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In light of the recent data for $\bar{B}_{(s)}\to D^{(*)}_{(s)}P$ and $\bar{B}_{(s)}\to D_{(s)}V$ decays, we perform a model-independent phenomenological analysis in the presence of quasi-elastic rescattering. With the Wilson coefficients including contributions beyond the standard model, lifetimes of $B$ meson as well as the $B^0_d-\bar{B}^0_d$ mixing are investigated for clarifying correlations among the observables. We show that parameter regions for quasi-elastic rescattering, the size of color-suppressed tree amplitudes and new physics are constrained due to the lifetime data. As a consequence, it is revealed that this scenario can be testable by the future LHCb measurement of width difference in $B^0_d-\bar{B}^0_d$ mixing and semi-leptonic CP asymmetry., Comment: 28 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables; v2: reference added, part of numerical results updated

The last few years have seen the emergence of a wide array of novel techniques for analyzing high-precision data from upcoming galaxy surveys, which aim to extend the statistical analysis of galaxy clustering data beyond the linear regime and the canonical two-point (2pt) statistics. We test and benchmark some of these new techniques in a community data challenge "Beyond-2pt", initiated during the Aspen 2022 Summer Program "Large-Scale Structure Cosmology beyond 2-Point Statistics," whose first round of results we present here. The challenge dataset consists of high-precision mock galaxy catalogs for clustering in real space, redshift space, and on a light cone. Participants in the challenge have developed end-to-end pipelines to analyze mock catalogs and extract unknown ("masked") cosmological parameters of the underlying $\Lambda$CDM models with their methods. The methods represented are density-split clustering, nearest neighbor statistics, BACCO power spectrum emulator, void statistics, LEFTfield field-level inference using effective field theory (EFT), and joint power spectrum and bispectrum analyses using both EFT and simulation-based inference. In this work, we review the results of the challenge, focusing on problems solved, lessons learned, and future research needed to perfect the emerging beyond-2pt approaches. The unbiased parameter recovery demonstrated in this challenge by multiple statistics and the associated modeling and inference frameworks supports the credibility of cosmology constraints from these methods. The challenge data set is publicly available and we welcome future submissions from methods that are not yet represented., Comment: New submissions welcome! Challenge data available at https://github.com/ANSalcedo/Beyond2ptMock

We report the H, C, and N isotopic compositions of microscale (0.2 to 2$\mu$m) organic matter in samples of asteroid Ryugu and the Orgueil CI carbonaceous chondrite. Three regolith particles of asteroid Ryugu, returned by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft, and several fragments of Orgueil were analyzed by NanoSIMS isotopic imaging. The isotopic distributions of the Ryugu samples from two different collection spots are closely similar to each other and to the Orgueil samples, strengthening the proposed Ryugu-CI chondrite connection. Most individual sub-$\mu$m organic grains have isotopic compositions within error of bulk values, but 2-8% of them are outliers exhibiting large isotopic enrichments or depletions in D, $^{15}$N, and/or $^{13}$C. The H, C and N isotopic compositions of the outliers are not correlated with each other: while some C-rich grains are both D- and $^{15}$N-enriched, many are enriched or depleted in one or the other system. This most likely points to a diversity in isotopic fractionation pathways and thus diversity in the local formation environments for the individual outlier grains. The observation of a relatively small population of isotopic outlier grains can be explained either by escape from nebular and/or parent body homogenization of carbonaceous precursor material or addition of later isotopic outlier grains. The strong chemical similarity of isotopically typical and isotopically outlying grains, as reflected by synchrotron x-ray absorption spectra, suggests a genetic connection and thus favors the former, homogenization scenario. However, the fact that even the least altered meteorites show the same pattern of a small population of outliers on top of a larger population of homogenized grains indicates that some or most of the homogenization occurred prior to accretion of the macromolecular organic grains into asteroidal parent bodies., Comment: Accepted for publication in Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 8 figures (plus 3 supplementary figs), two tables

The baryonic feedback effect is considered as a possible solution to the so-called $S_8$ tension indicated in cosmic shear cosmology. The baryonic effect is more significant on smaller scales, and affects the cosmic shear two-point correlation functions (2PCFs) with different scale- and redshift-dependencies from those of the cosmological parameters. In this paper, we use the Hyper Suprime-Cam Year 3 (HSC-Y3) data to measure the cosmic shear 2PCFs ($\xi_{\pm}$) down to 0.28 arcminutes, taking full advantage of the high number density of source galaxies in the deep HSC data, to explore a possible signature of the baryonic effect. While the published HSC analysis used the cosmic shear 2PCFs on angular scales, which are sensitive to the matter power spectrum at $k\lesssim 1~h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, the smaller scale HSC cosmic shear signal allows us to probe the signature of matter power spectrum up to $k\simeq 20~h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. Using the accurate emulator of the nonlinear matter power spectrum, DarkEmulator2, we show that the dark matter-only model can provide an acceptable fit to the HSC-Y3 2PCFs down to the smallest scales. In other words, we do not find any clear signature of the baryonic effects or do not find a systematic shift in the $S_8$ value with the inclusion of the smaller-scale information as would be expected if the baryonic effect is significant. Alternatively, we use a flexible 6-parameter model of the baryonic effects, which can lead to both enhancement and suppression in the matter power spectrum compared to the dark matter-only model, to perform the parameter inference of the HSC-Y3 2PCFs. We find that the small-scale HSC data allow only a fractional suppression of up to 5 percent in the matter power spectrum at $k\sim 1~h{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, which is not sufficient to reconcile the $S_8$ tension., Comment: 30 pages, 16 figures

While vehicles have primarily been controlled through mechanical means in years past, an increasing number of embedded control systems are being installed and used, keeping pace with advances in electronic control technology and performance. Automotive systems consist of multiple components developed by a range of vendors. To accelerate developments in embedded control systems, industrial standards such as AUTOSAR are being defined for automotive systems, including the design of operating system and middleware technologies. Crucial to ensuring the safety of automotive systems, the operating system is foundational software on which many automotive applications are executed. In this paper, we propose an integrated model-based method for verifying automotive operating systems; our method is called Model-Checking in the Loop Model-Based Testing (MCIL-MBT). In MCIL-MBT, we create a model that formalizes specifications of automotive operating systems and verifies the specifications via model-checking. Next, we conduct model-based testing with the verified model to ensure that a specific operating system implementation conforms to the model. These verification and testing stages are iterated over until no flaws are detected. Our method has already been introduced to an automotive system supplier and an operating system vendor. Through our approach, we successfully identified flaws that were not detected by conventional review and testing methods.

Context. After landing on C-type asteroid Ryugu, MASCOT imaged brightly colored, submillimeter-sized inclusions in a small rock. Hayabusa2 successfully returned a sample of small particles from the surface of Ryugu, but none of these appear to harbor such inclusions. The samples are considered representative of Ryugu. Aims. To understand the apparent discrepancy between MASCOT observations and Ryugu samples, we assess whether the MASCOT landing site, and the rock by implication, is perhaps atypical for Ryugu. Methods. We analyzed observations of the MASCOT landing area acquired by three instruments on board Hayabusa2: a camera (ONC), a near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS3), and a thermal infrared imager (TIR). We compared the landing area properties thus retrieved with those of the average Ryugu surface. Results. We selected several areas and landforms in the landing area for analysis: a small crater, a collection of smooth rocks, and the landing site itself. The crater is relatively blue and the rocks are relatively red. The spectral and thermophysical properties of the landing site are very close to those of the average Ryugu surface. The spectral properties of the MASCOT rock are probably close to average, but its thermal inertia may be somewhat higher. Conclusions. The MASCOT rock can also be considered representative of Ryugu. Some of the submillimeter-sized particles in the returned samples stand out because of their atypical spectral properties. Such particles may be present as inclusions in the MASCOT rock.

We have conducted a NanoSIMS-based search for presolar material in samples recently returned from C-type asteroid Ryugu as part of JAXA's Hayabusa2 mission. We report the detection of all major presolar grain types with O- and C-anomalous isotopic compositions typically identified in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites: 1 silicate, 1 oxide, 1 O-anomalous supernova grain of ambiguous phase, 38 SiC, and 16 carbonaceous grains. At least two of the carbonaceous grains are presolar graphites, whereas several grains with moderate C isotopic anomalies are probably organics. The presolar silicate was located in a clast with a less altered lithology than the typical extensively aqueously altered Ryugu matrix. The matrix-normalized presolar grain abundances in Ryugu are 4.8$^{+4.7}_{-2.6}$ ppm for O-anomalous grains, 25$^{+6}_{-5}$ ppm for SiC grains and 11$^{+5}_{-3}$ ppm for carbonaceous grains. Ryugu is isotopically and petrologically similar to carbonaceous Ivuna-type (CI) chondrites. To compare the in situ presolar grain abundances of Ryugu with CI chondrites, we also mapped Ivuna and Orgueil samples and found a total of SiC grains and 6 carbonaceous grains. No O-anomalous grains were detected. The matrix-normalized presolar grain abundances in the CI chondrites are similar to those in Ryugu: 23 $^{+7}_{-6}$ ppm SiC and 9.0$^{+5.3}_{-4.6}$ ppm carbonaceous grains. Thus, our results provide further evidence in support of the Ryugu-CI connection. They also reveal intriguing hints of small-scale heterogeneities in the Ryugu samples, such as locally distinct degrees of alteration that allowed the preservation of delicate presolar material., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Published in ApJL

Asteroid 162173 Ryugu has numerous craters. The initial measurement of impact craters on Ryugu, by Sugita et al. (2019), is based on Hayabusa2 ONC images obtained during the first month after the arrival of Hayabusa2 in June 2018. Utilizing new images taken until February 2019, we constructed a global impact crater catalogue of Ryugu, which includes all craters larger than 20 m in diameter on the surface of Ryugu. As a result, we identified 77 craters on the surface of Ryugu. Ryugu shows variation in crater density which cannot be explained by the randomness of cratering; there are more craters at lower latitudes and fewer at higher latitudes, and fewer craters in the western bulge (160 E - 290 E) than in the region around the meridian (300 E - 30 E). This variation implies a complicated geologic history for Ryugu. It seems that the longitudinal variation in crater density simply indicates variation in the crater ages; the cratered terrain around the meridian seems to be geologically old while the western bulge is relatively young. The latitudinal variation in crater density suggests that the equatorial ridge of Ryugu is a geologically old structure; however, this could be alternatively explained by a collision with many fission fragments during a short rotational period of Ryugu in the past., Comment: 18 pages 3 figures

We develop the Landau-Zener transfer matrix theory for the instantaneous Floquet states (IFSs) for quantum systems driven by strong pulse lasers. Applying this theory to the pulse excitation probability in two-level quantum systems, we show unexpectedly good quantitative agreements for few-cycle pulses. This approach enables us to qualitatively understand the probability's peculiar behaviors as quantum path interference between IFSs. We also study the pulse-width dependence, finding that this Floquet-state interpretation remains useful for shorter pulses down to 2-cycle ones in the present model. These results imply that the Floquet theory is meaningful in experimental few-cycle lasers if applied appropriately in the sense of IFSs., Comment: 9+6 pages, 12 figures; v2 reference added

We report a Vlasov simulation of cosmic relic neutrinos combined with N-body simulation of cold dark matter in the context of large-scale structure formation in the Universe performed on Fugaku supercomputer. Gravitational dynamics of the neutrinos is followed, for the first time, by directly integrating the Vlasov equation in a six-dimensional phase space. Our largest simulation combines the Vlasov simulation on 400 trillion grids and 330 billion-body calculations in a self-consistent manner, and reproduces accurately the nonlinear dynamics of neutrinos in the Universe. The novel high-order Vlasov solver is optimized by combining an array of state-of-the-art numerical schemes and fully utilizing the SIMD instructions on the A64FX processors. Time-To-Solution of our simulation is an order of magnitude shorter than the largest N-body simulations. The performance scales excellently with up to 147,456 nodes (7 million CPU cores) on Fugaku; the weak and strong scaling efficiencies are 82% - 96% and 82% - 93%, respectively., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. 2021 ACM Gordon-Bell Prize Finalist. A simulation movie is available at https://youtu.be/p2fHt8f7chQ

Spin-dependent charge transfer decay in an alkali atom doped polyacetylene is studied in terms of the complex spectral analysis, revealing the single-spin Zeeman splitting influenced by the spin-orbit interaction. Nonhermitian effective Hamiltonian has been derived from the total system hermitian Hamiltonian using Brillouin-Wigner-Feshbach projection method, where the microscopic spin-dependent dissipation effect is correctly incorporated in the energy-dependent self-energy. Since the present method maintains the dynamical and chiral symmetries of the total system, we discovered two types of exceptional point (EP) singularities in a unified perspective: the EP surface and EP ring are attributed to the dynamical and chiral symmetry breaking, respectively. We have revealed that the coherent single-spin electron resonance (SSESR) spectrum reflects the complex eigenenergy spectrum of the system. We have formulated the SSESR spectrum in terms of the nonlinear response function in the Liouville-space pathway approach, where we have constructed the Liouville space basis using the complex eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian. We have calculated the one- and two-dimensional Fourier transform SSESR (1DFT and 2DFT) spectra reflecting the spin-relaxation dynamics at the donor site. While the 1DFT SSESR spectrum reflects the complex eigenenergy spectrum, the 2DFT gives detailed information on the quantum coherence in the spin-relaxation dynamics as a cross-correlation between the two frequencies. We found a giant response of the coherent SSESR around the EP ring singularity due to the vanishing normalization factors at the EP ring and the resonance effect. We have discovered that the giant response is much larger in magnitudes in the 2DFT spectrum than in the 1DFT spectrum, which promises the 2DFT SSESR a useful tool to observe the single-spin response in a molecule., Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures

We present the results of cosmological simulations of large-scale structure formation with massive neutrinos. The phase-space distribution of the cosmic relic neutrinos is followed, for the first time, by directly integrating the six-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson equations. Our novel approach allows us to represent free streaming and clustering of neutrinos, and their gravitational interaction with cold dark matter accurately. We thus obtain solutions for the collisionless dynamics independent of conventional N-body methods. We perform a suite of hybrid N-body/Vlasov simulations with varying the neutrino mass, and systematically examine the dynamical effects of massive neutrinos on large-scale structure formation. Our simulations show characteristic large-scale clustering of the neutrinos and their coherent streaming motions relative to dark matter. The effective local neutrino "temperature" around massive galaxy clusters varies by several percent with respect to the cosmic mean; the neutrinos in clusters can be hotter or colder depending on the neutrino mass. We study a number of statistics of the large-scale structure and of dark matter halos in comparison with those obtained by N-body simulations and/or by perturbation theory. Our simulations mark an important milestone in numerical cosmology, and pave a new way to study cosmic structure formation with massive neutrinos., Comment: 21 pages, accepted for publication in ApJ

We establish the uniqueness of positive radial solutions of $$\begin{cases} \Delta u +f(u)=0,\quad x\in A \\ u(x) =0 \quad x\in \partial A \end{cases} $$ where $A:=A_{a,b}=\{ x\in {\mathbb R}^n : a<|x|0$ for all $s>0$, or has one zero at $B>0$, is non positive and not identically 0 in $(0,B)$ and it is positive in $(B,\infty)$., Comment: 20 pages