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ispartof: Journal Of Behavior Therapy And Experimental Psychiatry vol:81 pages:1-8 status: published

Background: Current guidelines emphasize the assistance of the emergency dispatcher in bystander cardiopulmonary resusitation (CPR). Its quality, however, has varied across cases. Objective: To determine the effect of repetitive coaching by dispatchers using verbal encouragement on the quality of lay-rescuer CPR. Methods: We conducted a dispatch-assisted CPR (DACPR) simulation study. Participants with no CPR training within the previous year were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 DACPR simulations. One was the No Coaching Group: callers were told to perform CPR and the dispatcher periodically confirmed that the caller was performing CPR. The second group was the Coaching Group: the dispatcher repetitively coached, encouraged, and counted aloud using a metronome. Participants performed CPR for 2 min under instruction from the study dispatcher. Parameters including chest compression depth, rate, and chest compression fraction were recorded by video camera and CPR manikin. Results: Forty-nine participants 20 to 50 years of age were recruited, and 48 completed the simulation (Coaching Group, n = 27; No Coaching Group, n = 21). The chest compression fraction was higher in the Coaching Group (99.4% vs. 93.0%, p = 0.005) and no participants interrupted chest compression more than 10 s in this group. When comparing the average depth of each 30-s period in each group, the depth increased over time in the Coaching Group (40.9 mm, 43.9 mm, 44.1 mm, and 42.8 mm), while it slightly decreased in the No Coaching Group (40.6 mm, 40.1 mm, 39.4 mm, and 39.8 mm). Conclusions: Repetitive verbal encouragements augmented chest compression depth with less-hands off time. Continuous coaching by dispatchers can optimize lay-rescuer CPR., 博士（医学）・甲第852号・令和4年9月28日, © 2022 Elsevier Inc., © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Additional file 2: Table S1. Counterbalancing of Instructions (AAT, IAT) and Order of IATs. Table S2. Ratings of Smoking-Related and Positive Pictures for Each Picture Set Used in the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Table S3. Ratings of Smoking-Related and Positive Pictures Used in the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Table S4. Design of the Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) for the Order Compatible-Incompatible. Table S5. Design of the Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) for the Order Incompatible-Compatible. Table S6. Picture Numbers (IAPS) of all Control Stimuli.

Additional file 1. SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents.

Background: Network analysis has gained increasing attention as a new framework to study complex associations between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A number of studies have been published to investigate symptom networks on different sets of symptoms in different populations, and the findings have been inconsistent. Objective: We aimed to extend previous research by testing whether differences in PTSD symptom networks can be found in survivors of type I (single event; sudden and unexpected, high levels of acute threat) vs. type II (repeated and/or protracted; anticipated) trauma (with regard to their index trauma). Method: Participants were trauma-exposed individuals with elevated levels of PTSD symptomatology, most of whom (94%) were undergoing assessment in preparation for PTSD treatment in several treatment centres in Germany and Switzerland (n = 286 with type I and n = 187 with type II trauma). We estimated Bayesian Gaussian graphical models for each trauma group and explored group differences in the symptom network. Results: First, for both trauma types, our analyses identified the edges that were repeatedly reported in previous network studies. Second, there was decisive evidence that the two networks were generated from different multivariate normal distributions, i.e. the networks differed on a global level. Third, explorative edge-wise comparisons showed moderate or strong evidence for specific 12 edges. Edges which emerged as especially important in distinguishing the networks were between intrusions and flashbacks, highlighting the stronger positive association in the group of type II trauma survivors compared to type I survivors. Flashbacks showed a similar pattern of results in the associations with detachment and sleep problems (type II > type I). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that trauma type contributes to the heterogeneity in the symptom network. Future research on PTSD symptom networks should include this variable in the analyses to reduce heterogeneity. The current study aimed to investigate trauma type as a potential moderator of PTSD symptom networks, distinguishing between type I trauma (single event; sudden and unexpected, high level of acute threat) vs. type II trauma (repeated and/or protracted; anticipated) with regard to their index trauma.Findings suggest that the PTSD symptom network structure differs between type I and type II trauma survivors. Edges which emerged as especially important in distinguishing the networks were between intrusions and flashbacks, highlighting the stronger positive association in the group of type II trauma survivors compared to type I survivors. Flashbacks showed a similar pattern of results in the associations with detachment and sleep problems (type II > type I).Analysis revealed that trauma type contributes to the heterogeneity in the symptom network and it is important variable to consider in the future research. The current study aimed to investigate trauma type as a potential moderator of PTSD symptom networks, distinguishing between type I trauma (single event; sudden and unexpected, high level of acute threat) vs. type II trauma (repeated and/or protracted; anticipated) with regard to their index trauma. Findings suggest that the PTSD symptom network structure differs between type I and type II trauma survivors. Edges which emerged as especially important in distinguishing the networks were between intrusions and flashbacks, highlighting the stronger positive association in the group of type II trauma survivors compared to type I survivors. Flashbacks showed a similar pattern of results in the associations with detachment and sleep problems (type II > type I). Analysis revealed that trauma type contributes to the heterogeneity in the symptom network and it is important variable to consider in the future research.

Additional file 2: Effect of intervention on outcomes.

Additional file 6: CONSORT statement checklist.

2021, 【要旨】

Additional file 1: Overview of prevention intervention sessions.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_21677026211009495 for Is a High Association Between Repetitive Negative Thinking and Negative Affect Predictive of Depressive Symptoms? A Clustering Approach for Experience-Sampling Data by Mina Stefanovic, Tabea Rosenkranz, Thomas Ehring, Edward R. Watkins and Keisuke Takano in Clinical Psychological Science

Additional file 3: Acceptance ratings (participant feedback for individual sessions).

Additional file 1. TIDieR-Checklist.pdf (TIDieR Checklist).

Additional file 5: Missing values.