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Background: The mainstay of dry eye treatment is artificial tear solutions. Contralateral eye comparison of 2 types of artificial tears (Xiloial versus Tearlose) in managing dry eye disease was sought in this study. Methods: This study was a prospective, interventional, contralateral eye comparison of 2 types of artificial tears used for managing dry eye disease. The study participants were categorized into mild (13–22 points), moderate (23–32 points), or severe (33–100 points) ocular surface disease according to the baseline ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire score. Schirmer I and tear film break-up time (TBUT) tests, as well as detailed slit-lamp examinations, were performed at baseline and at the end of the study. All participants received Xiloial monodose eye drops for the right eye and Tearlose eye drops for the left eye, administered as a single drop 4 times per day. Furthermore, they were instructed to perform lid hygiene every 12 hours per day for both eyes. Results: Thirty-five patients (70 eyes) with a mean ± standard (SD) age of 50.2 ± 13.4 years were included, and 14 (40%) were men. The mean ± SD of the OSDI score was 44.24 ± 22.59 at baseline. Of the 35 patients, 10 (28.6%), 5 (14.3%), and 20 (57.1%) had mild, moderate, and severe ocular surface disease, respectively, according to the baseline OSDI score. Compared to baseline, the mean values of both TBUT and Schirmer I tests improved significantly in both groups (both P < 0.001). In comparing the final mean values between the 2 groups, this improvement was comparable for the Schirmer I test (P = 0.179), but TBUT in Tearlose-instilled eyes improved significantly more than in the fellow eyes (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Both Xiloial and Tearlose eye drops improved tear stability and tear production after a 2 week treatment period in eyes with dry eye disease. This improvement was comparable for tear production, but Tearlose-instilled eyes showed significantly greater improvement in tear stability. Further studies with longer follow-up and larger sample sizes could provide more reliable results as a basis for the clinical use of this TSP-containing lubricant eye drop solution in dry eye disease.

Protein-energy malnutrition is one of the major public health problems in India affecting children under 5 years of age. The prevalence of underweight in children under 5 is 42.5% in India, being the highest globally. The need for low-cost supplemental food is vital under such conditions. This study aims to develop low cost and protein-rich value-added products from Tamarind seed flour. The incorporation of Tamarind seed flour (50%) in the development of cookies exhibited a significant level of increase in protein in cookies. The protein content of Control cookies was 5.65% and Tamarind seed flour incorporated cookies was 11.26%. This study depicted that Tamarind seed flour can be used as the replacement of conventionally used cereal flours to develop functional foods to curb protein-energy malnutrition.

A novel, inexpensive, easily available and eco-friendly biosorbent, Tamarindus indica activated seed coat, has been evaluated for its capability to remove fluoride from water. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of various parameters affecting the biosorption such as pH (2–10), biosorbent dose (0.05 g/L to 0.35 g/L), contact time (10–80 min) and initial fluoride concentration (0.001–0.006 g/L) for the biosorption of fluoride at room temperature. The maximum removal of fluoride was found at pH 6, biosorbent dose 0.3 g and contact time 60 min. Physicochemical characterization studies revealed the suitable morphology and chemical functional groups present on the biosorbent. Isothermal data agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model with R2 value 0.976 and KL 0.1. The biosorption interface of fluoride onto Tamarindus indica activated seed coat obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate equation with R2 0.976. The present study demonstrates that Tamarindus indica activated seed coat can effectively remediate fluoride-contaminated water. HIGHLIGHTS Activated tamarind seed coat powder used as biosorbent for the removal of fluoride.; Physicochemical studies of biosorbent revealed favourable features for F removal.; Desorption studies obtained 90% recovery within three cycles.; Developed sorbent applied to real field water samples and succeeded.; This biosorbent can be considered a potential, cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorbent.

Trypsin inhibitors from tamarind seed have been studied in vitro and in preclinical studies for the treatment of obesity, its complications and associated comorbidities. It is still necessary to fully understand the structure and behaviour of these molecules. We purifed this inhibitor, sequenced de novo by MALDI-TOF/TOF, performed its homology modelling, and assessed the interaction with the trypsin enzyme through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation under physiological conditions. We identified additional 75 amino acid residues, reaching approximately 72% of total coverage. The four best conformations of the best homology modelling were submitted to the MD. The conformation n°287 was selected considering the RMSD analysis and interaction energy (–301.0128 kcal.mol−1). Residues Ile (54), Pro (57), Arg (59), Arg (63), and Glu (78) of pTTI presented the highest interactions with trypsin, and arginine residues were mainly involved in its binding mechanism. The results favour bioprospecting of this protein for pharmaceutical health applications.

Inflammatory response is modulated by stimulated immune cells, and has a pivotal role in host defense system against various stimuli. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory property of tamarind seed coat extract (TSCE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Various concentrations of TSCE (10, 25, and 50 µg mL-1) were applied and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg mL-1) in RAW264.7 macrophages and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. Besides, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that TSCE suppressed LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and suppressed the NO levels in a dose-dependent manner. Significantly, the anti-inflammatory activity was correlated with a lowered LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results implied that TSCE possess potent anti-inflammatory activity, which supported new insights into the TSCE utilization to protect inflammation-related disorders.

The present experimentation is carried out on a diesel engine using biodiesel as a fuel. The combination of lemongrass and tamarind seed methyl ester has replaced the diesel at various percentages. This investigation used three blends of biodiesels i.e. 10% of mixed methyl ester and 90% of pure diesel (B10) similarly B20, and B30. From the obtained results it was observed the enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel blends as compared to the diesel. The blend B20 shows enhanced BTE than other samples, being around 20% higher than the diesel. The biodiesel blends show a reduction in HC and CO emissions and enhancement in CO2 and NOX emissions than the diesel. The highest heat release rate observed for B20 at a crank angle of 355° is 68.77 J/deg.

The current study is aimed to explore the sustainable dyeing approach of silk fabric with turmeric powder using tannin as mordant extracted from tamarind seed coat. For that, tamarind seed coat tannin was extracted and applied as natural mordant alone and in combination with metal mordant namely copper sulphate for dyeing silk fabric with the extract of turmeric powder. Dyeing parameters such as temperature, time and mordant concentration were varying for optimizing the process. The color strength, color coordinates, color fastness to wash, perspiration, water and rubbing were evaluated for examining dyeing performance. Firstly, tannin was extracted from tamarind seed coat and applying on the silk fabric at 95°C temperature for 45 min by varying concentration. Among them 15 g/l shows better results. Some samples were mordanted with both 15 g/l extracted tannin and 0.5% copper sulphate solution. The mordanted samples were dyed with turmeric dye by varying the time and temperature. By analyzing the test results, the sample mordanted with extracted tannin showed high color strength and good fastness properties dyeing at 80°C for 60 min. The application of 0.5% copper sulphate mordant enhanced sustainable wash fastness properties.

The veterinary antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR), an emerging contaminant, poses great concern due to its ubiquitous nature. Efforts have been made to eliminate ENR from synthetic aqueous solutions through applying an adsorption process, using tamarind-seed-derived carbon chemically activated with 85% (w/w) ortho-phosphoric acid (ACTS) as an adsorbent. ACTS was characterized via BET studies, SEM, EDX spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, etc. Parametric optimization was performed with the aid of a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array approach, aimed at maximizing the ENR percentage removal (% R). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that temperature, chosen as one of the process parameters, had insignificant effects. % R was found to be maximum (95.11%) at a contact time of 15 h, a pH of 8, an ACTS dose of 8 g L−1 and an initial ENR concentration of 10 mg L−1. Equilibrium and kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process followed a Redlich–Peterson isotherm model and a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Reusability studies were performed, which showed that the developed adsorbent is reusable and regenerable. ACTS is also cost-effective, as the laboratory preparation of ACTS incurred a cost of INR 246. Finally, the ENR-laden ACTS was safely disposed of following WHO guidelines.

The study aimed to compare the effect of individual or combined supplementation of condensed tannins (Tamarindus indica) and saponins-containing (Sapindus mukorossi) phyto-sources on enteric methan...

Novel hydrogels of 5, 6, and 7% w/v of methylcellulose (5MC, 6MC, and 7MC) with 1.5% w/v of tamarind seed xyloglucan (TSX) were developed via an in situ gel forming process. The MC and MC/TSX solutions formed two gel types: a soft gel and a turbid hard gel respectively upon heating. These samples were characterized using a test-tube-tilting method (TTM), rheological, and turbidity measurements. The interactions and the mechanism of gelation were studied using ATR-FTIR. The release of metronidazole (MTZ) from the hydrogels was also investigated. Based on the TTM results, 6MC/TSX, 7MC, and 7MC/TSX were solution at room temperature but could form gel at body temperature. ATR-FTIR demonstrated stronger hydrophobic associations of MC in the turbid gel than in the soft gel which corresponded to the higher intensity of the C–O band of MC. The peak intensity was greater in the presence of TSX, reflecting the role of TSX to increase hydrophobicity and decrease gelation temperature of MC. SEM revealed a microporous morphology of 6MC/TSX, 7MC, and 7MC/TSX and the pore size of the soft gel was greater than that of the turbid gel. The high relative rheological synergism at 37 °C indicated a high mucoadhesive property of the MC/TSX hydrogels. MC and MC/TSX exhibited a suitable syringeability to ease of administration at 25 °C. MTZ exhibited a more sustained release from 7MC/TSX than from a commercial formulation. Therefore, 7MC/TSX hydrogel could be potentially used for the in situ delivery of MTZ for the treatment of periodontitis.

In this review paper, the use of different parts of tamarind tree in industry for eco-friendly products and processes with sustainability has been explored. This review article presents the extraction methods adapted to modify the raw materials obtained from tamarind tree into useable form by industry. The review of published data reveals that, fruit shell can be efficiently used as toxic adsorbent, pulp is used in food industry as preservative, Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) a biopolymer from tamarind seed is effectively used as additive in food industry, drug delivery applications and electrochemical industries. The tamarind seed oil is used as biofuel, tamarind leaf extract is employed in textile industry for developing antibacterial fabrics and fruit fiber is successfully used as reinforcement in composite material to replace synthetic fibers and finds application in automobile and construction industries. This study also exposes the fact that there is scope for further use of tamarind and its parts in several areas such targeted drug delivery applications, removal of toxins from industrial effluents, electrochemical industries, agricultural field and preparation of preserved foods which require further research.

Tamarind seed is an underutilised by-product of the tamarind pulp industry. Only a small portion of the seed, in the form of tamarind kernel powderis used as a sizing material in the textile, paper, and jute industries. A study was carried out toanalyse the useful and biological properties of tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica). All the processed seeds were dried and pulverised before qualitative analysis. Functional analysis of tamarind seed shows water absorption capacity 20 percent and oil absorption capacity 16 percent shows and gelatinisation concentration was 10 percent. Proximate composition of tamarind seed shows that moisture, protein (g), fat (g), fiber (g), ash (g), carbohydrate (g) and energy (kcal) was 8.4±0.25 (g), 20.5±1.25 (g), 9.5±0.35 (g), 8.6±215 (g), 3.2±0.76 (g), 57.8±1.92 (g) and 364.0±4.89kcal, respectively.

In the present study protein was isolated from tamarind seed powder and was subjected to ultrasonication by varying the time (15 and 30 min) and intensity (100 and 200 W) of treatment. The effect of the ultrasound treatment on the various properties like solubility, emulsifying property, foaming property, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, particle density and molecular weight was investigated. The solubility, emulsifying property, foaming property, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity of the ultrasonically treated tamarind seed protein isolates improved after treatment and was found to increase with time or intensity of the treatment. The particle density slightly decreased after ultrasonication, but significant differences could not be observed for the different treatment conditions. The SDS-PAGE profiling did not reveal any differences in the molecular weights of the treated and untreated proteins, implying that ultrasonication did not affect the primary structure of the proteins. It can be concluded from the study that ultrasonication can be used to improve the functional properties of tamarind seed protein isolates and therefore has potential for use in various food and non-food applications.

The aim of present study was to preparation and evaluation of modified Tamarind seed as natural superdisintegrant. The extracted gum from the Tamarind seed was modified chemically by carboxymethylation of extracted gum was done to improve the hydrophilic nature of the gum. Futher, carboxymethylated gum was complexed by using calcium chloride to enhances the wetting capacity of the gum. The modification in functional group of extracted gum, carboxymethyled gum, Calcium complexed gum was studied by FT-IR spectrophotometer. The DSC studies shows that the changes in melting point of the carboxymethyled gum and the calcium complexed gum as compared to the extracted gum without undergoing chemical modification. The modified gum was then subjected to different studies like color, pH of gum solution, swelling indexetc. The dummy tablet prepared with calcium complexed modified Tamarind seed gum to check its disintegration effect of the tablet. The various pre-compression parameters of the tablet blend was determined like bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, angle of repose and Hausner's ratio. The disintegration time of these dummy tablet carry the calcium complexed tamarind seed gum was compared to formulate tablet with marketed superdisintegrant i.e. sodium starch glycolate . The disintegration time of calcium complexed Tamarind seed gum was observed to be 1 min. approx. 32.5 sec. -35.2 sec. showing good disintegrating property. It can be concluded that Fast disintegrating tablet using modified Tamarind seed gum as natural superdisintegrant improves the disintegration time of the tablet. Keywords: FDT tablet, Tamarind seed gum, Sodium starch glycolate, Swelling time.

A research aimed to evaluate nutrients digestibility in growing local male pig fed spontaneous bioconverted-tamarind seed has been done in animal feed technology laboratory of Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic.The research used 25 local male grower pigs with body weight around 3-6 kg. The study used a randomized block design with five treatments, i.e. R0 = ration using tamarind seeds without bioconversion, R1 = ration using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 24 hours, R2 = rations using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 48 hours, R3 = rations using bioconversion tamarinds spontaneous for 72 hours, and R4 = rations using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 96 hours. Each treatment was repeated five times in which each of them used five pigs. Parameters observed were nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash). The data were analyzed by using variance and continued by Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the differences between treatments. The results showed that the time of spontaneous bioconversion of tamarind seeds increased the digestibility of tamarind seed nutrients and it was concluded that the best time of spontaneous bioconversion was for 72 hours.

Thickeners for textile printing were prepared from tamarind gum as per green technology; this tamarind gum is composed of glucose, xylose and galactose at a ratio of 3: 2: 1 as islolated from tamarind seeds. In order to render the tamarind seeds soluble in water, they were submitted to chemical modification by carbamation followed by miniaturization through sonication. The as prepared biopolymer was used as a thickener for textile printing of a natural dye colorant was extracted from the tamarind seed cover (coat) after being manually which separated from the seed. To this end, we have the biopolymer ready for use as a thickener and the extracted colorant ready for use as natural dye. Addition of the two components to the printing mix would give rise to benign printing paste which could be successfully used in printing on various textile materials notably cotton, natural silk and wool after being mordanted. Nitrogen content, rheological properties, color strength and overall color fastness properties were evaluated.

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) are usually used to change structure and properties of native starch. In this study, native corn starch was treated by HPH at 0, 40, and 80 MPa, respectively, and physicochemical properties of the treated corn starch in the presence of TSP were analyzed. Results showed that TSP molecules interact with the high-pressure homogenized corn starch (40 MPa) to increase viscosity, thermal and freeze-thaw stability, and elasticity of starch paste, and limit starch digestion. After gelatinization, the homogenized starch formed a sponge-like network and stable gel with TSP inclusion. This resulted in a decrease in relative crystallinity from 6.77% to 3.22% (40 MPa treated starch with TSP inclusion) during the retrogradation process. This study showed that the addition of TSP to HPH treated corn starch can improve the thermal and freeze-thaw stability of the gel and delay the digestion and retrogradation of the starch.

The aim s of this research w ere to determine pH and the total number of lactic acid bacteria from fermented liquid tamarind seed feed. The research materials were tamarind seeds, bran, yellow corn, soybean meal, meat and bone meal, and water. The treatments were : R0: Liquid feed fermentation time (LFFT) of 0 days; R1: LFFT of 7 days; R2: LFFT 14 days; R3: LFFT 21 days; and R4: LFFT 28 days . Research variables : total number of lactic acid bacteria and pH. The results showed that the total number of lactic acid bacteria increased from 0 (fermentation time 0 days) to 5.5 9 x 10 4 CFU / ml (fermentattion time 14 days) and the pH decreased from 5.76 ± 0.11 to 3. 76 ± 0.05. It was concluded that fermentation time of up to 14 days causes in the total number of lactic acid bacteria and a decrease in pH. Key Words: Pig feed, nutrient, waste, fermentation.

Two-dimensional (2D) printing is a simple technology that shows the possibility for the preparation of personalized pharmaceutical dosage forms. This technology can accurately print medicine in different sizes, which can be applied to develop a personalized, drug-loaded orodispersible film for patients with dysphagia. Seed gum from Tamarindus indica Linn was selected as the film former of the printing substrate, and sorbitol was applied as a film plasticizer. Theophylline was used as a printed model drug due to its narrow therapeutic index. From the results, the mechanical properties of the film indicated that increasing the level of sorbitol improved the flexibility and strength of the film, which rendered the gum film suitable as a printing substrate. Conversely, raising portions of the gum (more than 3.5%) led to the use of rigid and stress-resistant films that can crack during the printing process. The Fourier transform infrared result revealed that there was no interaction between theophylline and the gum after the printing process. The printed theophylline was mainly in an amorphous form based on the X-ray diffraction results. Furthermore, theophylline was deposited at the surface of the gum substrate after the drug-printing process, as depicted in the scanning electron microscope images. The printed drug on the orodispersible film can be accurately determined by varying the printing size/repeat. Lastly, the drug was completely released from the orodispersible film within 5 min. The research results showed the possibility of utilizing tamarind seed gum as a potential printing substrate for the 2D drug-printing technique. Moreover, this can be applied as an electronic prescribing system for telemedicine in the future.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a very common problem in children which needed to be treated immediately otherwise it will lead to complications, it can present with various symptoms. In this paper we are going to describe and discuss a case of an accidental ingestion of foreign body (tamarind seed) which partially occluding the lumen of distal trachea just above the bifurcation.

Mahboubeh Razavi,1 Hamed Karimian,1 Chai Hong Yeong,2 Mehran Fadaeinasab,3 Si Lay Khaing,4 Lip Yong Chung,1 Didi Erwandi B Mohamad Haron,5 Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin1,6 1Department of Pharmacy, 2University Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, 3Center for Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), 4Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 5Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies, Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 6Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Penang, Malayasia Abstract: This study aimed to formulate floating gastroretentive tablets containing metformin hydrochloric acid (HCl), using various grades of hydrogel such as tamarind powders and xanthan to overcome short gastric residence time of the conventional dosage forms. Different concentrations of the hydrogels were tested to determine the formulation that could provide a sustained release of 12 h. Eleven formulations with different ratios of tamarind seed powder/tamarind kernel powder (TKP):xanthan were prepared. The physical parameters were observed, and in vitro drug-release studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Optimal formulation was assessed for physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and chemical interaction followed by in vivo gamma scintigraphy study. MKP,3 formulation with a TKP:xanthan ratio of 3:2 was found to have 99.87% release over 12 h. Furthermore, in vivo gamma scintigraphy study was carried out for the optimized formulation in healthy New Zealand White rabbits, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of developed formulations were obtained. 153Sm2O3 was used to trace the profile of release in the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits, and the drug release was analyzed. The time (Tmax) at which the maximum concentration of metformin HCl in the blood (Cmax) was observed, and it was extended four times for the gastroretentive formulation in comparison with the formulation without polymers. Cmax and the half-life were found to be within an acceptable range. It is therefore concluded that MKP,3 is the optimal formulation for sustained release of metformin HCl over a period of 12 h as a result of its floating properties in the gastric region.Keywords: drug delivery systems, floating system, gastric retention, sustained release natural polymers, evaluation in vitro and in vivo

This research was aimed to know the effect in various of gibberellic acid (GA3) concentration and kind of growth plant to germination of tamarind seed ( Tamarindus indica L.). This research was conducted in Green House of Faculty of Agriculture University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Serang Banten from October until November 2016. The research used a Randomized Completely Design arranged as factorial and consisted of two factors. The first factor was the concentration of Gibberellic Acid (GA3), consisted of three levels were G0 (without GA3), G1 (concentration of 500 ppm) and G2 (concentration 750 ppm). The second factor was kind of growth plant, consisted of four levels were M1 (ground), M2 (sand), M3 (husk), and M4 (soil+sand 1:1 (v/v)). The treatment combination was repeated 3 replicates. Parameters measured were day of germination, power of germination, maximum growth potential, growth rate, normal sprout, and abnormal sprout. The results showed that immersion without GA3 tend to gave better effect to the parameters of maximum growth potential (100%), normal sprout (99.6%), power of germination (70.8%), and the speed of growth (6.2%) than the immersion with the provision of GA3. Treatment kind of growth plant that M3 (husk) tended better effect to day of germination (7.5 days), power of germination (72.2%) and abnormal sprout (0.11%). There was no interaction between the concentrations of GA3 and the growth plant for all parameters observed. Keywords: Germination, Gibberelic acid, Growth plant, Tamarind