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Introduction: Methomyl (MET) is a carbamate insecticide, used in agriculture and public health to eliminate harmful insects. Besides its advantages in agriculture, it causes neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MET on Spatial Working Memory (SWM), oxidative stress parameters, and histopathological changes in the hippocampus, as well as the possible protective role of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil (EO). Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups of six animals: group I as the control that received the vehicle; group II received EO (75 mg/kg b.w), group III received MET (2 mg/kg b.w); and group IV received both MET and EO. The rats were administered the respective doses orally by gavage for 28 days. SWM was assessed using Y-maze on the day before the first treatment and day 28 after the last dose. They were sacrificed by decapitation and their brains were taken for assessing oxidative stress parameters and histopathological analysis. Results: MET treatment caused SWM deficits. Furthermore, drastic changes were observed in aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. The level of malondialdehyde significantly increased, whereas antioxidant (glutathione-S-transferase and catalase) enzyme activities significantly decreased. The CA1 region of the hippocampus of rats exposed to MET revealed severe histological alterations. However, supplementation with EO improved SWM and partially restored the activities of antioxidant systems and prevented neuronal cell damage. Conclusion: P. graveolens EO has the potential in mitigating most of the adverse effects in the hippocampus and prevents SWM impairment induced by MET toxicity.

In this paper we prove that the image of a nth order derivation on real commutative Banach ℓ-algebras with positive squares is contained in the set of nilpotent elements.

The purpose of this study was to identify the principal components of the essential oil extracted from Fortunella margarita peels via hydrodistillation and to evaluate in vitro its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and toxicity properties. Among the detected compounds were limonene, D-germacrene, ß-myrcene, and a-pinene. Method of inhibiting the denaturation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was utilized to assess the antiinflammatory properties of Fortunella margarita. At a concentration of 400 g/mL, a high anti-inflammatory effect was observed. The percentage of BSA protection against heat increased with increasing concentration. Also, the evaluation of antidiabetic activity by glucose uptake by yeast cells revealed that Fortunella margarita was more effective than the standard drug novoformine in the presence of 5 mM glucose. The antioxidant potential of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power and ß-carotene/linoleic acid tests, where the essential oil had much lower antioxidant activity. A bioassay on the lethality of brine shrimp was conducted to determine the toxicity of the essential oil. The study reveals that the essential oil is a possible source of important bioactive compounds and that its constituents may exhibit synergistic effects. Our findings suggest that the essential oil from Fortunella margarita could be used in the future as a substitute for synthetic anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals and the antidiabetic properties of Origanum floribundum aqueous extract. Phytochemical screening was conducted by using various standard procedures. Acute toxicity of the extract was determined by OECD guidelines 423. The antidiabetic activity of the plant was determined by alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats. Data obtained showed the detection of various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids in the extract. No mortality was observed during acute toxicity studies up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The aqueous extract presented the ability of reducing blood glucose levels. These findings indicated that Origanum floribundum aqueous extract had various phytopharmacological activities and thus it would be useful to isolate and characterize the compounds responsible for these bioactivities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a bioflavonoid, hesperidin (HP), on formaldehyde (FA)-related pathophysiological and behavioral outcomes in pregnant rats and developmental aspects in their offspring. Female Wistar rats were subjected to perigestational exposure to FA (2 mg/kg/day per os ) with a concomitant treatment with HP (50 mg/kg/day per os ). Pregnant rats were weighed throughout gestation and tested in two behavioral paradigms (elevated plus-maze and open field) at gestational days (GD) 1, 10 and 19 to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior and locomotive alterations. Another subset of rats was decapitated at GD19 to determine the hematological profile along with cortisol, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone plasma levels. Reproductive and fetal measures and observations were also performed to check for developmental deformities. Significant body weight loss, hemato-immune decline, hormonal changes, anxiety and lethargy signs, locomotor disabilities, reproductive failure and fetal weight decrease were observed in FA-exposed rats. Treatment with HP alleviated the reproductive and fetal weight defects. Its behavioral benefits were only seen at GD1 and 10. This flavanone ameliorated some hematological parameters, decreased cortisol levels and increased 17β-estradiol rates. A potential preventive impact of HP was found against FA toxicity in pregnant rats.