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Évtizedek óta nem láttunk olyan áremelkedést Magyarországon, illetve Európában és általában a világon, mint amivel 2022-ben voltak kénytelenek szembesülni a fejlett világ lakói. Az infláció 2022 decemberében Magyarországon 24,5 % volt, 2023 januárjában pedig a mutató 25,7 %-on állt. Az írás összefoglalja az inflációval kapcsolatos lényeges fogalmakat, kitérve az infláció definíciószerű megközelítésén túlmenően annak fajtáira, illetőleg annak mérésére vonatkozó legfontosabb elvekre, módszerekre. A gazdasági fundamentumok alapvetően meghatározzák a magánjogi jogviszonyokat, jogintézményeket is. Ilyen esetben beindul a válságjogi jogalkotás, ami elsődlegesen azokat a területeket érinti, amelyek a gazdaság működésére, a fogyasztók mindennapjaira a leginkább kihatással vannak. A jelen írás áttekinti azokat a fontosabb civiljogi struktúrákat, és az azokat szabályozó Polgári Törvénykönyvbeli, illetőleg egyéb törvényi és kormányrendeleti szintű szabályokat, amelyek tartalmát egy tartós inflációs környezetben indokolt módosítani, de amelyek ezidáig nem kerültek a jogalkotó fókuszába, hangsúlyozva a magánjogi normáknak a megváltozott gazdasági környezethez történő igazításának szükségességét. Azokat a jogszabályokat tekinti át az írás, amelyekben a jogalkotó a jogszabály szövegében rögzít értékre, árra utaló adatokat, nominálisan meghatározva, számszakilag konkrétan megjelölve azt az árat, értéket, amely jelentős szerephez jut egy adott magánjogi jogviszonyban. Ez a fajta jogalkotás azonban egyáltalán nincs tekintettel az értékviszonyok változására, így arra, hogy inflációs környezetben a magánjogi normában nominálisan rögzített ár- és értékadatok nem igazodnak a gazdasági folyamatokhoz, azaz nincsenek összhangban a mindenkori, gazdasági fundamentumok által determinált árszínvonallal. A szerző javaslatokat fogalmaz meg, szabályozási technikákat vázol fel ezen jogszabályi rendelkezéseknek a megváltozott ár- és értékvisszonyokhoz történő igazítására irányuló jogszabálymódosításra.

Das Erbrecht ist im ungarischen Grundgesetz verankert, und die detaillierten materiellen Vorschriften sind im Siebten Buch des ungarischen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs festgelegt. In den letzten Jahren hat der Gesetzgeber neben dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch auch in anderen Gesetzen materielle Vorschriften zur Erbfolge eingeführt. Gemäß dem Gesetz über die eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaften, gelten die für Ehegatten geltenden Vorschriften auch für eingetragene Lebenspartner. Dies bedeutet, dass der eingetragene Lebenspartner auch gesetzlicher Erbe ist. Die besonderen Regeln für den Eigentumserwerb an land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Grundstücken (Ackerboden) durch eine gewillkürte Erbfolge sind in dem Gesetz über den Landverkehr(Gesetz CXXII von 2013) festgelegt. Am 1. Januar 2023 wird ein neues Gesetz in Kraft treten (Gesetz CXLIII von 2021), das die erbrechtlichen Bestimmungen des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches im Falle der gemeinsamen Rechtsnachfolge von ungeteiltem Miteigentum an landwirtschaftlichen Grundstücken durch mehrere Erben ergänzen wird. Die Bestimmung eines staatlichen Organs, das den Staat in Erbrechtsverhältnissen vertritt, ist in einer gesonderten Ministerialverordnung vorgesehen. In dem vorliegenden Schreiben wird analysiert, wie all diese komplexen und verstreuten Vorschriften die Rechtsanwendung erschweren und die zügige Durchführung von Nachlassverfahren behindern. Das vorliegende Schreiben kritisiert die zersplitterte Regelung und schlägt vor, die Vorschriften der einzelnen Gesetze in das Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch zu integrieren, da dies zu einer effizienteren Rechtsanwendung beitragen könnte.

The process of illicit drug trafficking on darknet markets is highly affected by various trust factors. Although the factors potentially affecting customers’ risk perception can be identified based on previous research, cyber criminology has not produced empirical research ranking the importance of the specific factors. This study was designed to fill this gap by developing a tool that measures the importance of the various trust factors. To test out the measurement tool, a large-scale survey with projective situational questions was conducted among university students in Hungary. The sample (n = 5481) was compiled to include potential darknet market customers, respondents with above-average computer skills needed to access the darknet, and taking into account that university students are a group of society particularly exposed to drug consumption. The end product of this research is a trust matrix ranking the factors affecting illicit drug purchases on darknet markets. Among the factors, the survey’s target group ranked reliable and undamaged delivery of goods and the reliability of vendors as the most important. The measurement tool developed in this research will facilitate further criminological research on vendor reputation. Its findings also point to the need for further research on delivery providers and predict that influencing the delivery-related risk perception of potential customers could effectively reduce demand.

A tanulmány a kamattal kapcsolatos különböző igények polgári perben való érvényesítését, azok speciális perjogi szabályait tekinti át, hangsúlyozva, hogy a pénzkövetelések érvényesítéséhez képest eljárásjogi szempontból kevés egyedi normával találkozhatunk az eljárási kódexben. Összeveti ugyanakkor az írás az 1952. évi III. törvény és az új Pp., a 2016. évi CXXX. törvény kamattal kapcsolatos rendelkezéseit és igyekszik adekvát válaszokat adni a szabályozási hiátusból eredő jogalkalmazási kérdésekre. A cikk megállapítása szerint a perjog általában a főköveteléssel együtt érvényesített járulékokra vonatkozóan egységesen fogalmaz meg néhány egyedi eljárásjogi rendelkezést, melyek a főkövetelés járulékaként a kamatra is irányadóak, elenyésző a tisztán kamatspecifikus rendelkezések száma hatályos perjogunkban. Kitér az elemzés a pertárgy érték meghatározása, a kereseti kérelemhez kötöttség, az elsőfokú ítélet kamatra vonatkozó rendelkezései elleni fellebbezés, a kamatot érintő keresetfelemelés másodfokon való megengedhetősége és a jogerős ítéletnek kizárólag a kamatot érintő rendelkezései elleni felülvizsgálati kérelem megengedhetősége kapcsán a kamatot érintő egyedi törvényi rendelkezésekre és eseti bírósági döntések elemzése útján értékeli a judikatúra irányait. Megállapítja a szerző, hogy az egységes és koherens ítélkezési gyakorlat az egyértelmű törvényi rendelkezésekre alapítottan megfelelően szolgálja az igényérvényesítő felek érdekeit.

OTÁZKY OCEŇOVANIA PODNIKOV V OBČIANSKOPRÁVNYCH SPOROCH V MAĎARSKU This article presents the Hungarian court practice on the criteria governing the valuation of certain companies and their shares. In civil litigation, Hungarian courts are confronted with this problem in family law disputes, and increasingly often in cases where the issue of determining the value of a company's shareholding arises in disputes between professional economic operators, in particular when a dispute arises between the parties in connection with a share purchase agreement. In addition to procedural issues, serious technical issues arise in lawsuits concerning the determination of the share of a company or the value of a given company. The article describes the Hungarian court practice which has elaborated the criteria for the valuation of companies and describes the company valuation aspects. The article also describes the requirements for the person of the expert, the fact that it is always for the expert and not the court to determine the expert's method, and the evaluation standards and methodological guides that the expert should take into account when carrying out the evaluation. URL:http://sic.pravo.upjs.sk/ Tento článok prezentuje maďarskú súdnu prax týkajúcu sa kritérií, ktorými sa riadi oceňovanie určitých spoločností a obchodných podielov v nich. V občianskoprávnych sporoch sa maďarské súdy stretávajú s týmto problémom v rodinnoprávnych sporoch a čoraz častejšie v prípadoch, keď sa otázka určenia hodnoty podielu v spoločnosti vyskytne v sporoch medzi profesionálnymi hospodárskymi subjektmi, najmä ak medzi stranami vznikne spor v súvislosti so zmluvou o kúpe podielu. Okrem procesných otázok vznikajú v súdnych sporoch týkajúcich sa určenia obchodného podielu alebo hodnoty danej spoločnosti aj závažné technické otázky. Článok opisuje maďarskú súdnu prax, ktorá vypracovala kritériá oceňovania spoločností, a opisuje aspekty oceňovania spoločností. V článku sú opísané aj požiadavky na osobu znalca, skutočnosť, že metódu znalca určuje vždy znalec, a nie súd, a oceňovacie štandardy a metodické príručky, ktoré by mal znalec pri oceňovaní zohľadniť

There is a long-standing debate about the presence and functionality of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in non-bilaterians, protostomes, and invertebrate deuterostomes. Evidence has been accumulating that homologous sequences to genes encoding PACAP peptides and their receptors in vertebrates are missing in invertebrate genomes. This is at odds, however, with the partial sequence-, immunohistochemical-, and physiological evidence in the literature. In this study, we first sequenced the neural transcriptome of the widely used invertebrate model species, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), and then screened it for sequences homologous to the elements of the vertebrate PACAP system. Further, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies on the heart of L. stagnalis to explore the enigmatic role of vertebrate PACAP in invertebrate physiology. Our thorough screening failed to identify putative transcripts (or genes) to the vertebrate PACAP prepropeptides, active peptides, and their receptors. Despite the lack of the relevant sequences, our immunohistochemical investigations with an anti-human PAC1 receptor antibody yielded a positive signal in the neuronal elements in the heart. Although gel electrophoretic separation, followed by immunostaining, of proteins extracted from the central nervous system found a relevant band for the vertebrate PACAP-38, mass spectrometric analysis of the band did not find any corresponding peptide sequences. Similarly to the effects reported in vertebrates, 10 µM synthetic PACAP-38 significantly increased the cAMP synthesis in the homogenate of the heart and had a positive ionotropic effect on isolated heart preparations. Moreover, it modulated significantly the effects of serotonin and acetylcholine. Our findings support the idea that elements of the PACAP system are absent in mollusks and emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. The physiological effects of vertebrate PACAP peptides in protostomes, no matter how similar they are to those in vertebrates, should be considered non-specific. Further studies should be aimed at investigating the cellular and molecular underpinnings including the identification of the receptors to which the vertebrate PACAP peptides may bind non-specifically.

Historical wheat landraces are rich sources of genetic diversity offering untapped reservoirs for broadening the genetic base of modern varieties. Using a 20K SNP array, we investigated the accessible genetic diversity in a Central European bread wheat landrace collection with great drought, heat stress tolerance and higher tillering capacity. We discovered distinct differences in the number of average polymorphisms between Central and Western European collections, and identified a set of novel rare alleles present at low frequencies in the historical collection. The detected polymorphisms were unevenly distributed along the wheat genome, and polymorphic markers co-localized with genes of great agronomic importance. The efficiency of the highly diverse population for Genome-Wide Association study was confirmed and two significant marker trait associations with seed hardness were identified on the 5DS chromosome arm. The geographical distribution of the inferred Bayesian clustering revealed six genetically homogenous ancestral groups among the collection, where the Central European core bared an admixed background originating from four ancestral groups. We evaluated the effective population sizes (Ne) of the Central European collection and assessed changes in diversity over time, which revealed a dramatic ~97% genetic erosion between 1955 and 2015.

A terrorizmus arculata, a terrorizmus különböző fajtáihoz, illetve formáihoz kapcsolódó cselekmények jellege jelentős változáson ment keresztül az elmúlt évtizedekben. Ezek hatásai – mint azt az elmúlt évek tragikus nyugat-európai eseményei is mutatják – elérték térségünket, és a súlyos, sok áldozatot követelő terrorista merényletek bekövetkezésének valószínűsége is megnőtt. A végrehajtott támadások fókuszában már nem túszejtések és követelések állnak, hanem elsősorban aktívlövész-szituációk és öngyilkos robbantások. Ezeknek a cselekményeknek a jellege nagyban eltér a korábbiaktól, így a terrorcselekmények helyszínein bevetett reagálóerők elsődleges tevékenységéneka gyors, határozott és a lehető legpontosabb végrehajtása még nagyobb jelentőséggel bír. A támadások megelőzésére, elhárítására és a veszteségek minimalizálására irányuló intézkedések nagyon magas szintű felkészültséget és naprakész ismereteket kívánnak az azt végrehajtó állománytól, így folyamatos felkészítésük minősége szempontjából az aktuális trendek alapos tanulmányozása és ismerete nem elhanyagolható. Az érintett állomány képzése, felkészítése és folyamatos, gyakorlatorientált továbbképzése ennek a feladatnak a vonatkozásában – csakúgy, mint minden más területen – széles körű, több összetevőből álló tréninget igényel.

This paper offers a novel application of our model worked out in Maple environment to help understand the very complex transport processes in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland with coarse gravel (HSFCW-C). We made tracer measurements: Inside a constructed wetland, we had 9 sample points, and samples were taken from each point at two depths. Our model is a divided convective-dispersive transport (D-CDT) model which makes a fitted response curve from the sum of two separate CDT curves showing the contributions of the main and side streams. Analytical solutions of CDT curves are inverse Gaussian distribution functions. This model was fitted onto inner points of the measurements to demonstrate that the model gives better fitting to the inner points than the commonly used convective-dispersive transport model. The importance of this new application of the model is that it can resemble transport processes in these constructed wetlands more precisely than the regularly used convective-dispersive transport (CDT) model. The model allows for calculations of velocity and dispersion coefficients. The results showed that this model gave differences of 4–99% (of velocity) and 2–474% (of dispersion coefficient) compared with the CDT model and values were closer to actual hydraulic behavior. The results also demonstrated the main flow path in the system.

We worked out a method in Maple environment to help understand the difficult transport processes in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands filled with coarse gravel (HSFCW-C). With this process, the measured tracer results of the inner points of a HSFCW-C can be fitted more accurately than with the conventionally used distribution functions (Gaussian, Lognormal, Fick (Inverse Gaussian) and Gamma). This research outcome only applies for planted HSFCW-Cs. The outcome of the analysis shows that conventional solutions completely stirred series tank reactor (CSTR) model and convection-dispersion transport (CDT) model do not describe the internal transport processes with sufficient accuracy. This study may help us develop better process descriptions of very complex transport processes in HSFCW-Cs. Our results also revealed that the tracer response curves of planted HSFCW-C conservative inner points can be fitted well with Frechet distribution only if the response curve has one peak.

An important objective of wheat improvement programmes is to breed varieties for high yield in optimum conditions and for minimum yield reduction under stress-prone conditions such as heat and drought. Analyses of yield and its components in multiple years allow a comprehensive and comparative understanding of genetic yield potential and stress-tolerance mechanisms in the study germplasm. The present study was carried out to evaluate performance of elite varieties and landraces of spring durum wheat under different water regimes, determine the repeatability of the examined traits, and identify superior genotypes for their potential use in breeding for drought tolerance. A total of 97 accessions of spring durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) were evaluated under rain-fed and well-watered conditions in the nursery of the Centre for Agricultural Research at Martonvásár, Hungary (2011–2013). The experiments were laid out in an unbalanced, incomplete alpha lattice block design. The trait with the lowest broad-sense repeatability was seed length (0.075), while high h2 values were observed for heading date (0.89), thousand-grain weight (0.85) and the protein content (0.85). Grain yield showed moderate level of repeatability (0.53) across the three years. The principal component analysis revealed that grain yield (t/ha) is positively associated with the fertile tiller number, chlorophyll content values at early waxy ripeness stages and plant height. Based on biplot analysis, ‘DP-133′, ‘DP-017′ and ‘DP-061′ proved to be the best durum cultivars in terms of yield whereas genotypes ‘DP-011′, ‘DP-185′, 'DP-126′ and 'DP-136′ preceded them with their good yield stability.

The main result of the present paper is about the solutions of the functional equation$$\begin{aligned} F\Big (\frac{x+y}{2}\Big )+f_1(x)+f_2(y)=G(g_1(x)+g_2(y)),\quad x,y\in I, \end{aligned}$$F(x+y2)+f1(x)+f2(y)=G(g1(x)+g2(y)),x,y∈I,derived originally, in a natural way, from the invariance problem of generalized weighted quasi-arithmetic means, where$$F,f_1,f_2,g_1,g_2:I\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$F,f1,f2,g1,g2:I→Rand$$G:g_1(I)+g_2(I)\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$G:g1(I)+g2(I)→Rare the unknown functions assumed to be continuously differentiable with$$0\notin g'_1(I)\cup g'_2(I)$$0∉g1′(I)∪g2′(I), and the setIstands for a nonempty open subinterval of$${\mathbb {R}}$$R. In addition to these, we will also touch upon solutions not necessarily regular. More precisely, we are going to solve the above equation assuming first thatFis affine onIand$$g_1$$g1and$$g_2$$g2are continuous functions strictly monotone in the same sense, and secondly that$$g_1$$g1and$$g_2$$g2are invertible affine functions with a common additive part.

Light spectra influence barley development, causing a diverse range of responses among cultivars that are poorly understood. Here, we exposed three barley genotypes with different light sensitivities to two light sources: fluorescent bulbs, over-representing green and red wavebands, and metal halide lamps, with a more balanced spectrum. We used RNA sequencing to identify the main genes and pathways involved in the different responses, and RT-qPCR to validate the expression values. Different grades of sensitivity to light spectra were associated with transcriptional reprogramming, plastid signals, and photosynthesis. The genotypes were especially divergent in the expression of genes regulated by transcription factors from MADS-box, WRKY, and NAC families, and in specific photoreceptors such as phytochromes and cryptochromes. Variations in light spectra also affected the expression of circadian clock, flowering time, and frost tolerance genes, among others, resembling plant responses to temperature. The relation between PPD-H1, HvVRN1, and HvFT1 expression might explain genotypic differences. Light-sensitive genotypes experienced a partial reversion of the vernalization process and senescence-related stress under the less favorable light quality conditions. The observed light-quality sensitivities reveal a complex mechanism of adaptation to regions with specific light quality features and/or possible regulation of light spectra in plant development during early spring.HighlightDevelopment genes were affected by light quality in the barley varieties tested. Different grades of sensitivity were related to the expression of transcription factors, senescence, light signaling and cold-regulated genes.

Abstract: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and their receptor agonists – beside their blood glucose lowering and central effects- affect also the gastrointestinal function in many respects. They slow down the stomach emptying, the motility of the small bowel and colon – this is the explanation for the “ileal brake” terminology –, stimulate the function of exocrine pancreatic acinar cells and increase amylase production. GLP1 receptor agonists belong to the defining tools of the blood glucose lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Their long- and short-acting derivatives have different influence on the fasting and the postprandial blood glucose, respectively. By introducing the term non-prandial and prandial type analogues – which seems to be forced in light of the newer data – the potential slowdown in gastric emptying is the center of interest, lately, however, especially in the case of long-acting GLP1 variants, at least such attention should be paid to controlling bowel function. The article reviews the physiological effects of GLP1 on the gastrointestinal tract and draws attention to the potential for the prevention of possible side effects through detailed patient information and dietary advises. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(49): 1927–1934.

A fenntarthatosag, erőforras-hatekonysag, hulladekmentes termeles fogalmai, megoldasai egyre inkabb teret nyernek a gondolkodasunkban, a politikai iranyelvekben es a vallalati strategiakban. Sokfele előremutato torekves iranyul a problemak megoldasara, bar nem minden esetben kinalnak rendszerszintű megoldast. Ebben a tanulmanyban arra teszunk kiserletet, hogy egy termelő vallalat tervezesenel figyelembe vegyuk az okologiai rendszerek egyik alapvető műkodesi elvet, a rugalmas ellenallo kepesseget (resilience). Az eredmenyek azt jelzik, hogy tobb, fenntarthatonak itelhető rendszer kozul van olyan, amely rendszerszintű, az okologiai rendszerek műkodesi elveinek is megfelel, igy nagyobb esellyel szamit valoban fenntarthatonak.* Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kod: Q01, Q57, R11, R58

The presented multichannel measuring system working on various frequencies is suitable either for electrical impedance spectroscopy or tomography. The authors of this paper have developed ...

The taxonomy of genera Anabaena and Nostoc is very controversial. They are typically paraphyletic within phylogenetic trees and show similar morphological characters. The present study aimed to determine the taxonomic relationships among Anabaena and Nostoc strains of the Mosonmagyarovar Algal Culture Collection (MACC) using 16S rRNA and rbcLX gene sequences. We concluded on the basis of the number of unsuccessful amplifications that more of the examined MACC Nostoc cultures are axenic than the Anabaena cultures. In agreement with previous studies we noticed that the applied phylogenetic algorithms gave congruent results in phylogenetic analyses. However, the genus Nostoc clearly was found not monophyletic in the present study and this finding differed from many of the previous studies. Molecular results contradicted the previous morphology-based classification of some MACC cyanobacteria strains, therefore polyphasic taxonomic approaches are required for the reliable identification of cyanobacterial species. Some strains seemed to be identical based on the alignment of 16S rRNA or rbcLX sequences.

We studied water loss performance in a model plant, the Tufted sedge (Carex elata All.), which is an active water balance component of subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Due to active regulation of transpiration, the volume and dynamics of water loss in these constructed wetlands are difficult to plan without preliminary and targeted measurements and calculations with regard to the specific plant component. We estimated transpiration values in the laboratory based on daytime transpiration ranges for spring, summer and autumn, and examined the transpiration effect of the hydraulic load. During spring, water loss via transpiration can reach 83% of the hydraulic load on certain days. During summer, this value can increase to 100% of the hydraulic load, which means that the daytime transpiration can significantly affect effluent concentration. Air humidity proved to be the most critical environmental factor for water loss resulting from transpiration, therefore a water discharge plan designed in such a way as to be able to also adjust soil moisture is the key to optimal water circulation at the system level.

There has been an increasing interest in analyzing the structure of domestic and global supply chains/networks in the past decade. Concerns about potential (systemic) risks resulting from overdependence on global supply networks have been magnified during the lockdowns triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic in the last year. Strengthening local and/or domestic networks may be an adequate approach to overcome the severe economic implications of this overdependence, but it also rises the question of how one can measure the strength of domestic supply/production networks and design an appropriate structure. The objective of this paper is to propose a method for measurement and to provide a first-cut analysis with this method on a sample of economies. Building on ecological network analysis, we borrow the Finn cycling index from its toolbox and show a ranking of countries with respect to the strength of their domestic production networks based on this index. The results suggest that the countries are very heterogeneous both in terms of the level of cycling index and its sectoral decomposition. Using panel-econometric techniques, we point out the role of the openness and structural asymmetry in shaping this strength, also controlling for other macroeconomic characteristics of the economies. The estimates reveal that openness has a negative, while asymmetry has a positive effect on this index, but other country-specific characteristics also play a role in shaping the systemic operation of national economies as measured by the Finn cycling index.

With a possible reference to heat priming and to characterize the extent and variation in the heat stress responses in wheat, the effects of single vs. repeated heat stresses were examined by measuring the changes in morphological and grain yield-related traits and photosynthetic parameters. To achieve these objectives, 51 winter wheat cultivars of various geographic origins were included in two independent experiments covering different phenological stages. In Experiment I, a single heat stress event was applied at stem elongation (SE) and booting (B), and the repeated heat stress was applied at both of these stages (SE+B). In Experiment II, the single heat stress was applied at stem elongation (SE) and full heading (CH), while the repeated heat stress was applied at both stages (SE+CH). While genotype was a more important factor for determining the morphological and yield-related traits, it was the treatment effect that mostly influenced the photosynthetic parameters, with the exception of the chlorophyll content. The heading stage was more sensitive to heat stress than the booting stage, which was primarily due to the larger decrease in the average seed number. The importance of biomass in contributing to grain yield intensified with the heat stress treatments. There was a large variation between the wheat cultivars not only in yielding abilities under control conditions but also in sensitivities to the various heat stresses, based on which 7 distinct groups with specific response profiles could be identified at a highly significant level. The 7 wheat groups were also characterized by their reaction patterns of different magnitudes and directions in their responses to single vs. repeated heat stresses, which depended on the phenological phases during the second cycle of heat stress. The possible association between these findings and heat priming is discussed.

The present study strengthens the view that residues of drugs of abuse may become widespread surface water contaminants following a local music festival. Overall, 10 illicit drugs were detected from the aquatic environment after the festival; cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were present in the highest concentrations. The presence of illicit drugs and their metabolites over 3 monitored festival yr suggested that consumption of these drugs was temporally linked with events. Weather conditions seriously influenced detection of contaminants deriving from events at the lakeshore. Most of the illicit drugs retained their pharmacological activities, with a potentially adverse impact on wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1491-1498. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Background Plants use light wavelength, intensity, direction and duration to predict imminent seasonal changes and to determine when to initiate physiological and developmental processes. Among them, crop responses to light are not fully understood. Here, we study how light quality affects barley development, using two broad-spectrum light sources, metal halide (M) and fluorescent (F) lamps. Eleven varieties with known allelic variants for the major flowering time genes were evaluated under controlled conditions (long days, same light intensity). Two experiments were carried out with fully-vernalized plants: 1) control treatments (M, F); 2) shifting chambers 10 days after the start of the experiment (MF, FM). Results In general, varieties developed faster under longer exposure to M conditions. The greatest differences were due to a delay promoted by F light bulbs, especially in the time to first node appearance and until the onset of stem elongation. Yield related-traits as the number of seeds were also affected by the conditions experienced. However, not each variety responded equally, and they could be classified in insensitive and sensitive to light quality. Expression levels of flowering time genes HvVRN1, HvFT1 and PPD-H1 were high in M, while HvFT3 and HvVRN2 were higher under F conditions. The expression under shift treatments revealed also a high correlation between HvVRN1 and PPD-H1 transcript levels. Conclusions The characterization of light quality effects has highlighted the important influence of the spectrum on early developmental stages, affecting the moment of onset of stem elongation, and further consequences on the morphology of the plant and yield components. We suggest that light spectra control the vernalization and photoperiod genes probably through the regulation of upstream elements of signalling pathways. The players behind the different responses to light spectra found deserve further research, which could help to optimize breeding strategies.

In this paper, we present an analysis of so-called determinerless PPs in German, i.e. prepositional phrases that allow singular count nouns to occur without an accompanying determiner, despite other rules in the grammar requiring the presence of the determiner. The analysis is based on annotated corpus data, which are fed into a statistical classifier (applying logistic regression). Superficially, the syntax of bare prepositional phrases is difficult to capture, and intuitions cannot be easily elicited. The analysis is based on data sets for two pairs of German prepositions:mit‘with’ andohne‘without’, andüber‘over, above’ andunter‘under, below’. The results of the classifiers applied to annotated data indicate which syntactic, morphological and semantic features are responsible for determiner omission. We are able to detect common properties of all four prepositions, as well as preposition-specific, and idiosyncratic properties. The apparently unsystematic conditions for determiner omission can be discerned by tracing the interaction of these properties.

In order to test whether and how violence is exacerbated in online social networking sites, we utilized the BryantSmith Aggression Scale (Bryant & Smith, 2001), and included examples in the questionnaire offering solutions for 7 different hypothetical cases occurring online (Kiss, 2017). The questionnaire was sent to social work and law school students in Hungary. Prevalence and levels of aggression and its manifestation as violence online proved to be not more severe than in offline social relations. Law students were more aware than students of social work that online hostile acts are discrediting. Students of social work were significantly more prone to break into physical fights than were law students and higher level of aggression was observed in their online behavior as well. Those who spend more time online tend to be more active online and bear a significantly higher level of aggression compared to those who are less active online. To conclude, higher education has a significant role in establishing control. This is especially crucial with law students who might have to work closely with the police and local residents aiming to establish peaceful communication, problem solving, and cooperative solutions in grassroots community policing programs. Published version

The yield potential of wheat depends not only on genetic × environmental interactions, but also on various agronomic factors such as sowing date or the seed rate used for sowing. The main aim of this work was to determine possible correlations between the effects of different sowing dates and plant densities on the yield components of a collection of 48 wheat genotypes. Two-way analysis of variance on the data revealed that both sowing date and plant density, as main components, only had a minor effect on the yield component patterns. Correlation analysis, however, indicated that the sowing date had a greater effect on the yield components, while plant density was in closer correlation with the heading time (r = 0.90). The patterns determined for individual yield components at two different sowing dates and plant densities showed significant differences for spike length, spike fertility, grain number in the main spike, number of productive tillers, grain number on side tillers, mean grain number and grain weight. Genotypes that carry the winter (recessive) alleles of genes regulating vernalisation processes (VRN-A1, VRN-B1, VRN-D1) and the sensitive (recessive) alleles of the two genes responsible for photoperiod sensitivity (PPD-B1, PPD-D1) may have better tillering and consequently higher grain yield, though this may depend greatly on the year.

Linking the external costs of the production of fossil fuels to the generating sources to reduce carbon emissions is gaining momentum around the world. The main goal of the pricing initiative is to reduce carbon emissions, and attract new investment to clean energy projects. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of national level policies that have been in place since 2005 including: countries in the EU emissions trading system, nationwide carbon tax policies and hybrid policies. The selected countries following these policies were compared to countries where no national carbon policies were implemented during the same period. As the results show, the per capita greenhouse gas emissions increased in all countries examined during the study period including countries where carbon pricing mechanisms were implemented, although to a lesser extent. These changes were mainly independent of the type of policy applied. When the increase of the emissions due to gross domestic product per capita and the volume of exports of goods and services were separated, the emissions still increased regardless of policy types, except in those countries which apply a hybrid policy. These results highlight the need to improve on the current greenhouse gas reduction programs to meet COP21 climate targets.

Die Persönlichkeitsrechte, insbesondere das Recht am eigenen Bild stehen in den letzten Jahrzehnten im Fokus der Rechtsliteratur und der Judikatur. In unserer digitalisierten Welt ist die Möglichkeit des Missbrauchs von Fotos und mit dem Bildnis der Menschen bedeutend gewachsen, die Privatsphäre ist in Gefahr. Das Aussehen der Menschen – dessen Teil auch das Bildnis ist – ist die erstmalige Form der Erscheinung der Unterscheidung der Menschen in der Gesellschaft. Der Missbrauch mit dem Recht an eigenen Bild hat verschiedene Manifestationen: die Herstellung der Aufnahmen ohne Genehmigung, die Veröffentlichung und andere Verwendung der Fotos, die Modifizierungen der Aufnahmen ohne Genehmigung, weiterhin die Übergabe der Aufnahmen an andere Personen und das Abspielen der Aufnahmen. Gemäß den Regelungen des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches ist zur Anfertigung und Verwendung eines Bildes oder einer Tonaufnahme die Zustimmung der betroffenen Personen erforderlich. Eine Ausnahme davon bilden die Massenaufnahmen und die Aufnahmen von Auftritten im öffentlichen Leben. Das neue BGB (Gesetz Nr. V. von 2013) hat die vorherige Judikatur in den Text des Gesetzes eingebaut, und betont, dass nicht nur zur Anfertigung, sondern auch zur Verwendung eines Bildes die Zustimmung der betroffenen Personen erforderlich ist. Grundlegend ist die Aufgabe der Judikatur die Bestimmung der Grenzen der rechtsmäßigen und die unrechtsmäßigen Anfertigung und Verwendung der Aufnahmen. Die Rechtspraxis hat ausgearbeitet, was man unter Bildnis versteht, was die Voraussetzungen der Zustimmung zur Anfertigung eines Bildes sind, welche die Formen der Zustimmung sind, was man unter Massenaufnahmen versteht, und wann man über Aufnahmen von Auftritten im öffentlichen Leben sprechen kann. Dieses Schreiben bietet ein umfassendes Bild über das Recht und die Judikatur am eigenen Bild, detailliert und analysiert die Rechtverletzungen dieses Rechtes und die Sanktionen der Verletzungen, und gibt einen Überblick der anderen Aspekte dieses Rechtes, insbesondere präsentiert es die Fragen der Anfertigung der Tonaufnahmen bei Zivil- und Strafgerichtsverhandlungen, die Vorschriften des Datenschutzgesetzes, und die Praxis der Beobachtung mit Kamera. Der erste Teil dieses Schreibens wurde im Erinnerungsbuch für den 65. Geburtstag von Herrn Prof György Csécsy veröffentlicht und in dem zweiten Teil des genannten Schreibens stehen die Fragen des Datenschutzes im Fokus gemäß der Regelungen des Info–Gesetzes (Gesetz Nr. CXIII von 2011), und das Problem der Anfertigung der Tonaufnahmen an Arbeitsplätzen, an öffentlichen Plätzen, in den Massenverkehrsmitteln und in den Gesellschaftshäusern werden vom Urheber ebenso geprüft. Der zweite Teil des Artikels beschäftigt sich mit den speziellen Regelungen der Zivilprozessordnung, und macht die wirksame Normen des Abschnitts von XXI/A der Zivilprozessordnung (Gesetz Nr. III. von 1952), die Anomalien der Bildnis-Verfahren bekannt, auch mit Rücksicht auf die neue Prozessverordnung (Gesetz Nr. CXXX von 2016). Am Ende des Artikels hat der Urheber festgesellt, dass die gesetzlichen Regelungen über den Schutz der Rechte am eigenen Bild einheitliche Judikatur ermöglichen, mit Rücksicht darauf, dass die Rechtspraxis bei der Auflösung der Rechtsstreiten die bürgerrechtlichen Aspekte betont, wo die verfassungsrechtlichen, datenschutzrechtlichen Aspekte im Hintergrund stehen. Der Artikel kritisiert die Einführung und das Anbehalten des speziellen Prozesstyps, d.h. der Bildnis-Prozess.

In addition to its role in vernalization, temperature is an important environmental stimulus in determining plant growth and development. We used factorial combinations of two photoperiods (16H, 12H) and three temperature levels (11, 18 and 25 °C) to study the temperature responses of 19 wheat cultivars with established genetic relationships. Temperature produced more significant effects on plant development than photoperiod, with strong genotypic components. Wheat genotypes with PPD-D1 photoperiod sensitive allele were sensitive to temperature; their development was delayed by higher temperature, which intensified under non-inductive conditions. The effect of temperature on plant development was not proportional; it influenced the stem elongation to the largest extent, and warmer temperature lengthened the lag phase between the detection of first node and the beginning of intensive stem elongation. The gene expression patterns of VRN1, VRN2 and PPD1 were also significantly modified by temperature, while VRN3 was more chronologically regulated. The associations between VRN1 and VRN3 gene expression with early apex development were significant in all treatments but were only significant for later plant developmental phases under optimal conditions (16H and 18 °C). Under 16H, the magnitude of the transient peak expression of VRN2 observed at 18 and 25 °C associated with the later developmental phases.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) rescues dopaminergic neurons from neurodegeneration and improves motor changes induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) in rat parkinsonian models. Recently, we investigated the molecular background of the neuroprotective effect of PACAP in dopamine (DA)-based neurodegeneration using rotenone-induced snail and 6-OHDA-induced rat models of Parkinson's disease. Behavioural activity, monoamine (DA and serotonin), metabolic enzyme (S-COMT, MB-COMT and MAO-B) and PARK7 protein concentrations were measured before and after PACAP treatment in both models. Locomotion and feeding activity were decreased in rotenone-treated snails, which corresponded well to findings obtained in 6-OHDA-induced rat experiments. PACAP was able to prevent the behavioural malfunctions caused by the toxins. Monoamine levels decreased in both models and the decreased DA level induced by toxins was attenuated by ∼50% in the PACAP-treated animals. In contrast, PACAP had no effect on the decreased serotonin (5HT) levels. S-COMT metabolic enzyme was also reduced but a protective effect of PACAP was not observed in either of the models. Following toxin treatment, a significant increase in MB-COMT was observed in both models and was restored to normal levels by PACAP. A decrease in PARK7 was also observed in both toxin-induced models; however, PACAP had a beneficial effect only on 6-OHDA-treated animals. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP in different animal models of Parkinson's disease is thus well correlated with neurotransmitter, enzyme and protein levels. The models successfully mimic several, but not all etiological properties of the disease, allowing us to study the mechanisms of neurodegeneration as well as testing new drugs. The rotenone and 6-OHDA rat and snail in vivo parkinsonian models offer an alternative method for investigation of the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective agents, including PACAP., Summary: PACAP has a neuroprotective effect in different toxin-induced rat and snail parkinsonian models, acting partially through the same mechanisms.

The adverse effects of heat on plant yield strongly depend on its duration and the phenological stage of the crops when the heat occurs. To clarify the effects of these two aspects of heat stress, systematic research was conducted under controlled conditions on 101 wheat cultivars of various geographic origin. Different durations of heat stress (5, 10 and 15 days) were applied starting from three developmental stages (ZD49: booting stage, ZD59: heading, ZD72: 6th day after heading). Various morphological, yield-related traits and physiological parameters were measured to determine the stress response patterns of the wheat genotypes under combinations of the duration and the timing of heat stress. Phenological timing significantly influenced the thousand-kernel weight and reproductive tiller number. The duration of heat stress was the most significant component in determining both seed number and seed weight, as well as the grain yield consequently, explaining 51.6% of its phenotypic variance. Irrespective of the developmental phase, the yield-related traits gradually deteriorated over time, and even a 5-day heat stress was sufficient to cause significant reductions. ZD59 was significantly more sensitive to heat than either ZD49 or ZD72. The photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was mostly determined by heat stress duration. No significant associations were noted between physiological parameters and heat stress response as measured by grain yield. Significant differences were observed between the wheat genotypes in heat stress responses, which varied greatly with developmental phase. Based on the grain yield across developmental phases and heat stress treatments, eight major response groups of wheat genotypes could be identified, and among them, three clusters were the most heat-tolerant. These cultivars are currently included in crossing schemes, partially for the identification of the genetic determinants of heat stress response and partially for the development of new wheat varieties with better heat tolerance.

Low temperatures are required to regulate the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth via a pathway called vernalization. In wheat, vernalization predominantly involves the cold upregulation of the floral activator VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1). Here, we have used an extreme vernalization response, identified through studying ambient temperature responses, to reveal the complexity of temperature inputs into VRN-A1, with allelic inter-copy variation at a gene expansion of VRN-A1 modulating these effects. We find that the repressors of the reproductive transition, VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2) and ODDSOC2, are re-activated when plants experience high temperatures during and after vernalization. In addition, this re-activation is regulated by photoperiod for VRN2 but was independent of photoperiod for ODDSOC2. We also find this warm temperature interruption affects flowering time and floret number and is stage specific. This research highlights the important balance between floral activators and repressors in coordinating the response of a plant to temperature, and that the absence of warmth is essential for the completion of vernalization. This knowledge can be used to develop agricultural germplasm with more predictable vernalization responses that will be more resilient to variable growth temperatures., Highlighted Article: Analysis of the flowering and growth responses of a range of Triticum aestivum cultivars to warmer growth temperatures reveals an additional layer of temperature regulation in the vernalization response pathway.