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A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of N-substituted acryl amides has been developed using Na2CO3/SiO2 or NaHSO4/SiO2. Na2CO3/SiO2 smoothly acts as a base in the reaction between acryloyl chloride and a variety of amines to obtain their corresponding products in good to excellent yield. Additionally, NaHSO4/SiO2 catalyzed the Ritter reaction between acryl nitrile and sec-benzylic alcohols to give the expected N-substituted acryl amide product. In both reactions, Na2CO3/SiO2 and NaHSO4/SiO2 were removed from the reaction mixture using filtration.

Nitrile oxides were formed from α-nitro ketones using silica gel-supported sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO4/SiO2) or Amberlyst 15 as solid acid catalyst, and then the corresponding 3-acylisoxaszoles were obtained by reacting with alkynes via the 1,3-dipolar [3+2] cyclo­addition. These heterogeneous catalysts are easily separable from the reaction mixture and reused. This synthetic method provides a facile, efficient, and reusable production of 3-acylisoxazoles.

Almost a quarter of a century has passed since the term sarcopenia was defined. Sarcopenia is recognized as a poor prognostic factor in a variety of cancer types. In ovarian cancer, it remains controversial whether sarcopenia affects prognosis and how it should be evaluated. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the volume of the psoas major muscle and survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Medical charts of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who received first-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin at the National Defense Medical College Hospital (Tokorozawa, Japan) between April 2010 and January 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The bilateral psoas major muscle areas at the fifth lumbar vertebra were measured using computed tomography images. The Institutional Review Board at National Defense Medical College Hospital (Tokorozawa, Japan) approved the study protocol. A total of 72 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who received combination therapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin were identified and enrolled. The median psoas muscle index (PMI; psoas muscle major cross-sectional area divided by height squared) was 5.4 cm2/m2 (range, 3.3-10.0). Patients with higher PMI had significantly improved overall survival (OS) compared with those with lower PMI [log-rank test P=0.014; hazard ratio (HR), 2.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-6.06]. Multivariate analysis for OS revealed that lower PMI was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (HR, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.37-12.1; P=0.0098). The volume of psoas major muscle mass could be a potential biomarker for prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of lymphocyte infiltration (LI) for patients with endometrial serous carcinoma and those with endometrioid carcinoma including serous component. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who underwent surgery at our hospital between 1990 and 2013 were identified. LI was classified into strong LI, defined as a continuous thick zone of LI, and weak LI, defined as the lack of zone or scattered small foci of LI at the invasive front. RESULTS Out of a total of 51 patients, 38 cases had weak LI and 13 had strong LI. The progression-free survival of patients with weak LI was worse (p=0.02). No significant difference of overall survival according to the status of LI was noted (p=0.054). Multivariate analysis revealed that LI was a prognostic factor of poorer progression-free survival (hazard ratio(HR)=5.05, p

Aim: To examine the clinicopathological features of ovarian seromucinous borderline tumors (SMBTs) and compare them with those of mucinous borderline/atypical proliferative mucinous tumors (MB/APMTs). Patients and Methods: Patients with SMBT between 2014 and 2018 and those with MB/APMT between 1988 and 2018 who underwent surgery at our Institution were identified. Pathological review was conducted using the 2014 World Health Organization criteria. Clinical features were compared retrospectively between SMBT and MB/APMT. Results: In total, 11 (12.9%) patients with SMBT and 74 (87.1%) patients with MB/APMT were included in our study. The diagnosis of six patients with SMBT and 73 patients with MB/APMT was not revised on review. SMBT was diagnosed at a younger age (p=0.04), was of smaller size (p

A sunlight-induced C C bond formation reactions upon the addition of alcohols/ethers/acetals to olefins proceeded efficiently using di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). The reactions proceeded faster than many of the previously reported sunlight and many conventional lamp photolyses, typically in 3–4 h under irradiation with sunlight, in excellent yield using olefins bearing two electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) (product yield > 95 %) and in good to fair yield with olefins bearing one EWG. The yields observed for some products were ∼20 % higher than those obtained using a conventional Xe lamp as the light source, which was confirmed to be due to a light intensity effect. Gram-scale experiments showed similar yields to those observed in their corresponding small-scale experiments.

The aim of the present study was to identify clinicopathological factors in long-term survivors following ovarian cancer recurrence. The patients who achieved longer survival after recurrence (n=18) and those who succumbed to the disease earlier (n=47) were identified and analyzed. There were no significant differences in age, performance status, stage distribution or histology between the two groups. Additionally, no significant difference was observed in progression-free survival after primary therapy. Multivariate analyses revealed that the predictive factors for long-term survival were i) secondary debulking surgery (OR=13.3; 95% CI: 1.39–226.7), ii) favourable response rate of second-line chemotherapy (OR=46.5; 95% CI: 1.84–313-4), and iii) ≥3 regimens after first recurrence (OR=9.01; 95% CI: 1.28–117.7). This study revealed that prolonged post-progression survival was associated with post-recurrence treatment. Therefore, appropriate selection of secondary debulking surgery and better chemotherapeutic response may lead to prolonged post-progression survival in recurrent ovarian cancer patients.

Background The incidence of grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma (EG1) at 2009 International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) stage IA was the highest in endometrial carcinoma. Several studies and guidelines classified EG1 into recurrent low risk and did not recommend patients received adjuvant therapy. However, not a few case with EG1 recurred. The aim of this study was to examine whether EG1 at 2009 FIGO stage IA with a less than 5% serous component resembling ovarian high- or low-grade serous carcinoma (SC) was a risk factor for recurrence or worse progression free survival (PFS). Methods Between 1990 and 2015, patients who received total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma at stage IA were enrolled at multiple centers. In addition to pathological review using 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, SC and several pathological features, including lympho-vascular invasion, were identified. A retrospective analysis to examine whether SC was a risk factor of recurrence was conducted. Results During the observational period, 236 patients were included in our study. Among them, SC was noted in 14 patients. Five patients showed recurrence and 4 of them had SC. Multivariate analysis for recurrence revealed that SC was an independent risk factor of recurrence (hazard ratio (HR) 139, p

The aim of this study was to examine the associations among the haphazard invasive patterns, defined as directionless infiltration into the myometrium; expression of key proteins; tumor infiltrative lymphocytes (TILs); and the prognosis of gade-3 endometrioid carcinoma (G3EC). Between 1990 and 2013, patients with G3EC who underwent surgery at our hospital were identified. Invasive patterns were classified into either haphazard, infiltrative, or expansile patterns. The estrogen, progesterone, androgen receptor, cytokeratin 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor, E-cadherin, snail-2, vimentin, ZEB1, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 levels were evaluated by immunochemical analysis. The degree of strong or weak lymphocyte infiltration (LI) were evaluated using zone formation of LI at the invasive front. Haphazard, infiltrative, and expansile patterns were discovered in 8 (18%), 6 (13%), and 31 (69%) cases, respectively. Cases with the haphazard patterns were diagnosed at a more advanced stage (p

Advanced liver cirrhosis is usually accompanied by portal hypertension. Long-term portal hypertension results in various vascular alterations. The systemic hemodynamic state in patients with cirrhosis is termed a hyperdynamic state. This peculiar hemodynamic state is characterized by an expanded blood volume, high cardiac output, and low total peripheral resistance. Vascular alterations do not disappear even long after liver transplantation (LT), and recipients with cirrhosis exhibit a persistent systemic hyperdynamic state even after LT. Stability of optimal systemic hemodynamics is indispensable for adequate portal venous flow (PVF) and successful LT, and reliable parameters for optimal systemic hemodynamics and adequate PVF are required. Even a subtle disorder in systemic hemodynamics is precisely indicated by the balance between cardiac output and blood volume. The indocyanine green (ICG) kinetics reflect the patient's functional hepatocytes and effective PVF, and PVF is a major determinant of the ICG elimination constant (kICG) in the well-preserved allograft. The kICG value is useful to set the optimal PVF during living-donor LT and to evaluate adequate PVF after LT. Perioperative management has a large influence on the postoperative course and outcome; therefore, key points and unexpected pitfalls for intensive management are herein summarized. Transplant physicians should fully understand the peculiar systemic hemodynamic behavior in LT recipients with cirrhosis and recognize the critical importance of PVF after LT.

A highly efficient and simple method for the synthesis of 2-alkylbenzothiazoles through the condensation of 2-aminothiophenol and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of active carbon/silica gel is described. The reaction proceeded under solvent-free and microwave irradiation to afford 2-alkylbenzothiazoles in high yields. This method was extended to the synthesis of bile acid derivatives containing a benzothiazole ring and obtained the desired products in high yields. The anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized benzothiazole derivatives of bile acid were tested; the results showed that anti-inflammatory activities of all tested compounds tested were higher than that of standard drugs, such as indomethacin.

Background/aim The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical behavior of several grades of endometrioid carcinoma (EC) compared to high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), based on World Health Organization 2014 criteria. Materials and methods Clinicopathological features were compared between all grades of EC and HGSC, and between HGSC and either grade 1/2 or grade 3 EC. Results Sixty-five patients with EC and 214 with HGSC were identified. Among patients with EC, 56 displayed 1/2 EC and nine had grade 3 EC. The progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival of patients with grade 1/2 EC were better than of those of patients with HGSC; however, PFS and OS did not statistically differ between patients with grade 3 EC and those with HGSC. Grade 1/2 EC, but not grade 3, was a better prognostic factor compared with HGSC. Conclusion A grading system for EC would be beneficial for the accurate prognosis of ovarian cancer.

Background/aim To investigate whether XIAP down-regulation and autophagy inhibition sensitize ovarian clear cell cancer cells to cisplatin. Materials and methods The ovarian clear cancer cell line KK was used for in vitro analysis. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and phenoxodiol (PXD) or embelin were used as autophagy and XIAP inhibitors, respectively. Non-specific and XIAP-specific siRNAs were transfected using Lipofectamine. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assays. Protein expression was confirmed by western blotting. Results In KK, down-regulation of XIAP using specific siRNAs together with HCQ treatment enhanced the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin. Although embelin sensitized KK to cisplatin through XIAP down-regulation, it induced autophagy. However, PXD increased cisplatin sensitivity through XIAP down-regulation and autophagy inhibition. Expression of Atg7, Atg12, and Beclin 1 was decreased after PXD treatment. Conclusion PXD increased cisplatin sensitivity through XIAP down-regulation and autophagy inhibition and could be a new candidate for ovarian clear cell carcinoma treatment.

Objective In 2014 World Health Organization criteria, seromucinous carcinoma was defined as a new histological subtype in ovarian carcinomas, but "seromucinous carcinoma" was not defined in endometrial carcinomas. The aim of this study was to identify seromucinous carcinoma resembling ovarian seromucinous carcinoma in endometrial carcinomas, and to evaluate the clinical significance for prognoses of the patients. Methods Central pathological review was conducted for patients with endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium treated by primary surgery at our hospital between 1990 and 2013. Results Among 340 cases included in the study, no case had all tumor cells resembling ovarian seromucinous carcinoma in all specimens, and 31 cases (9.1%) had seromucinous component in combination with endometrioid carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed seromucinous component had positive reactivity for cytokeratin (CK) 7, and negative reactivity for CK20 and caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) in all cases. Seromucinous component showed lower immunoreactivity of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, compared with endometrioid carcinoma component. Progression-free survival of the cases with seromucinous component was better than those without seromucinous component (p=0.049). Conclusion Seromucinous component was identified in approximately 10% of endometrioid carcinoma, and could be a histological predictor for prognosis.

Spinal cord ischemic injury is the most devastating sequela of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) have been used to intraoperatively assess motor tract function, but it remains unclear whether MEP monitoring can decrease the incidence of postoperative motor deficits. Therefore, we reviewed multicenter medical records of patients who had undergone descending and thoracoabdominal aortic repair (both open surgery and endovascular repair) to assess the association of MEP monitoring with postoperative motor deficits.Patients included in the study underwent descending or thoracoabdominal aortic repair at 12 hospitals belonging to the Japanese Association of Spinal Cord Protection in Aortic Surgery between 2000 and 2013. Using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, we investigated whether intraoperative MEP monitoring was associated with postoperative motor deficits at discharge after open and endovascular aortic repair.We reviewed data from 1214 patients (open surgery, 601 [49.5%]; endovascular repair, 613 [50.5%]). MEP monitoring was performed in 631 patients and not performed in the remaining 583 patients. Postoperative motor deficits were observed in 75 (6.2%) patients at discharge. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative motor deficits at discharge did not have a significant association with MEP monitoring (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-1.88; P = .624), but with other factors: history of neural deficits (adjusted OR, 6.08; 95% CI, 3.10-11.91; P.001), spinal drainage (adjusted OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.32-3.47; P = .002), and endovascular procedure (adjusted OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.27-0.76; P = .003). The sensitivity and specificity of MEP25% of control value for motor deficits at discharge were 37.8% (95% CI, 26.5%-49.5%) and 95.5% (95% CI, 94.7%-96.4%), respectively.MEP monitoring was not significantly associated with motor deficits at discharge.

Background: High-temperature-required protein A2 (HtrA2), a protein relating with apoptosis in a caspases-dependent and non-dependent manner, has been reported to be associated with chemosensitivity in several human cancers. Methods: Tissue microarrays made from 142 patients with high-grade serous ovarian adenocarcinoma were evaluated to assess whether HtrA2 expression was related with several clinical parameters. Results: Negative HtrA2 expression was observed in 36 cases (25%) of the patients, and related with significantly lower response rates of primary chemotherapy than those with positive HtrA2 expression (56% vs 83%, P

The magnetic data obtained by the SWARM (the Earth's Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers) satellites in middle or low latitudes during the initial 2 months after launch were analyzed, when they flew nearly on the same orbit with variable time separation ranging from 5 to 100 s. It was confirmed that the small-scale magnetic fluctuations having period around 10–30 s are the manifestation of spatial structure of small-scale field-aligned currents along the orbits. From the statistical relation between correlation coefficients and two satellite separation in time, the typical time scale of temporal variation of the field-aligned current system is estimated to be around 200 s for meridional component and 340 s for zonal components of the magnetic fluctuations, respectively. Existence of shorter time scale around 30–50 s was also found. These results suggest that the main source of current generation is the acoustic mode of atmospheric gravity waves.

The clinical significance of coexistence of endometriosis (EM) in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) has not yet been determined. The aim of the present study was to analyze the correlation of endometriosis with clinicopathological factors in CCC. The cases with CCC that received primary debulking surgery at the present hospital between 1990 and 2013 were identified. Retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between complications with EM and clinicopathological features in CCC. Of the 105 cases enrolled in the study, 45 cases were complicated with EM, and 60 cases did not have EM (non-EM). The patients with EM were diagnosed at a younger age (P=0.03), and at earlier stages (P

Aim To determine whether CD44, which is associated with tumor growth and metastasis, is related to carcinogenesis and prognosis in ovarian mucinous carcinomas (MACs). Materials and methods Tissue blocks from 71 patients with benign mucinous ovarian tumors were used in the study: 35 were from patients with borderline mucinous ovarian tumors, and 60 from patients with MACs. Immunochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of CD44 and examine its association with tumorigenesis and survival. Results Compared to benign tumors, borderline tumors had high CD44 expression levels (p=0.047). Conversely, MACs had lower expression than borderline tumors (p=0.032). Progression-free and overall survival of patients with MAC with low CD44 expression were worse than those of patients with high expression (p=0.04 and p=0.02, respectively). Conclusion Malignant transformation of mucinous tumors is associated with changes in CD44 expression, with low expression level being a prognostic factor in MAC.

The activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway has been reported to have critical roles in several solid tumors. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between JAK2/STAT3 activation and clinicopathological parameters in ovarian cancer types. Tissue microarrays made from the patients treated at the National Defense Medical College Hospital between 1984 and 2008 were evaluated using immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings. Medical charts of these patients including IHC results were retrospectively analyzed, and prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival were evaluated. Among 341 enrolled patients, positive expression of p-STAT3 was observed in 95 cases (28%). Positive p-STAT3 was an independent worse prognostic factor for overall survival in all the cases. Additionally, p-STAT3 expression was related with overall survival in patients with clear-cell histology, but not in serous histology. The effect of an inhibitor of STAT3, niclosamide, was evaluated in ovarian clear-cell cancer cells, and niclosamide treatment decreased expression of p-STAT3, leading to increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway had significant impact on survival of ovarian cancers, especially for the cases with clear-cell histology. Although further analyses are needed, suppression of this pathway could be a candidate for the treatment of ovarian cancers.

Non-platinum single agents are usually used for patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancers (ROC). However, the efficacy of these drugs is limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse events (AE) of combination therapy with irinotecan and platinum (CPT-Pt) for ROC. A total of 28 platinum-resistant or refractory patients with ROC treated with CPT-Pt at the National Defense Medical College Hospital institution between 2002 and 2012 were identified. All patients received taxane and carboplatin (TC) as a first-line treatment and relapsed within 6 months after completion of TC, or progressed during TC therapy. The median age was 59 years (range, 16-78), and median number of CPT-Pt therapy cycles was 5.5 (range, 2-16). The overall response rate was 14%, with a complete response (CR) in 2 patients and partial response (PR) in 2 patients. Stable disease (SD) for >3 months was observed in 15 patients (54%), resulting in a clinical benefit rate (CBR = CR + PR + SD) of 68%. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 8 and 15 months, respectively. Fifteen cases (68%) developed grade 3/4 hematological AE and 3 cases (11%) developed non-hematological grade 3/4 AE, which were resolved by conservative management or dose reduction. Platinum re-treatment with irinotecan for platinum refractory or resistant ROC may be a candidate in such clinical settings.

Background: X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is one of the anti-apoptotic proteins leading to chemoresistance in several cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of XIAP expression upon ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) that has a platinum-resistant phenotype. Methods: Tissue microarrays made from 90 CCC patients were analysed for immunohistochemical expression levels of XIAP, c-Met, p-Akt and Bcl-XL. In addition, CCC cell lines were evaluated whether XIAP silencing could modulate sensitivity to platinum agent in vitro. Results: High XIAP expression was observed in 30 (33%) of 90 CCC cases, and was associated with c-Met (

OBJECTIVE Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one of histological subtypes showing poor prognosis due to chemoresistance. The association of autophagy-related proteins and clinical implementation in CCC has not been determined. METHODS The present study investigated whether expression of autophagy-related protein, light chain 3A (LC3A), was related with prognoses in the patients with CCC using immuno-histochemical stainings, and whether inhibition of autophagy modified the sensitivity to cisplatin in CCC cells in vitro. RESULTS High expression of autophagy-related protein, LC3A, was detected in 78 cases (78%) in all CCC cases. The patients with high LC3A expression showed significantly lower response rate to primary chemotherapy (17% vs. 100%, p

To identify an effective catalyst for hydrodechlorination (HDC) reaction in an aqueous solvent, three types of modified Pt/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using the water-repellent organosilane reagents of butyldimethylchlorosilane (BDMS), dimethyloctylchlorosilane (DMOS), and dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane (DMODS). The catalysts were characterized and their HDC activity toward para-chloroacetophenone (CLAP) was examined in an aqueous solvent. The BET specific surface area, mesopore volume, platinum surface area, and high oxidation species of platinum surface of Pt/SiO2-DMODS slightly decreased after the modification. Elemental analysis showed that 0.272 groups/nm2 of the DMODS substituent were tethered on the catalyst surface. Notably, in a water (35 mL)/ethanol (5 mL) mixed solvent under 1 MPa of hydrogen at 373 K for 60 min, the HDC reaction over the modified catalysts readily took place. From the difference in the extent of HDC product yields for the reactions, it was clear that the HDC activity of the catalysts decreased in the order Pt/SiO2-DMODS ≈ Pt/SiO2-DMOS > Pt/SiO2-BDMS >> Pt/SiO2. Furthermore, the turnover frequency (TOF) of Pt/SiO2-DMODS (10.7 min−1) was found to be more than fifty times that of Pt/SiO2 (0.2 min−1). These results indicate that the catalytic activity was significantly improved by the surface modification of the Pt/SiO2 catalyst with the water-repellent organosilane reagents. The high HDC activity of the modified catalysts is believed to result from the formation of a hydrophobic space on the catalytic support surface by the water-repellent organosilyl substituents. Therefore, more reactants in the aqueous solvent can interact with this space, leading to a significant increase in the number of collisions between the reactants on the active site. The effects of the solvent composition and reaction temperature on the HDC activity of Pt/SiO2-DMODS were also examined.

Estragole (EG) is biosynthesized in herbs including anise, basil, bay, tarragon, fennel and marjoram, and is thought to be a useful biomass for the food and health industries. Moreover, the metabolites from estragole are useful intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry. However, estragole has been transformed only by chemical methods, and no biocatalysts have been reported. In this paper, we report the biotransformation of estragole using the plant cells of Caragana chamlagu gave 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCAL), 4-methoxycinnamyl alcohol (MCA) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (MBAL). In addition, we propose a reaction mechanism in the biotransformation of estragole using Caragana chamlagu. Since estragole generates malignant liver tumors in the rat, it is necessary to reduce exposure. The present study reveals the transformation of harmful estragole. Furthermore, we succeeded in biotransforming estragole as biomass using plant cells into useful compounds.

Aromatic ketones were reduced using suspension culture of Chlorella sp. MK201 under fluorescent light illumination producing the corresponding chiral alcohols in high yields with excellent enantiomeric excess (ee). For example, 2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentafluoroacetophenone at 0.25 mg/ml was converted to the corresponding (S)-alcohol in 80 % yield with >99 % ee by 1 mg dry wt of Chlorella/ml in 12 h illumination (2,000 lux).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with a gynecological malignancy who received palliative care with and without surgical procedures for malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) and to explore prognostic factors to aid the selection of patients who would benefit from palliative surgery. Medical records of patients with MBO due to a gynecological malignancy treated at our institute between 2005 and 2010 were reviewed. Successful palliation following surgery was defined as the ability to tolerate solid food for at least 60 days. Clinical variables were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. A total of 53 cases were identified; 20 had bowel surgery for MBO as a palliative procedure and 33 did not. Colostomy was performed in 11 (55%) of 20 patients and ileostomy was performed in 7 (35%). The postoperative morbidity was 35% and mortality within 30 days was 5%. Successful palliation following surgery was achieved in 14 (70%) of 20 cases with a median period of 146 days (range, 61–294). Survival following the diagnosis of MBO was longer in cases with surgery than those without (median survival time, 146 versus 69 days; P

The Calbuco volcano in southern Chile erupted on April 22, 2015. About 2 h after the first eruption, a Swarm satellite passed above the volcano and observed enhancement of small-amplitude (~0.5 nT) magnetic fluctuations with wave-packet structure which extends 15° in latitude. Similar wave packet is seen at the geomagnetic conjugate point of the volcano. Just after the eruption, geomagnetic fluctuations with the spectral peaks around the vertical acoustic resonance periods, 215 and 260 s, were also observed at Huancayo Geomagnetic Observatory located on the magnetic equator. Besides these observations, around 4-min, i.e., 175, 205 and 260 s, oscillations of total electron content (TEC) were observed at global positioning system stations near the volcano. The horizontal propagation velocity and the spatial scale of the TEC oscillation are estimated to be 720 m/s and 1600 km, respectively. These observations strongly suggest that the atmospheric waves induced by explosive volcanic eruption generate TEC variation and electric currents. The Swarm observation may be explained as a manifestation of their magnetic effects observed in the topside ionosphere. Por pares