. Species in these genera have been identified as the monophyletic/gymnohydnotrya lineage, but no further research has been conducted to determine the evolutionary origin of this lineage or its relationship with other Pezizales lineages. Here, we present a phylogenetic study of fungal species previously described in Underwoodia and Gymnohydnotrya, with sampling of all but one described species. We revise the taxonomy of this lineage and describe three new species from the Patagonian region of South America. Our results show that none of these Southern Hemisphere species are closely related to Underwoodia columnaris, the type species of the genus Underwoodia. Accordingly, we recognize the genus Geomorium described by Spegazzini in 1922 for G. fuegianum. We propose the new family, Geomoriaceae fam. nov., to accommodate this phylogenetically and morphologically unique Southern Hemisphere lineage. Molecular dating estimated that Geomoriaceae started to diverge from its sister clade Tuberaceae c. 112 MYA, with a crown age for the family in the late Cretaceous (c. 67 MYA). This scenario fits well with a Gondwanan origin of the family before the split of Australia and South America from Antarctica during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (c. 50 MYA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine new genera, 17 new species, nine new combinations, seven epitypes, three lectotypes, one neotype, and 14 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: Neobarrmaelia (based on Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes ), Neobryochiton (based on Neobryochiton narthecii ), Neocamarographium (based on Neocamarographium carpini ), Nothocladosporium (based on Nothocladosporium syzygii ), Nothopseudocercospora (based on Nothopseudocercospora dictamni ), Paracamarographium (based on Paracamarographium koreanum ), Pseudohormonema (based on Pseudohormonema sordidus ), Quasiphoma (based on Quasiphoma hyphaenes ), Rapidomyces (based on Rapidomyces narthecii ). New species: Ascocorticium sorbicola (on leaves of Sorbus aucuparia , Belgium), Dactylaria retrophylli (on leaves of Retrophyllum rospigliosii , Colombia), Dactylellina miltoniae (on twigs of Miltonia clowesii , Colombia), Exophiala eucalyptigena (on dead leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis subsp . viminalis supporting Idolothrips spectrum , Australia), Idriellomyces syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum , South Africa), Microcera lichenicola (on Parmelia sulcata , Netherlands), Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Neobryochiton narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum , Netherlands), Niesslia pseudoexilis (on dead leaf of Quercus petraea , Serbia), Nothocladosporium syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum , South Africa), Nothotrimmatostroma corymbiae (on leaves of Corymbia henryi , South Africa), Phaeosphaeria hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Pseudohormonema sordidus (on a from human pacemaker, USA), Quasiphoma hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Rapidomyces narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum , Netherlands), Reticulascus parahennebertii (on dead culm of Juncus inflexus , Netherlands), Scytalidium philadelphianum (from compressed air in a factory, USA). New combinations: Neobarrmaelia serenoae , Nothopseudocercospora dictamni , Dothiora viticola , Floricola sulcata , Neocamarographium carpini , Paracamarographium koreanum , Rhexocercosporidium bellocense , Russula lilacina . Epitypes: Elsinoe corni (on leaves of Cornus florida , USA), Leptopeltis litigiosa (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Nothopseudocercospora dictamni (on living leaves of Dictamnus albus , Russia), Ramularia arvensis (on leaves of Potentilla reptans , Netherlands), Rhexocercosporidium bellocense (on leaves of Verbascum sp., Germany), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia , Belgium). Lectotypes: Leptopeltis litigiosa Crous PW, Begoude BAD, Boers J, Braun U, Declercq B, Dijksterhuis J, Elliott TF, Garay-Rodriguez GA, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Linde CC, Loyd A, Mound L, Osieck ER, Rivera-Vargas LI, Quimbita AM, Rodas CA, Roux J, Schumacher RK, Starink-Willemse M, Thangavel R, Trappe JM, van Iperen AL, Van Steenwinkel C, Wells A, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Groenewald JZ (2022) New and Interesting Fungi. 5. Pteridium aquilinum , France), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia , Belgium). Neotype: Camarographium stephensii (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands). Citation: Crous PW, Begoude BAD, Boers J, Braun U, Declercq B, Dijksterhuis J, Elliott TF, Garay-Rodriguez GA, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Linde CC, Loyd A, Mound L, Osieck ER, Rivera-Vargas LI, Quimbita AM, Rodas CA, Roux J, Schumacher RK, Starink-Willemse M, Thangavel R, Trappe JM, van Iperen AL, Van Steenwinkel C, Wells A, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Groenewald JZ (2022) New and Interesting Fungi. 5. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 10 : 19-90. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.10.02., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

The consumption of fungi by animals is a significant trophic interaction in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet the role mammals play in these associations has been incompletely studied. In this review, we compile 1 154 references published over the last 146 years and provide the first comprehensive global review of mammal species known to eat fungi (508 species in 15 orders). We review experimental studies that found viable fungal inoculum in the scats of at least 40 mammal species, including spores from at least 58 mycorrhizal fungal species that remained viable after ingestion by mammals. We provide a summary of mammal behaviours relating to the consumption of fungi, the nutritional importance of fungi for mammals, and the role of mammals in fungal spore dispersal. We also provide evidence to suggest that the morphological evolution of sequestrate fungal sporocarps (fruiting bodies) has likely been driven in part by the dispersal advantages provided by mammals. Finally, we demonstrate how these interconnected associations are widespread globally and have far-reaching ecological implications for mammals, fungi and associated plants in most terrestrial ecosystems. Citation: Elliott TF, Truong C, Jackson S, Zúñiga CL, Trappe JM, Vernes K (2022). Mammalian mycophagy: a global review of ecosystem interactions between mammals and fungi. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 9 : 99-159. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.09.07., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

Balsamia , a hypogeous, sequestrate genus in the Helvellaceae , has been characterized variously as having three to eight species in North America, and these have been considered either different from or conspecific with European species. No available modern systematic treatment of Balsamia exists to allow for accurate identification at the species level. We sequenced DNA from recent western North American Balsamia collections, assessed relationships by sequence similarity, and identified molecular taxonomic units. From these data, we determined which matched descriptions and types of named species. ITS sequences supported 12 Balsamia species in western North America, five originally described by Harkness and Fischer and seven new species that we describe here. No sequences from Balsamia collections in western North America were nested among those of European species. We found no clear evidence for separation of Balsamia into multiple genera., (© 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

Two corrections are needed to our revision of sequestrate Russula nomenclature (Elliott & Trappe 2018). Decisions are based on the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al . 2018), hereafter referred to as the " Shenzhen Cod e". We present them in the same format as the original publication to facilitate comparison of the corrections with the previous publication., (© 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

We describe three new species of Elaphomyces from eastern North America. Of the three, Elaphomyces loebiae is the rarest, known only from North Carolina and South Carolina, and appears to associate primarily with ectomycorrhizal hardwoods but possibly also with conifers. Elaphomyces cibulae is widely distributed but disjunct from Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina. Elaphomyces cibulae seems to primarily associate with Quercus species. Elaphomyces mitchelliae has the widest distribution of the three species, from Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia, and appears to associate with either ectomycorrhizal hardwoods and/or conifers. In the course of comparing our new Elaphomyces species to previously described European species we discovered that E. persoonii var. minor is conspecific in all essential details with and thus a synonym of E. cyanosporus ., (© 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

Before the application of molecular techniques, evolutionary relationships between sequestrate genera and their epigeous counterparts in the Russulaceae were unclear. Based on overwhelming evidence now available, personal observations, and consideration of the International Code for Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants, we combine the overlapping sequestrate generic names Bucholtzia, Cystangium , Elasmomyces , Gymnomyces , Macowanites , and Martellia with the agaricoid genus Russula . This nomenclatural action follows precedents set by earlier mycologists and continues an effort to create clarity in our understanding of the evolutionary affiliations among sequestrate fungi - particularly the Russulaceae . We also provide the first comprehensive list of described sequestrate species of Russula ., (© 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and evolution of sequestrate fungi (with gastroid or partially exposed basidiomes) in relation to their gilled relatives from the Cortinariaceae (Basidiomycetes). Phylogenetic analyses of 151 ITS sequences from 77 gilled species and 37 sequestrate taxa were performed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Results show that sequestrate basidiome forms occur in all three major ectomycorrhizal lineages of Cortinariaceae: the clades Cortinarius, Hebeloma/Hymenogaster/Naucoria, and Descolea. However, these forms do not appear within the saprobic outgroup Gymnopilus, indicating multiple origins of sequestrate forms from ectomycorrhizal ancestors. Additionally, within the Cortinarius clade sequestrate forms have multiple origins: emergent Cortinarius spp., Thaxterogaster, Quadrispora, Protoglossum, and two Hymenogaster spp. (H. remyi, H. sublilacinus) share common ancestors with Cortinarius spp., but these sequestrate genera are not closely related to each other (with exception of Thaxterogaster and Quadrispora). Hymenogaster sensu stricto, Setchelliogaster, and Descomyces were placed in the two other major clades. Thus, sequestrate taxa evolved independently many times within brown-spored Agaricales. Furthermore, emergent, secotioid, and gastroid forms have evolved independently from each other, and so are not necessarily intermediate forms. After their establishment, these apparently morphologically stable taxa show a tendency to radiate.

Ectomycorrhizas of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco were synthesized in pure culture with Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton, Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith, or Suillus lakei (Murr.) Smith and Thiers. The mycorrhizal plants were grown in sterile vessels with peat/vermiculite plus 14 C labelled hemicellulose, cellulose, Douglas fir needles, or humic polymers as an organic substrate. The sum of the 14 C respired and that found in the seedling after 240 d of growth was used to quantify decomposition of the labelled substrates. All mycobionts released at least 20-30% of the 14 C in hemicellulose and all were able to release 14 C from cellulose and needles, escept L. buolttr, which failed to release 14 C from needles. S. lakei released the largest amount of 14 C from cellulose. C. geophilum, S. lakei and R. filticolor released similar amounts of 14 C from needles. Generally, substrates could be ranked in terms of ease of breakdown by the ectomycorrhizal fungi as follows: humic polymers < needles < cellulose < hemicellulose.