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Modern day Language Models see extensive use in text classification, yet this comes at significant computational cost. Compute-effective classification models are needed for low-resource environments, most notably on edge devices. We introduce Adaptable Embeddings Networks (AEN), a novel dual-encoder architecture using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). This architecture allows for runtime adaptation of classification criteria without retraining and is non-autoregressive. Through thorough synthetic data experimentation, we demonstrate our model outputs comparable and in certain cases superior results to that of autoregressive models an order of magnitude larger than AEN's size. The architecture's ability to preprocess and cache condition embeddings makes it ideal for edge computing applications and real-time monitoring systems., Comment: 20 pages

Video captioning aims to describe video contents using natural language format that involves understanding and interpreting scenes, actions and events that occurs simultaneously on the view. Current approaches have mainly concentrated on visual cues, often neglecting the rich information available from other important modality of audio information, including their inter-dependencies. In this work, we introduce a novel video captioning method trained with multi-modal contrastive loss that emphasizes both multi-modal integration and interpretability. Our approach is designed to capture the dependency between these modalities, resulting in more accurate, thus pertinent captions. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of interpretability, employing multiple attention mechanisms that provide explanation into the model's decision-making process. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method performs favorably against the state-of the-art models on commonly used benchmark datasets of MSR-VTT and VATEX.

Motivated by a recent pseudo-spin model for monolayer-bilayer phase transitions in silver-based honeycomb layered materials, we propose that the critical pseudo-magnetic fields in such systems correspond to both the infinite-channel Feshbach resonance widths of a (Fermi-Dirac/Bose-Einstein/etc.) condensate in 2 dimensions, and equivalently to the Lee-Yang zeros of the Ising model of two pseudo-spins with a partition function corresponding to a class of functions that must include the Riemann Xi function. Identifying the quantum-mechanical operator that yields the discontinuous/random/topological spectrum of the critical pseudo-magnetic fields in such systems offers a tenable realisation of the Hilbert-P\'{o}lya conjecture., Comment: 14 pages

Chiral symmetry is a fundamental property with profound implications for the properties of elementary particles, that implies a spectral symmetry (i.e. E => -E ) in their dispersion relation. In condensed matter physics, chiral symmetry is frequently associated with superconductors or materials hosting Dirac fermions such as graphene or topological insulators. There, chiral symmetry is an emergent low-energy property, accompanied by an emergent spectral symmetry. While the chiral symmetry can be broken by crystal distortion or external perturbations, the spectral symmetry frequently survives. As the presence of spectral symmetry does not necessarily imply chiral symmetry, the question arises how these two properties can be experimentally differentiated. Here, we demonstrate how a system with preserved spectral symmetry can reveal underlying broken chiral symmetry using topological defects. Our study shows that these defects induce a spectral imbalance in the Landau level spectrum, providing direct evidence of symmetry alteration at topological domain walls. Using high-resolution STM/STS we demonstrate the intricate interplay between chiral and translational symmetry which is broken at step edges in topological crystalline insulator Pb$_{1-x}$Sn$_x$Se. The chiral symmetry breaking leads to a shift in the guiding center coordinates of the Landau orbitals near the step edge, thus resulting in a distinct chiral flow of the spectral density of Landau levels. This study underscores the pivotal role of topological defects as sensitive probes for detecting hidden symmetries, offering profound insights into emergent phenomena with implications for fundamental physics., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, Supplementary Material

Nematic quantum fluids appear in strongly interacting systems and break the rotational symmetry of the crystallographic lattice. In metals, this is connected to a well-known instability of the Fermi liquid-the Pomeranchuk instability. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we identified this instability in a highly unusual setting: on the surface of an elemental topological metal, arsenic. By directly visualizing the Fermi surface of the surface state via scanning tunneling spectroscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, we find that the Fermi surface gets deformed and becomes elliptical at the energies where the nematic state is present. Known instances of nematic instability typically need van-Hove singularities or multi-orbital physics as drivers. In contrast, the surface states of arsenic are essentially indistinguishable from well-confined isotropic Rashba bands near the Fermi level, rendering our finding the first realization of Pomeranchuk instability of the topological surface state.

The emergent space paradigm is a unique way to understand the universe's expansion. In this paradigm, as proposed by Padmanabhan in the context of Einstein's gravity the expansion of the universe is driven by the difference between the degrees of freedom on the horizon surface and that within the bulk enclosed by the horizon. This principle called the law of emergence, has been extended to more general gravity theories like Gauss-Bonnet and Lovelock gravity. We derive the law of emergence for braneword models of gravity, starting from the more fundamental and well established principle, the first law of thermodynamics. More specifically, we derive the law of emergence in the context of RS II braneworld, warped DGP model and Gauss-Bonnet braneworld. The significance of the braneworld theory is that the observable universe could be a 3+1 surface or brane embedded in 3+1+d dimensional bulk spacetime. We further compared the derived law with the one proposed by Sheykhi for braneworld models. Our results strongly suggests that the unified first law of thermodynamics is the backbone of the law of emergence., Comment: 12 pages

The aggressiveness of prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men worldwide, is primarily assessed based on histopathological data using the Gleason scoring system. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in accurately predicting Gleason scores, these predictions often lack inherent explainability, potentially leading to distrust in human-machine interactions. To address this issue, we introduce a novel dataset of 1,015 tissue microarray core images, annotated by an international group of 54 pathologists. The annotations provide detailed localized pattern descriptions for Gleason grading in line with international guidelines. Utilizing this dataset, we develop an inherently explainable AI system based on a U-Net architecture that provides predictions leveraging pathologists' terminology. This approach circumvents post-hoc explainability methods while maintaining or exceeding the performance of methods trained directly for Gleason pattern segmentation (Dice score: 0.713 $\pm$ 0.003 trained on explanations vs. 0.691 $\pm$ 0.010 trained on Gleason patterns). By employing soft labels during training, we capture the intrinsic uncertainty in the data, yielding strong results in Gleason pattern segmentation even in the context of high interobserver variability. With the release of this dataset, we aim to encourage further research into segmentation in medical tasks with high levels of subjectivity and to advance the understanding of pathologists' reasoning processes., Comment: 58 pages, 15 figures (incl. supplementary)

In the rapidly evolving landscape of veterinary healthcare, integrating machine learning (ML) clinical decision-making tools with electronic health records (EHRs) promises to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient care. However, the seamless integration of ML classifiers into existing EHRs in veterinary medicine is frequently hindered by the rigidity of EHR systems or the limited availability of IT resources. To address this shortcoming, we present Anna, a freely-available software solution that provides ML classifier results for EHR laboratory data in real-time.

The NOvA collaboration reports cross-section measurements for $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current interactions with low hadronic energy (maximum kinetic energy of 250 MeV for protons and 175 MeV for pions) in the NOvA Near Detector. The results are presented as a double-differential cross section as a function of the direct observables of the final-state muon kinematics. Results are also presented as a single-differential cross section as a function of the derived square of the four-momentum transfer, $Q^{2}$, and as a function of the derived neutrino energy. The data correspond to an accumulated 8.09$\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the neutrino mode of the NuMI beam, with a narrow band of neutrino energies peaked at 1.8 GeV. The analysis provides a sample of neutrino-nucleus interactions with an enhanced fraction of quasi-elastic and two-particle-two-hole (2p2h) interactions. This enhancement allows quantitative comparisons with various nuclear models. We find strong disagreement between data and theory-based models in various regions of the muon kinematic phase space, especially in the forward muon direction., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. The second version includes an additional citation and adds four previously missing authors

The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870$\mu$m wavelength (345$\,$GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth, and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on inter-continental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in October 2018. The longest-baseline detections approach 11$\,$G$\lambda$ corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19$\mu$as. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870$\mu$m is comparable to that at 1.3$\,$mm on the relevant integration time scales between 2 and 100$\,$s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870$\mu$m. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time., Comment: Corresponding author: S. Doeleman

UI prototyping often involves iterating and blending elements from examples such as screenshots and sketches, but current tools offer limited support for incorporating these examples. Inspired by the cognitive process of conceptual blending, we introduce a novel UI workflow that allows developers to rapidly incorporate diverse aspects from design examples into work-in-progress UIs. We prototyped this workflow as Misty. Through an exploratory first-use study with 14 frontend developers, we assessed Misty's effectiveness and gathered feedback on this workflow. Our findings suggest that Misty's conceptual blending workflow helps developers kickstart creative explorations, flexibly specify intent in different stages of prototyping, and inspires developers through serendipitous UI blends. Misty demonstrates the potential for tools that blur the boundaries between developers and designers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have substantially improved dermatologists' diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, with explainable AI (XAI) systems further enhancing clinicians' confidence and trust in AI-driven decisions. Despite these advancements, there remains a critical need for objective evaluation of how dermatologists engage with both AI and XAI tools. In this study, 76 dermatologists participated in a reader study, diagnosing 16 dermoscopic images of melanomas and nevi using an XAI system that provides detailed, domain-specific explanations. Eye-tracking technology was employed to assess their interactions. Diagnostic performance was compared with that of a standard AI system lacking explanatory features. Our findings reveal that XAI systems improved balanced diagnostic accuracy by 2.8 percentage points relative to standard AI. Moreover, diagnostic disagreements with AI/XAI systems and complex lesions were associated with elevated cognitive load, as evidenced by increased ocular fixations. These insights have significant implications for clinical practice, the design of AI tools for visual tasks, and the broader development of XAI in medical diagnostics.

Extending the standard $\Lambda$CDM model by considering dissipative effects within a causal viscous framework, and obtaining an analytical solution for the Hubble parameter remains a challenge in the literature. In this work, we resolve this dilemma by deriving a complete and original solution for the Hubble parameter by introducing a novel form for the bulk viscous coefficient associated with bulk viscous dark matter (vDM). A thorough analysis of the model is conducted by deriving theoretical constraints on the parameters and comparing the model with the latest observational data sets. Intriguingly, we find that the model predicts a sign-switching bulk viscous pressure, which facilitates both the early decelerated expansion and the late accelerated expansion of the universe. Also, the redshift at which the viscous pressure switches sign is found to be strongly correlated with the relaxation time parameter of the viscous fluid. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that, the model satisfies both the covariant and generalized second law of thermodynamics as well as the convexity condition for entropy. Additionally, we reconstructed the model by unifying viscous dark matter and dark energy into a single unified dark matter (UDM) component, and found that this unified model predicts identical dynamical evolution for the Universe, while satisfying the necessary near-equilibrium condition throughout that evolution (both in early and late phases)., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures

In this paper we develop a classification of real functions based on growth rates of repeated iteration. We show how functions are naturally distinguishable when considering inverses of repeated iterations. For example, $n+2\to 2n\to 2^n\to 2^{\cdot^{\cdot^2}}$ ($n$-times) etc. and their inverse functions $x-2, x/2, \log x/\log 2,$ etc. Based on this idea and some regularity conditions we define classes of functions, with $x+2$, $2x$, $2^x$ in the first three classes. We prove various properties of these classes which reveal their nature, including a `uniqueness' property. We exhibit examples of functions lying between consecutive classes and indicate how this implies these gaps are very `large'. Indeed, we suspect the existence of a continuum of such classes., Comment: 23 pages. To appear in Fundamenta Mathematicae

In this paper we obtain a mean value theorem for a general Dirichlet series $f(s)= \sum_{j=1}^\infty a_j n_j^{-s}$ with positive coefficients for which the counting function $A(x) = \sum_{n_{j}\le x}a_{j}$ satisfies $A(x)=\rho x + O(x^\beta)$ for some $\rho>0$ and $\beta<1$. We prove that $\frac1T\int_0^T |f(\sigma+it)|^2\, dt \to \sum_{j=1}^\infty a_j^2n_j^{-2\sigma}$ for $\sigma>\frac{1+\beta}{2}$ and obtain an upper bound for this moment for $\beta<\sigma\le \frac{1+\beta}{2}$. We provide a number of examples indicating the sharpness of our results., Comment: To appear in Quart. J. Math

Due to the presence of flat Chern bands, moir\'e transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) bilayers are a platform to realize strongly correlated topological phases of fermions such as fractional Chern insulators. TMDs are also known to host long-lived excitons, which inherit the topology of the underlying Chern bands. For the particular example of MoTe$_2$/WSe$_2$ heterobilayers we perform a time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculation to identify a regime in the phase diagram where the excitons themselves form a topological flat band. This paves a way towards realizing strongly correlated states of bosons in moir\'e TMDs., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures (4 pages in supplement)

Quantum simulation with adiabatic annealing can provide insight into difficult problems that are impossible to study with classical computers. However, it deteriorates when the systems scale up due to the shrinkage of the excitation gap and thus places an annealing rate bottleneck for high success probability. Here, we accelerate quantum simulation using digital multi-qubit gates that entangle primary system qubits with the ancillary qubits. The practical benefits originate from tuning the ancillary gauge degrees of freedom to enhance the quantum algorithm's original functionality in the system subspace. For simple but nontrivial short-ranged, infinite long-ranged transverse-field Ising models, and the hydrogen molecule model after qubit encoding, we show improvement in the time to solution by one hundred percent but with higher accuracy through exact state-vector numerical simulation in a digital-analog setting. The findings are further supported by time-averaged Hamiltonian theory.

Multifractal analysis is a powerful tool for characterizing the localization properties of wave functions. Despite its utility, this tool has been predominantly applied to disordered Hermitian systems. Multifractal statistics associated with the non-Hermitian skin effect remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the tree geometry induces multifractal statistics for the single-particle skin states on the Cayley tree. This sharply contrasts with the absence of multifractal properties for conventional single-particle skin effects in crystalline lattices. Our work uncovers the unique feature of the skin effect on the Cayley tree and provides a novel mechanism for inducing multifractality in open quantum systems without disorder., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures

This study examines the statistical fluctuations in energy on the Hubble horizon and the Komar energy, which represents the total gravitational energy within the horizon, as the universe expands. Our analysis reveals that these fluctuations generally decrease over time but experience a pronounced spike during the universe's transition into its later accelerated expansion phase. In the framework of the standard $\Lambda$CDM model, the evolution of these fluctuations shows similar behaviour, eventually stabilising at a constant minimum value. We also find that these fluctuations are holographically connected, provided the universe ends in a de Sitter phase. This holographic connection suggests that in the final de Sitter epoch, the relative fluctuations of the horizon energy and the Komar energy are equivalent, and satisfies, $\sigma_H^2/\left^2=1/N_{surf}=1/N_{bulk} = \sigma_V^2/\left^2.$, Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures

Accessibility is crucial for inclusive app usability, yet developers often struggle to identify and fix app accessibility issues due to a lack of awareness, expertise, and inadequate tools. Current accessibility testing tools can identify accessibility issues but may not always provide guidance on how to address them. We introduce FixAlly, an automated tool designed to suggest source code fixes for accessibility issues detected by automated accessibility scanners. FixAlly employs a multi-agent LLM architecture to generate fix strategies, localize issues within the source code, and propose code modification suggestions to fix the accessibility issue. Our empirical study demonstrates FixAlly's capability in suggesting fixes that resolve issues found by accessibility scanners -- with an effectiveness of 77% in generating plausible fix suggestions -- and our survey of 12 iOS developers finds they would be willing to accept 69.4% of evaluated fix suggestions., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

Superconductivity involving finite momentum pairing can lead to spatial gap and pair density modulations, as well as Bogoliubov Fermi states within the superconducting gap. However, the experimental realization of their intertwined relations has been challenging. Here, we detect chiral kagome superconductivity modulations with residual Fermi arcs in KV3Sb5 and CsV3Sb5 by normal and Josephson scanning tunneling microscopy down to 30mK with resolved electronic energy difference at microelectronvolt level. We observe a U-shaped superconducting gap with flat residual in-gap states. This gap exhibits chiral 2 by 2 spatial modulations with magnetic field tunable chirality, which align with the chiral 2 by 2 pair density modulations observed through Josephson tunneling. These findings demonstrate a chiral pair density wave (PDW) that breaks time-reversal symmetry. Quasiparticle interference imaging of the in-gap zero-energy states reveals segmented arcs, with high-temperature data linking them to parts of the reconstructed V d-orbital states within the charge order. The detected residual Fermi arcs can be explained by the partial suppression of these d-orbital states through an interorbital 2 by 2 PDW and thus serve as candidate Bogoliubov Fermi states. Additionally, we differentiate the observed PDW order from impurity-induced gap modulations. Our observations not only uncover a chiral PDW order with orbital-selectivity, but also illuminate the fundamental space-momentum correspondence inherent in finite momentum paired superconductivity., Comment: To appear in Nature (2024)

The kagome spin ice can host frustrated magnetic excitations by flipping its local spin. Under an inelastic tunneling condition, the tip in a scanning tunneling microscope can flip the local spin, and we apply this technique to kagome metal HoAgGe with a long-range ordered spin ice ground state. Away from defects, we discover a pair of pronounced dips in the local tunneling spectrum at symmetrical bias voltages with negative intensity values, serving as a striking inelastic tunneling signal. This signal disappears above the spin ice formation temperature and has a dependence on the magnetic fields, demonstrating its intimate relation with the spin ice magnetism. We provide a two-level spin-flip model to explain the tunneling dips considering the spin ice magnetism under spin-orbit coupling. Our results uncover a local emergent excitation of spin ice magnetism in a kagome metal, suggesting that local electrical field induced spin flip climbs over a barrier caused by spin-orbital locking.

Vision-language artificial intelligence models (VLMs) possess medical knowledge and can be employed in healthcare in numerous ways, including as image interpreters, virtual scribes, and general decision support systems. However, here, we demonstrate that current VLMs applied to medical tasks exhibit a fundamental security flaw: they can be attacked by prompt injection attacks, which can be used to output harmful information just by interacting with the VLM, without any access to its parameters. We performed a quantitative study to evaluate the vulnerabilities to these attacks in four state of the art VLMs which have been proposed to be of utility in healthcare: Claude 3 Opus, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Reka Core, and GPT-4o. Using a set of N=297 attacks, we show that all of these models are susceptible. Specifically, we show that embedding sub-visual prompts in medical imaging data can cause the model to provide harmful output, and that these prompts are non-obvious to human observers. Thus, our study demonstrates a key vulnerability in medical VLMs which should be mitigated before widespread clinical adoption., Comment: 57 Pages, 5 Figures

The geodetic and astrometric VLBI community is in the process of upgrading its existing infrastructure with VGOS. The primary objective of VGOS is to substantially boost the number of scans per hour for enhanced parameter estimation. However, the current observing strategy results in fewer scans than anticipated. During 2022, six 24-hour VGOS R&D sessions were conducted to demonstrate a proof-of-concept aimed at addressing this shortcoming. The new observation strategy centers around a signal-to-noise (SNR)-based scheduling approach combined with eliminating existing overhead times in existing VGOS sessions. Two SNR-based scheduling approaches were tested during these sessions: one utilizing inter-/extrapolation of existing S/X source flux density models and another based on a newly derived source flux density catalog at VGOS frequencies. Both approaches proved effective, leading to a 2.3-fold increase in the number of scheduled scans per station and a 2.6-fold increase in the number of observations per station, while maintaining a high observation success rate of approximately 90-95%. Consequently, both strategies succeeded in the main objective of these sessions by successfully increasing the number of scans per hour. The strategies described in this work can be easily applied to operational VGOS observations. Besides outlining and discussing the observation strategy, we further provide insight into the resulting signal-to-noise ratios, and discuss the impact on the precision of the estimated geodetic parameters. Monte Carlo simulations predicted a roughly 50% increase in geodetic precision compared to operational VGOS sessions. The analysis confirmed that the formal errors in estimated station coordinates were reduced by 40-50%. Additionally, Earth orientation parameters showed significant improvement, with a 40-50% reduction in formal errors.

The topology of an insulator can be defined even when all eigenstates of the system are localized - an extreme case of Anderson insulators that we call ultra-localized. We derive the classification of such ultra-localized insulators in all symmetry classes and dimensions. We clarify their bulk-boundary correspondence and show that ultra-localized systems are in many instances phases of matter not described by the known classification of topological insulators and superconductors.

The large volume and variety of imaging data from high-throughput screening (HTS) in the pharmaceutical industry present an excellent resource for training virtual staining models. However, the potential of models trained under one set of experimental conditions to generalize to other conditions remains underexplored. This study systematically investigates whether data from three cell types (lung, ovarian, and breast) and two phenotypes (toxic and non-toxic conditions) commonly found in HTS can effectively train virtual staining models to generalize across three typical HTS distribution shifts: unseen phenotypes, unseen cell types, and the combination of both. Utilizing a dataset of 772,416 paired bright-field, cytoplasm, nuclei, and DNA-damage stain images, we evaluate the generalization capabilities of models across pixel-based, instance-wise, and biological-feature-based levels. Our findings indicate that training virtual nuclei and cytoplasm models on non-toxic condition samples not only generalizes to toxic condition samples but leads to improved performance across all evaluation levels compared to training on toxic condition samples. Generalization to unseen cell types shows variability depending on the cell type; models trained on ovarian or lung cell samples often perform well under other conditions, while those trained on breast cell samples consistently show poor generalization. Generalization to unseen cell types and phenotypes shows good generalization across all levels of evaluation compared to addressing unseen cell types alone. This study represents the first large-scale, data-centric analysis of the generalization capability of virtual staining models trained on diverse HTS datasets, providing valuable strategies for experimental training data generation.

Using comprehensive exact diagonalization calculations on $\theta \approx 3.7 ^{\circ}$ twisted bilayer MoTe$_2$ ($t$MoTe$_2$), as well as idealized Landau level models also relevant for lower $\theta$, we extract general principles for engineering fractional topological insulators (FTIs) in realistic situations. First, in a Landau level setup at $\nu=1/3+1/3$, we investigate what features of the interaction destroy an FTI. For both pseudopotential interactions and realistic screened Coulomb interactions, we find that sufficient suppression of the short-range repulsion is needed for stabilizing an FTI. We then study $\theta \approx 3.7 ^{\circ}$ $t$MoTe$_2$ with realistic band-mixing and anisotropic non-local dielectric screening. Our finite-size calculations only find an FTI phase at $\nu=-4/3$ in the presence of a significant additional short-range attraction $g$ that acts to counter the Coulomb repulsion at short distances. We discuss how further finite-size drifts, dielectric engineering, Landau level character, and band-mixing effects may reduce the required value of $g$ closer towards the experimentally relevant conditions of $t$MoTe$_2$. Projective calculations into the $n=1$ Landau level, which resembles the second valence band of $\theta\simeq 2.1^\circ$ $t$MoTe$_2$, do not yield FTIs for any $g$, suggesting that FTIs at low-angle $t$MoTe$_2$ for $\nu=-8/3$ and $-10/3$ may be unlikely. While our study highlights the challenges, at least for the fillings considered, to obtaining an FTI with transport plateaus, even in large-angle $t$MoTe$_2$ where fractional Chern insulators are experimentally established, we also provide potential sample-engineering routes to improve the stability of FTI phases., Comment: 6+36 pages

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized to assist in scientific and academic writing, helping authors enhance the coherence of their articles. Previous studies have highlighted stereotypes and biases present in LLM outputs, emphasizing the need to evaluate these models for their alignment with human narrative styles and potential gender biases. In this study, we assess the alignment of three prominent LLMs - Claude 3 Opus, Mistral AI Large, and Gemini 1.5 Flash - by analyzing their performance on benchmark text-generation tasks for scientific abstracts. We employ the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) framework to extract lexical, psychological, and social features from the generated texts. Our findings indicate that, while these models generally produce text closely resembling human authored content, variations in stylistic features suggest significant gender biases. This research highlights the importance of developing LLMs that maintain a diversity of writing styles to promote inclusivity in academic discourse.

Novel states of matter arise in quantum materials due to strong interactions among electrons. A nematic phase breaks the point group symmetry of the crystal lattice and is known to emerge in correlated materials. Here we report the observation of an intra-unit-cell nematic order and signatures of Pomeranchuk instability in the Kagome metal ScV6Sn6. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we reveal a stripe-like nematic order breaking the crystal rotational symmetry within the Kagome lattice itself. Moreover, we identify a set of van Hove singularities adhering to the Kagome layer electrons, which appear along one direction of the Brillouin zone while being annihilated along other high-symmetry directions, revealing a rotational symmetry breaking. Via detailed spectroscopic maps, we further observe an elliptical deformation of Fermi surface, which provides direct evidence for an electronically mediated nematic order. Our work not only bridges the gap between electronic nematicity and Kagome physics, but also sheds light on the potential mechanism for realizing symmetry-broken phases in correlated electron systems., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

Gesture is an important mean of non-verbal communication, with visual modality allows human to convey information during interaction, facilitating peoples and human-machine interactions. However, it is considered difficult to automatically recognise gestures. In this work, we explore three different means to recognise hand signs using deep learning: supervised learning based methods, self-supervised methods and visualisation based techniques applied to 3D moving skeleton data. Self-supervised learning used to train fully connected, CNN and LSTM method. Then, reconstruction method is applied to unlabelled data in simulated settings using CNN as a backbone where we use the learnt features to perform the prediction in the remaining labelled data. Lastly, Grad-CAM is applied to discover the focus of the models. Our experiments results show that supervised learning method is capable to recognise gesture accurately, with self-supervised learning increasing the accuracy in simulated settings. Finally, Grad-CAM visualisation shows that indeed the models focus on relevant skeleton joints on the associated gesture., Comment: Student research project with company collaboration

Computing in the life sciences has undergone a transformative evolution, from early computational models in the 1950s to the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) seen today. This paper highlights key milestones and technological advancements through the historical development of computing in the life sciences. The discussion includes the inception of computational models for biological processes, the advent of bioinformatics tools, and the integration of AI/ML in modern life sciences research. Attention is given to AI-enabled tools used in the life sciences, such as scientific large language models and bio-AI tools, examining their capabilities, limitations, and impact to biological risk. This paper seeks to clarify and establish essential terminology and concepts to ensure informed decision-making and effective communication across disciplines., Comment: 53 pages, 4 figures, 10 tables

Large language models (LLMs) struggle to consistently generate UI code that compiles and produces visually relevant designs. Existing approaches to improve generation rely on expensive human feedback or distilling a proprietary model. In this paper, we explore the use of automated feedback (compilers and multi-modal models) to guide LLMs to generate high-quality UI code. Our method starts with an existing LLM and iteratively produces improved models by self-generating a large synthetic dataset using an original model, applying automated tools to aggressively filter, score, and de-duplicate the data into a refined higher quality dataset. The original LLM is improved by finetuning on this refined dataset. We applied our approach to several open-source LLMs and compared the resulting performance to baseline models with both automated metrics and human preferences. Our evaluation shows the resulting models outperform all other downloadable baselines and approach the performance of larger proprietary models., Comment: Accepted to NAACL 2024

The simulation of high-temperature superconducting materials by implementing strongly correlated fermionic models in optical lattices is one of the major objectives in the field of analog quantum simulation. Here we show that local control and optical bilayer capabilities combined with spatially resolved measurements create a versatile toolbox to study fundamental properties of both nickelate and cuprate high-temperature superconductors. On the one hand, we present a scheme to implement a mixed-dimensional (mixD) bilayer model that has been proposed to capture the essential pairing physics of pressurized bilayer nickelates. This allows for the long-sought realization of a state with long-range superconducting order in current lattice quantum simulation machines. In particular, we show how coherent pairing correlations can be accessed in a partially particle-hole transformed and rotated basis. On the other hand, we demonstrate that control of local gates enables the observation of $d$-wave pairing order in the two-dimensional (single-layer) repulsive Fermi-Hubbard model through the simulation of a system with attractive interactions. Lastly, we introduce a scheme to measure momentum-resolved dopant densities, providing access to observables complementary to solid-state experiments -- which is of particular interest for future studies of the enigmatic pseudogap phase appearing in cuprates., Comment: 15+5 pages

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing medical Question-Answering (medQA) through extensive use of medical literature. However, their performance is often hampered by outdated training data and a lack of explainability, which limits clinical applicability. This study aimed to create and assess UroBot, a urology-specialized chatbot, by comparing it with state-of-the-art models and the performance of urologists on urological board questions, ensuring full clinician-verifiability. UroBot was developed using OpenAI's GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and GPT-4o models, employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and the latest 2023 guidelines from the European Association of Urology (EAU). The evaluation included ten runs of 200 European Board of Urology (EBU) In-Service Assessment (ISA) questions, with performance assessed by the mean Rate of Correct Answers (RoCA). UroBot-4o achieved an average RoCA of 88.4%, surpassing GPT-4o by 10.8%, with a score of 77.6%. It was also clinician-verifiable and exhibited the highest run agreement as indicated by Fleiss' Kappa (k = 0.979). By comparison, the average performance of urologists on board questions, as reported in the literature, is 68.7%. UroBot's clinician-verifiable nature and superior accuracy compared to both existing models and urologists on board questions highlight its potential for clinical integration. The study also provides the necessary code and instructions for further development of UroBot.

Quantum simulations of Hubbard models with ultracold atoms rely on the exceptional control of coherent motion provided by optical lattices. Here we demonstrate enhanced tunability using an optical superlattice in a fermionic quantum gas microscope. With our phase-stable bichromatic design, we achieve a precise control of tunneling and tilt throughout the lattice, as evidenced by long-lived coherent double-well oscillations and next-nearest-neighbor quantum walks in a staggered configuration. We furthermore present correlated quantum walks of two particles initiated through a resonant pair-breaking mechanism. Finally, we engineer tunable spin couplings through local offsets and create a spin ladder with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings along the rungs and legs, respectively. Our work underscores the high potential of optical superlattices for engineering, simulating, and detecting strongly correlated many-body quantum states.

The CODEX-$\beta$ apparatus is a demonstrator for the proposed future CODEX-b experiment, a long-lived-particle detector foreseen for operation at IP8 during HL-LHC data-taking. The demonstrator project, intended to collect data in 2025, is described, with a particular focus on the design, construction, and installation of the new apparatus.

We report on optical follow-up observations of an X-ray source initially detected by the Einstein Probe mission. Our investigations categorize the source as an intermediate polar, a class of magnetic cataclysmic variables, exhibiting an orbital period of 3.7614(4) hours and a white dwarf spin period of 3.97 minutes. The orbital period was identified through TESS observations, while our high-speed photometric data, obtained using the 1.9m and Lesedi 1.0m telescopes at the South African Astronomical Observatory, revealed both the spin and beat periods. Additionally, we present orbitally phase-resolved spectroscopic observations using the 1.9m telescope, specifically centered on the Hbeta emission line, which reveal two emission components that exhibit Doppler variations throughout the orbital cycle., Comment: 5 pages, 9 figures accepted in MNRAS letters

We study universal chaotic dynamics of a large class of periodically driven critical systems described by spatially inhomogeneous conformal field theories. By employing an effective curved spacetime approach, we show that the onset of quantum chaotic correlations, captured by the Lyapunov exponent of out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs), is set by the Hawking temperature of emergent Floquet horizons. Furthermore, scrambling of quantum information is shown to be strongly inhomogeneous, leading to transitions from chaotic to non-chaotic regimes by tuning driving parameters. We finally use our framework to propose a concrete protocol to simulate and measure OTOCs in quantum simulators, by designing an efficient stroboscopic backward time evolution.

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and synthetic biology is rapidly accelerating the pace of biological discovery and engineering. AI techniques, such as large language models and biological design tools, are enabling the automated design, build, test, and learning cycles for engineered biological systems. This convergence promises to democratize synthetic biology and unlock novel applications across domains from medicine to environmental sustainability. However, it also poses significant risks around reliability, dual use, and governance. The opacity of AI models, the deskilling of workforces, and the outdated nature of current regulatory frameworks present challenges in ensuring responsible development. Urgent attention is needed to update governance structures, integrate human oversight into increasingly automated workflows, and foster a culture of responsibility among the growing community of bioengineers. Only by proactively addressing these issues can we realize the transformative potential of AI-driven synthetic biology while mitigating its risks.

Dependency length minimization is a universally observed quantitative property of natural languages. However, the extent of dependency length minimization, and the cognitive mechanisms through which the language processor achieves this minimization remain unclear. This research offers mechanistic insights by postulating that moving a short preverbal constituent next to the main verb explains preverbal constituent ordering decisions better than global minimization of dependency length in SOV languages. This approach constitutes a least-effort strategy because it's just one operation but simultaneously reduces the length of all preverbal dependencies linked to the main verb. We corroborate this strategy using large-scale corpus evidence across all seven SOV languages that are prominently represented in the Universal Dependency Treebank. These findings align with the concept of bounded rationality, where decision-making is influenced by 'quick-yet-economical' heuristics rather than exhaustive searches for optimal solutions. Overall, this work sheds light on the role of bounded rationality in linguistic decision-making and language evolution., Comment: Accepted at CogSci-2024 as talk with full paper publication

Combinatorial optimization is a promising application for near-term quantum computers, however, identifying performant algorithms suited to noisy quantum hardware remains as an important goal to potentially realizing quantum computational advantages. To address this we present a variational quantum algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems with linear-depth circuits. Our algorithm uses an ansatz composed of Hamiltonian generators designed to control each term in the target combinatorial function, along with parameter updates following a modified version of quantum imaginary time evolution. We evaluate this ansatz in numerical simulations that target solutions to the MAXCUT problem. The state evolution is shown to closely mimic imaginary time evolution, and its optimal-solution convergence is further improved using adaptive transformations of the classical Hamiltonian spectrum. With these innovations, the algorithm consistently converges to optimal solutions, with interesting highly-entangled dynamics along the way. We further demonstrate the success of this approach by performing optimization of a truncated version of our ansatz with up to 32 qubits in a trapped-ion quantum computer, using measurements from the quantum computer to train the ansatz and prepare optimal solutions with high fidelity in the majority of cases we consider. The success of these large-scale quantum circuit optimizations, in the presence of realistic hardware constraints and without error mitigation, mark significant progress on the path towards solving combinatorial problems using quantum computers. We conclude our performant and resource-minimal approach is a promising candidate for potential quantum computational advantages., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

Topology is routinely used to understand the physics of electronic insulators. However, for strongly interacting electronic matter, such as Mott insulators, a comprehensive topological characterization is still lacking. When their ground state only contains short-range entanglement and does not break symmetries spontaneously, they generically realize crystalline fermionic symmetry-protected topological phases (cFSPTs), supporting gapless modes at the boundaries or at the lattice defects. Here, we provide an exhaustive classification of cFSPTs in two dimensions with $\mathrm{U}(1)$ charge-conservation and spinful time-reversal symmetries, namely, those generically present in spin-orbit coupled insulators, for any of the 17 wallpaper groups. It has been shown that the classification of cFSPTs can be understood from appropriate real-space decorations of lower-dimensional subspaces, and we expose how these relate to the Wyckoff positions of the lattice. We find that all nontrivial one-dimensional decorations require electronic interactions. Furthermore, we provide model Hamiltonians for various decorations, and discuss the signatures of cFSPTs. This classification paves the way to further explore topological interacting insulators, providing the backbone information in generic model systems and ultimately in experiments.

When annealing a 4H silicon carbide (SiC) crystal, a sequence of optically active defect centers occurs among which the TS center is a prominent example. Here, we present low-temperature photoluminescence analyses on the single defect level. They reveal that the three occurring spectral signatures TS1, TS2 and TS3 originate from one single defect. Their polarization dependences expose three different crystallographic orientations in the basal plane, which relate to the projections of the nearest neighbor directions. Accordingly, we find a three-fold level-splitting in ensemble studies, when applying mechanical strain. This dependency is quantitatively calibrated. A complementary electrical measurement, deep level transient spectroscopy, reveals a charge transition level of the TS defect at 0.6 eV above the valence band. For a future identification, this accurate characterization of its optical and electronic properties along with their response to mechanical strain is a milestone., Comment: 8 pages + supporting information

Programmers frequently engage with machine learning tutorials in computational notebooks and have been adopting code generation technologies based on large language models (LLMs). However, they encounter difficulties in understanding and working with code produced by LLMs. To mitigate these challenges, we introduce a novel workflow into computational notebooks that augments LLM-based code generation with an additional ephemeral UI step, offering users UI scaffolds as an intermediate stage between user prompts and code generation. We present this workflow in BISCUIT, an extension for JupyterLab that provides users with ephemeral UIs generated by LLMs based on the context of their code and intentions, scaffolding users to understand, guide, and explore with LLM-generated code. Through a user study where 10 novices used BISCUIT for machine learning tutorials, we found that BISCUIT offers users representations of code to aid their understanding, reduces the complexity of prompt engineering, and creates a playground for users to explore different variables and iterate on their ideas.

The kagome geometry is an example of frustrated configuration in which rich physics takes place, including the emergence of superconductivity and charge density wave (CDW). Among the kagome metals, ScV$_6$Sn$_6$ hosts an unconventional CDW, with its electronic order showing a different periodicity than that of the phonon which generates it. In this material, a CDW-softened flat phonon band has a second-order collapse at the same time that the first order transition occurs. This phonon band originates from the out-of-plane vibrations of the Sc and Sn atoms, and it is at the base of the electron-phonon-coupling driven CDW phase of ScV$_6$Sn$_6$. Here, we use uniaxial strain to tune the frequency of the flat phonon band, tracking the strain evolution via time-resolved optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. Our findings emphasize the capability to induce an enhancement of the unconventional CDW properties in ScV$_6$Sn$_6$ kagome metal through control of strain., Comment: Main text + SM

We show that the occupation measure of planar Brownian motion exhibits a constant height gap of $5/\pi$ across its outer boundary. This property bears similarities with the celebrated results of Schramm--Sheffield [18] and Miller--Sheffield [12] concerning the height gap of the Gaussian free field across SLE$_4$/CLE$_4$ curves. Heuristically, our result can also be thought of as the $\theta \to 0^+$ limit of the height gap property of a field built out of a Brownian loop soup with subcritical intensity $\theta>0$, proved in our recent paper [3]. To obtain the explicit value of the height gap, we rely on the computation by Garban and Trujillo Ferreras [1] of the expected area of the domain delimited by the outer boundary of a Brownian bridge., Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures

Clinical dermatology necessitates precision and innovation for efficient diagnosis and treatment of various skin conditions. This paper introduces the development of a cutting-edge hyperspectral dermatoscope (the Hyperscope) tailored for human skin analysis. We detail the requirements to such a device and the design considerations, from optical configurations to sensor selection, necessary to capture a wide spectral range with high fidelity. Preliminary results from 15 individuals and 160 recorded skin images demonstrate the potential of the Hyperscope in identifying and characterizing various skin conditions, offering a promising avenue for non-invasive skin evaluation and a platform for future research in dermatology-related hyperspectral imaging., Comment: 12 pages, 11 Figures