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Objective. This study evaluated fluoride content in table salts from participants' households of the Element project, comparing them with the Mexican standards of fluoride content in table salt (200 to 250 mg/kg). Materials and methods. Salt samples were collected from households of mother-offspring pairs participating in Element. Salt samples were analyzed in duplicates using a combination fluoride ionselective electrode and a pH/ISE meter. Results. Among 657 samples from 14 brands, fluoride varied from 0.016 to 477.9 mg/kg with a median (IQR) of 142.5 (136.9). Of salts labeled as fluoridated or containing fluoride (n= 607), we found that 72.8% (n= 442) had fluoride content below the recommended range and 13.8% (n= 84) were above the Mexican norm. Only 81 salt samples (13.3%) fell within recommended limits. Conclusion. Future studies with representative sampling are needed to evaluate table salt fluoride content, especially in high-fluoride areas, to inform potential adjustments to the current monitoring program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this research, 240 pieces of sea carp fry (with an average weight of 5±1 g) were transported at 4 different salinity treatments of 0, 1, 3 and 6 g/l in three replicates (in plastic bags) for one hour. In order to check the blood parameters of the baby fish at the end of the experiment, blood was taken from the samples by cutting the tail stem. According to the results of measuring some biochemical parameters of blood serum, the amount of total protein did not show a significant difference between different treatments (P>0.05), but the amount of glucose and cortisol showed a significant decrease in saline treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). The results of measuring liver enzymes in the amount of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase showed no significant difference between different treatments (P>0.05). The results of measuring some blood hematology factors also indicated no significant difference in the number of red and white blood cells, hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin level in the treatments. (P>0.05). In general, it can be concluted that Fewer stress indicators were observed in the transported fish treated with 3 grams of salt per liter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of table salt with silver nitrate in the treatment of umbilical granuloma presenting to the neonatal unit/paediatric department KTH. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Setting: Neonatal Unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital. Period: November 2019 to November 2022. Methods: A total of 120 patients who presented to the neonatal unit/paediatric department, aged 15-60 days were enrolled in this study via consecutive sampling. Seventy-five patients each, were allocated to two groups, Group A (common salt) and Group B (silver nitrate). Sixteen patients from Group A whereas, in Group B, 17 patients were lost to follow-up. Results: A total of 58 out of the remaining 117 patients were female whereas 59 patients were male. Treatment response was recorded for both groups. The cure rate was greater among Group B (93%) as compared to Group A (88%) but there was no statistically significant difference between Group A and B in treatment response (p= 0.35). Conclusion: Table salt is a cheaper, easily accessible, and safe alternative to topical silver nitrate in the treatment of umbilical granuloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Monitoring systems in a broad range of countries are a notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This study aimed to gather data on the amount of iodide present in table salt and how household consumption patterns affect children's iodine status and its effect on their growth. Methods. A single treatment arm community trial study design was designed. Lower community units (LCUs) were chosen at random from districts assigned either intervention or control. From a list of LCUs, 834 mothers and their paired children were chosen randomly. Urine and table salt samples were collected and examined in the national food and nutrition laboratory. The deference between arms was determined using a t test, and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to forecast parameters. Results. The mean iodide content in the table salt samples of 164 (98.1%) was 45.3 ppm and a standard deviation (SD) of 14.87, which were above or equal to the recommended parts per million (ppm). Between the baseline survey and the end-line survey, the mean urine iodine concentration (UIC) was 107.7 μg/L (+/- 8.64 SD) and 260.9 μg/L (+/- 149 SD). Children's urine iodine excretion (UIE) had inadequate iodine in 127 (15.2%) children at the beginning of the study, but only 11 (2.6%) of the intervention group still had inadequate iodine at the end. The childrens' mean height (Ht) was 83.1 cm (+/-10 SD) at baseline and 136.4 cm (+/-14 SD) at the end of the survey. Mothers knew a lot (72%) about adding iodized salt to food at the end of cooking, and 183 (21.9%) of them did so regularly and purposefully. A total of 40.5% of children in the intervention group had stunted growth at baseline, which decreased to 15.1% at the end of the study but increased in the control group to 51.1%. The mean difference (MD) of urine iodine concentration (UIC) between intervention and control groups was 97.56 μg/L, with a standard error (SE) of 9.83 (p=0:001). The end-line Ht of children in the intervention group was increased by 7.93 cm (β =7:93, p=0:005) compared to the control group. Conclusions. Our research has shown that mothers who embraced healthy eating habits had perceived improvements in both the iodine status and height growth of their children. In addition to managing and using iodine salt, it has also introduced options for other healthy eating habits that will also play a significant role in their children's future development. This sort of knowledge transfer intervention is essential for the sustainability of society's health. Therefore, this trial's implications revealed that the intervention group's iodine status and growth could essentially be improved while the control group continued to experience negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Microplastics (MPs) have become an emerging contaminant in many environmental compartments. Although numerous studies worldwide have accounted for MP contamination in our primary condiments such as salt, there is limited data available in the Philippines. This study aims to determine MPs in commercially distributed salts in markets in Iligan City, Northern Mindanao, the Philippines. We collected table salts of various brands according to their information on the packaging, weight, and salt type. Salt samples were diluted with ultrapure deionized water to float MPs due to their intrinsic hydrophobicity. After flotation, the solutions were filtrated using a vacuum system. The filters were observed under microscopy analysis and suspected MP particles were verified using ATR-FTIR analysis. A total of 31 MP particles were detected, which averaged 11.27 ± 4.31 particles/kg of salt. The most abundant polymer types of MPs were polypropylene (23%), polyethylene (23%) and polyamide (19%). The shapes of MPs were dominated by fibers (65%), whereas white (45%) was the most prevalent color. This research is the first to provide a snapshot of MPs in salts in the Philippines. This adds knowledge on the extent of MP pollution in the food industries and informs the government's prioritization of this emerging food contaminant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics and microplastics (MPs) are toxic, pervasive and threatening the biotic and abiotic components of the earth, and they threaten food safety and food security by moving in the food chain. In this study, the amounts and characteristics of 40 table salt samples with different brands, including sea salt (No = 13), rock (No = 13), bulk (No = 8) and non-standard (No = 6), were investigated with a combination of sieving, filtration, observation and FTIR, Micro-Raman and SEM techniques. The results showed that all the salts were contaminated with MPs. In general, the abundance range of detected particles was 700–5470 MPs/kg. The abundance of MPs was higher in counterfeit and non-standard salts (1825 ± 1808 MPs/kg). Investigating the relationship between the effect of the purification process (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.841), the type of packaging (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.609), and the type of salt (Kruskal-Wallis Test, P = 0.942), on the abundance of MPs using a comparison test Kruskal-Wallis was not significant. However, the numerical difference was recognizable. The most identified polymer in the salts was cellulose acetate, which probably causes by unmanaged plastic litter in the environment (especially cigarette butts). The dominant form of particles was fragment-shaped, which is the most abundant form of identified MPs in the environment. Both environmental pollution and secondary pollution (during production and packaging), respectively, contribute to the contamination of salts with MPs. The estimated human dietary intake (EDI) and the amount of estimated annual intake (EAI) for different ages in Iran were obtained EDI = 5–59 MPs/capita/day and EAI = 1967–21563 MPs/capita/year. The surface morphology of the particles showed that the MPs were affected by continuous weathering, mechanical fracture and oxidation. MPs are a threat to human health due to the absorption and transmission of dangerous pollutants and their inherent toxicity. Therefore, a solution must be thought of to prevent the contamination of the food chain through salts by MPs, (with protective measures at the salt source, and by improving its production processes.

Background Monitoring systems in a broad range of countries are a notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This study aimed to gather data on the amount of iodide present in table salt and how household consumption patterns affect children’s iodine status and its effect on their growth. Methods A single treatment arm community trial study design was designed. Lower community units (LCUs) were chosen at random from districts assigned either intervention or control. From a list of LCUs, 834 mothers and their paired children were chosen randomly. Urine and table salt samples were collected and examined in the national food and nutrition laboratory. The deference between arms was determined using a t test, and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to forecast parameters. Results The mean iodide content in the table salt samples of 164 (98.1%) was 45.3 ppm and a standard deviation (SD) of 14.87, which were above or equal to the recommended parts per million (ppm). Between the baseline survey and the end-line survey, the mean urine iodine concentration (UIC) was 107.7 µg/L (+/− 8.64 SD) and 260.9 µg/L (+/− 149 SD). Children’s urine iodine excretion (UIE) had inadequate iodine in 127 (15.2%) children at the beginning of the study, but only 11 (2.6%) of the intervention group still had inadequate iodine at the end. The childrens’ mean height (Ht) was 83.1 cm (+/−10 SD) at baseline and 136.4 cm (+/−14 SD) at the end of the survey. Mothers knew a lot (72%) about adding iodized salt to food at the end of cooking, and 183 (21.9%) of them did so regularly and purposefully. A total of 40.5% of children in the intervention group had stunted growth at baseline, which decreased to 15.1% at the end of the study but increased in the control group to 51.1%. The mean difference (MD) of urine iodine concentration (UIC) between intervention and control groups was 97.56 µg/L, with a standard error (SE) of 9.83 (p = 0.001). The end-line Ht of children in the intervention group was increased by 7.93 cm (β = 7.93, p = 0.005) compared to the control group. Conclusions Our research has shown that mothers who embraced healthy eating habits had perceived improvements in both the iodine status and height growth of their children. In addition to managing and using iodine salt, it has also introduced options for other healthy eating habits that will also play a significant role in their children’s future development. This sort of knowledge transfer intervention is essential for the sustainability of society’s health. Therefore, this trial’s implications revealed that the intervention group’s iodine status and growth could essentially be improved while the control group continued to experience negative effects. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT048460 1.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microplastics are plastic fragments measuring less than 5 millimeters which are formed from degraded plastic materials and have the potential to pollute the environment. Due to their widespread presence in the marine environment, microplastics have become a significant global threat. The presence of microplastics is often considered as causing pollution in various environments, especially aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and oceans. Microplastics contamination can even be found in consumed salt, thus raising concerns about its impact on human health. However, information on the presence of microplastics in salt is still very limited. This study aims to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics as contaminants in salt and assess the human exposure to microplastics in Indonesia. METHODS: A total of 21 samples of salt products were taken from various brands available in Padang City and Jambi City, Indonesia for analysis. Microplastics extraction was carried out by removing the organic materials contained in the salt samples using 30 percent hydrogen peroxide and then filtering them with a 0.45 micrometer pore filter. A stereomicroscope was used to detect the abundance, shape, size, and color of microplastics, while the Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was utilized to identify the polymer type of the microplastics. Furthermore, human exposure to microplastics can be predicted by calculating the estimated dietary intake and taking into account the daily salt intake. FINDINGS: Microplastics were detected in significant amounts (p<0.05) in all salt samples, ranging from 33 to 313 particles/kilogram. The types of microplastics most commonly found in the samples were fragments (67.49 percent), fibers (23.82 percent), films (6.08 percent), and pellets (2.61 percent). The types of polymer identified include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyester. The dominant microplastics were 100-300 micrometers in size (47.3 percent) and black in color (52.88 percent). It is estimated that adults in Indonesia will be exposed to 60.225-571.225 microplastics/year if they consume 5 grams of salt/day or 120.45-1142.45 microplastics/year if they consume 10 grams of salt/day. CONCLUSION: Of the 21 salt samples analyzed, all were detected to contain microplastics. Inadequate and unhygienic salt production and contaminated seawater used as raw material contribute to microplastics contamination of salt, thus posing a risk to human health. By calculating of daily salt intake of the Indonesian population, it is possible to estimate their daily and annual exposure to microplastics. The results of this study contain useful information for the efforts to prevent microplastics contamination by relevant stakeholders and the provision of education and socialization about the proper salt production process in accordance with food safety standards as to reduce or even eliminate microplastics in salt. In addition, this study can provide valuable data on human exposure to microplastics in salt products that can assist policymakers in making standard references for microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Table salt is an ideal vehicle for the delivery of micronutrients. This study assessed the quality of refined salts and locally processed salts in Awe and Keana local government areas, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Forty-five samples were collected from local markets in Nasarawa state. Moisture content, water-insoluble matter, and acid-insoluble matter were determined according to the AOAC method. Sodium chloride and iodine contents were determined by titration. The concentration of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results and conclusion: Moisture content of the refined and unrefined salts ranged from 0.060 to 0.133% and 0.599 to 2.574%, respectively. The moisture content and amounts of water-insoluble and acid-insoluble matters in the unrefined salts were higher than the refined salts. The concentration of sodium chloride in most of the unrefined salts did not meet the national minimum limit of 97%. The concentration of iodine, calcium, potassium, and magnesium in the refined salts was significantly higher than the unrefined samples. Iodine content in the refined and unrefined salts ranged from 22.22 to 40.20 mg/kg and below the detection limit of 6.35 mg/kg, respectively. None of the unrefined salts met the minimum iodine content of 30 mg/kg. We concluded that the locally processed salts available in Awe and Keana local markets were highly deficient in essential elements and were of poor quality for use as table salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microplastics are plastic fragments measuring less than 5 millimeters which are formed from degraded plastic materials and have the potential to pollute the environment. Due to their widespread presence in the marine environment, microplastics have become a significant global threat. The presence of microplastics is often considered as causing pollution in various environments, especially aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and oceans. Microplastics contamination can even be found in consumed salt, thus raising concerns about its impact on human health. However, information on the presence of microplastics in salt is still very limited. This study aims to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics as contaminants in salt and assess the human exposure to microplastics in Indonesia.METHODS: A total of 21 samples of salt products were taken from various brands available in Padang City and Jambi City, Indonesia for analysis. Microplastics extraction was carried out by removing the organic materials contained in the salt samples using 30 percent hydrogen peroxide and then filtering them with a 0.45 micrometer pore filter. A stereomicroscope was used to detect the abundance, shape, size, and color of microplastics, while the Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was utilized to identify the polymer type of the microplastics. Furthermore, human exposure to microplastics can be predicted by calculating the estimated dietary intake and taking into account the daily salt intake.FINDINGS: Microplastics were detected in significant amounts (p

Cardiac dysfunction can be prevented by addressing risk factors including unhealthy diet with other lifestyle modifications. The present study demonstrates the effect of diet mixed with sea and table salts on cardiac remodeling with respect to CKMB, renin, angiotensin II, interleukin-6 and 10. Animals divided into six groups. Normal control, Table salt (0.3%), Natural sea salt (0.3%), Doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling control (2 mg/kg), + Normal table salt (0.3%) and Doxorubicin + Natural sea salt (0.3%) . Serum analysis and histopathology of heart, liver and kidney was performed. Significant variation (P

Introduction: Iodine deficiency can cause several diseases in children and adults. Therefore, it is important to monitor iodine supplementation. The present study aimed to evaluate the Iodine levels in table salts consumed in Algeria. Materials and method: A total of 81 salt samples were purchased from different retailers. Iodine levels were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry after digestion procedure. Statistical analysis and data visualization were performed using Rstudio 4.2.2 software. Results and discussion: In total, 11 products mentioned the iodine content in their packaging, 05 products mentioned an iodine level which did not in accordance with the Algerian regulations (50.55–84.25 mg/kg). In addition, iodine content varied in the samples of the same brand, indicating a poor reproducibility in the process of iodination. Additionally, 26 samples were free of iodine and only 03 products respected the recommendation of the World Health Organization regarding iodine content in table salts (20–40 mg/kg). Conclusion: The analysed table salt samples were not compliant to national and/or international regulations, exposing to an iodine deficiency that could impacts negatively consumers’ health. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the quality control of dietary salts and to set up a nutrivigilance system.

Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Objectives: To figure out if children in the Aseer region of southwestern Saudi Arabia are getting enough iodine by looking at what they eat and how many of their families use iodized salt. Methods: This cross-sectional research implemented a stratified proportional allocation sample. A questionnaire was used to study dietary habits. The families of each child were requested to supply one teaspoon of table salt. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the iodine content of salt. Results: The investigation included school-aged participants. Insufficient iodized table salt samples were observed in 22.3% (95% CI: 20.8%-23.8%) of the samples. Based on the results of this study, rural areas had significantly more insufficient table salt samples than urban areas. Milk (2,451; 80.7%), chicken (1,835, 60.4%), and eggs (1290; 42.0%) were the items consumed most frequently on a daily basis during the preceding week. The daily intake of milk and chicken is more frequent among those consuming insufficient iodine table salts. Unfortunately, children who ate table salts with too little iodine ate less fish than other kids. Conclusions: The study revealed that the region still frequently uses insufficient iodized salt. There should be increased emphasis on health education regarding the need of frequently consuming dairy products, chicken, and fish. Through sales and marketing, iodized salt can be made more widely available. The Aseer region's authorities should take all reasonable measures to prevent the sale of non-iodized salt in the area's markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrate salt is a powerful oxidant for dye degradation. This work demonstrates a new method for degrading dyes containing Fe(vi) by synthesizing NaOCl from the electrolysis of table salt. NaOCl is then reacted with Fe(OH)3 in an alkaline condition to form ferrate. Electrolysis of table salt was successfully carried out using platinum as an anode and zinc as a cathode. The obtained ferrate was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared, UV-Vis, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The ferrate solution has a maximum wavelength of 505 nm with a characteristic purple color. Furthermore, the ferrate produced was utilized to remove methylene blue (MB), remazol black blue (RBB), and methyl orange (MO) dyes with varying contact times. The degraded dyes were then analyzed using LC/MS. The results showed that ferrate was effective to remove dyes with an optimum contact time of 60 min that follows an order one reaction. In this study, MB showed a percent degradation close to 100% with the fastest decolorization rate compared with MO and RBB. This research provides new insights into the benefits of table salt as a base material for NaOCl through electrolysis for synthesizing ferrate, used in dye removal applications.

The study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of brief immersions in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or copper sulphate (CuSO4) on the physiological state (hematological and blood plasma biochemical indicators) of pikeperch selects (body weight 509.89 ± 99.56 g; body length 33.9 ± 2.0 cm). Immersion was conducted in a water temperature similar to that of spawning (15.1°C). The fish were divided into three experimental groups and one control group: NaCl group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1), CuSO4 group (CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1), and NaCl+CuSO4 group (NaCl concentration – 5 g l−1; CuSO4 concentration – 1.5 mg l−1). Blood was drawn immediately after immersion (0 h), 24, and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Immediately after immersion, elevated values were noted in white and red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were elevated only in the NaCl group 24 and 48 h following the conclusion of immersion. Changes in blood plasma biochemical indicators were noted only immediately after the conclusion of immersion with elevated values of glucose (NaCl, CuSO4, and NaCl+CuSO4 groups), lactate (NaCl and CuSO4 groups), and ammonia, sodium, and chlorine ions (CuSO4 group). Greater aspartate aminotransferase activity was noted in the fish from the CuSO4 group immediately after immersion, while the least significant changes following immersion were noted in specimens from the NaCl+CuSO4 group.

Microplastics (MPs) are considered as contaminants of emerging concern to the environment and our food chains in recent years. In this study, we presented a multi-technique-based analytical method for detection of MPs through a combination of microscope-FTIR (μ-FTIR) with pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) to achieve 3-dimensional (3D) information for the identification of polymer type, characterization of particle size and morphology, and quantification of MPs based on both particle number and mass of plastics. Plastics that are commonly used and disposed of, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly vinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), were covered in this study. Sample extraction and separation procedures were optimized for these microplastics in table salts where good recoveries (> 75%) were achieved. To further enhance the detection sensitivity in simultaneous quantification of multiple polymers in a sample, a serial dissolution approach with different solvents was developed for the detection of all 7 types of plastics. The established sample preparation process and multi-technique-based analytical method were validated with polymer standards in table salts, resulting in satisfactory qualification and quantification for all samples tested. A retail survey of MPs in table salts was conducted with the developed analytical method, revealing that MPs were present in all commercially available table salts. The total number of MP particles varied from 20 to 125 particles/kg and the total mass contents of seven types of plastics ranged from 30 to 530 µg/kg in table salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peppers are highly perishable vegetables, especially in tropical countries. Fermentation may serve as a bio-preservation approach to reduce spoilage, and valorization-enhancing process to improve sensory properties, safety, and nutritional value. The effects of salt concentrations on microbial diversity, sensory, metabolite and aroma profiles of naturally fermented habanero pepper was investigated by adding 5 - 25% (w/w) of salt to chopped habanero pepper and samples obtained on day 0, 7, 14, 30 and 50 for analyses. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased from about 1.33 - 1.83 to 3.80 - 4.97 log CFU/mL during fermentation while pH decreased to 4.47 - 4.78. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae throughout the fermentation period reiterates the need to develop and implement starter cultures for fermenting habanero pepper. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed a total of 3206 metabolic features in the fermented peppers. Among these features, 121 were identified (confidence level 1), 1688 were putatively identified (confidence level 2), 1231 were predicted with a chemical formula (confidence level 3), and 166 were unidentified (confidence level 4). Clustering within the fermented groups was salt concentration dependent, with low salt groups (0% and 5%) distinguished from high salt groups (10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). Sensory evaluation showed similar scores for the various fermented peppers. A total of 18 volatile compounds including 10 alcohols, 3 esters, 2 ketones, and an acid were identified, and their content varied with salt concentration as explained by Principal Component Analysis.

Table salt has continue to be an important part of human diet in many households around the world. Table salt is used for food flavouring, pickling, curing and in several industrial purposes. Therefore, the present of contaminants in table salt portends significant risk to human health. The study is aimed at investigating the concentration of heavy metals and human health risk associated with consumption of table salt in Nigeria. Four refined table salt samples (A, B, C, D) and four samples of unrefined table salt (E, F, G, H) were analysed for the concentration of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrometry. The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods were used to estimate hazard indices and cancer risks associated with consuming table salt with these elements. Results indicated heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in unrefined table salt than refined table salt, The estimated daily intake values of Cu, Fe, and Cd were lower than the established provisional tolerable daily intake. The hazard indices did not exceed 1 in all samples of refined and unrefined table salts. However, higher values of HI of Pb, Cd and As were noted in unrefined table salts. The carcinogenic values of As in refined salt sample B and C and all unrefined table salts were higher than the stipulated one in one million chances which implies that carcinogenic effects were more likely due to consumption of 6.35g/day of salt samples with those contaminants.

Plane viral warts on the face can be difficult to treat at times. Various treatment approaches for facial viral warts have had variable degrees of effectiveness. In contrast, the majority of existing treatments are more costly, painful, and difficult to manage. In approximately 15.6% of instances, retinoic acid (0.05%) is also ineffective. It is very difficult to cure warts on the face at a young age. In pyogenic granuloma, table salt (NaCl) is useful as a sclerosing agent, and its hypertonic solution (15%) is effective in prolabial mucoceles. The aim of treating viral warts is to necrose infected cells and sclerose or thrombose their feeding capillaries at the wart's base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac dysfunction can be prevented by addressing risk factors including unhealthy diet with other lifestyle modifications. The present study demonstrates the effect of diet mixed with sea and table salts on cardiac remodeling with respect to CKMB, renin, angiotensin II, interleukin-6 and 10. Animals divided into six groups. Normal control, Table salt (0.3%), Natural sea salt (0.3%), Doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling control (2 mg/kg), + Normal table salt (0.3%) and Doxorubicin + Natural sea salt (0.3%). Serum analysis and histopathology of heart, liver and kidney was performed. Significant variation (P <.05) observed in in CKMB for Natural sea salt group compared to Normal. Significant (P <.05) variation in renin for Normal table salt group compared to Normal. Variation in interleukin-6, 10, renin and angiotensin II give new insight in these parameters with marked variation in cellular architecture of the heart, liver and kidney. Observations suggest diet with natural sea salt demonstrated significant beneficial effect on cardiac dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem, especially in Peru, where it affects women of childbearing age and school-age children. The objective of the study was to conduct a household-level analysis of the factors associated with the consumption of table salt with inadequate amounts of iodine in Peru. Design: Analytical cross-sectional study using Peruvian household-level data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey. Table salt iodine concentrations were considered as the dependent variable ('inadequate' with iodine levels <30 PPM and 'adequate' with levels ≥30 PPM). The association between iodine concentrations in salt and independent variables was evaluated using crude and adjusted log-binomial regression models. Setting: Peru. Participants: A total of 25 007 households were included. Results: In Peru, 21·8 % households had inadequate table salt iodine concentrations. Belonging to the poorer and poorest wealth index, living in the Highlands natural region, and living with women of childbearing age with native mother tongue were identified as factors associated with inadequate iodine concentrations in table salt. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to ensure that table salt with adequate iodine concentrations is available for poor populations, residents of the Highlands and households with ethnic presence. Likewise, it is necessary to promote good storage practices, greater regulation/law enforcement and better monitoring of the companies that manufacture or sell this product. Furthermore, the population needs to be informed of the disorders associated with iodine deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red flour beetle, Tribolum castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is one among the major devastating pests of stored plantain chips and stored flours. Their control using synthetic options of insecticide may cause food poisoning and bioaccumulation. The use of botanical treatments and their relatives have stood out by their proven efficacy against insect pests. This present study therefore evaluates the toxicity and repellency of table salt (Sodium Chloride), Zingiber officinale and pepper powders (Aframomum melegueta and Dennettia tripetala) as protectants of dried plantain chips infested with T. castaneum in the laboratory using standard methods. The highest percentage mean mortality (%) was recorded in 10g salted chips (65.00±7.88), and 10g D. tripetala (72.50±7.88), and repellency in 2g of Z. officinale and salt (69.06±5.91 and 51.22±5.91) respect ively. Lowest number of holes was recorded in 5g of D. tripetala and 2g of salt (1.88±0.88 and 1.50±1.17) respect ively. Likewise, the percentage weight loss was recorded in 5g of salt and 2g D. tripetala (1.80±0.87 and 62.62±6.87). A significant difference was observed in all the treatment groups (p< 0.05). LC50 was lowest in salted chips (1.59g) compared to D. tripetala (2.02g) and other peppered chips. More so, LC95 was lowest in D. tripetala (10.80g) compared to salt (36.00g) and other pepper chips. Considering the high mortality recorded in salted and peppered chips, their best concentrations could be adopted as viable alternatives over chemical pesticides in managing T. castaneum infestation in storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Iodine is the basic substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis and is vital for the general population and especially pregnant women. Iodine deficiency may cause severe health problems for a foetus. This study aimed to determine the relationship, if any, between iodine level and thyroid function tests, and to determine the relationship between consumption of salt types and its effects on thyroid function tests in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Three hundred and six pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, who had known no thyroid disease history and had not received iodine supportive therapy, were included in the study. All patients were questioned for their preferred table salt or rock salt in daily use and urine iodine concentrations (UICs) were analysed in spot urine. The results were evaluated statistically according to salt usage preferences. Results: The median age of patients in the study was 27.8 (± 5.4). In terms of salt consumption habits, 235 (76.8%) of patients reported using table salt, and 71 (23.2%) reported using rock salt. Iodine deficiency was found in 75.81% (n = 232) of all cases according to urinalysis. Median UICs of table salt group were significantly higher than rock salt group (123.7 µg/L and 70.9 µg/L respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although large-scale salt iodination began long time ago, iodine deficiency is still a serious health problem among pregnant women. According to this study, use of rock salt is associated with low urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women and TSH values within the reference limits are not a good indicator for determining the iodine level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Table salt (sodium chloride) is an ionic compound consisting of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) to form neutral compounds that can provide a healing effect on wounds. This study's purpose of seeing and test the impact of soaking 7% sodium chloride concentration on people's salt toward the wound healing process. Method: This study was an experimental laboratory using the One-Way ANOVA test and the Mann Whitney test conducted in the animal enclosure of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The study was conducted from July to August 2019. Samples of 20 mice (Mus Musculus) female swiss webster strains were sliced on the abdominal skin then divided into two groups: the treatment group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 5). The wound area was observed from the first day to the seventh day to see the wound closure process. Results: The research shows that soaking 7% of table salt concentration can significantly accelerate the wound healing process compared to the control group, with a decrease in wound diameter on the 3rd day and completely heal on the 7th day. Conclusion: 7% concentration of table Salt Soaking can increase the effectiveness of wound healing.

Purpose. The review is aimed to light the current evidence data about the effectiveness of dietary interventions on reducing table salt consumption and discussing the appropriateness of dietary recommendations prescribed by physicians to hypertensive patients. Materials and methods. The analysis of the specialized scientific literature over the past 10 years, cited by the systems of Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus considering the results of at least 20 randomized international clinical trials with more than 300.000 participants regarding table salt consumption, hypertension risk and cardiovascular outcomes has been done. Results. The average consumption of kitchen salt in Ukraine as well as all worldwide is excessive and associated with high cardiovascular mortality rates. The strategic approaches of dietary intervention management in reduction of table salt consumption Ukraine are outlined. Conclusions. The compliance of hypertensive patients to low-sodium diet is considered as highly effective and cost-effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive treatment but requires doctors and related professionals to provide the detailed explanation of this diet to patients.

Umbilical granuloma is a benign growth composed of granulation tissue at the base of umbilicus presents as red, soft, moist and friable lump at umbilicus. Objectives: Objective of our study is to evaluate the therapeutic role of table salt in umbilical granuloma in infants. Study Design: A Prospective Interventional Study. Setting: Outpatient Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bacha Khan Medical Complex (BKMC) Swabi. Period: Seventeen months (from 1st October 2017 to 31st March 2019). Material & Methods: First 66 consecutive fit infant were included in the study. Parents of infants were taught to apply a pinch of table salt on umbilical granuloma after cleaning with warm water. A dressing was applied over umbilicus for 30 minutes for the table salt to remain on granuloma and granuloma washed again with warm water. Parents’ learning was assured and they were advised to repeat the procedure twice a day for consecutive five days. Parents were counseled to bring their infants for follow up at end of week and then after completion of three weeks. Result: Out of 66 infants, 30 were male and 36 were female. We observed complete resolution of granuloma in all infants except one that turned out umbilical polyp and was excised under general anesthesia. Conclusion: Treatment of umbilical granuloma with table salt is safe, simple and very economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table salt has continue to be an important part of human diet in many households around the world. Table salt is used for food flavouring, pickling, curing and in several industrial purposes. Therefore, the present of contaminants in table salt portends significant risk to human health. The study is aimed at investigating the concentration of heavy metals and human health risk associated with consumption of table salt in Nigeria. Four refined table salt samples (A, B, C, D) and four samples of unrefined table salt (E, F, G, H) were analysed for the concentration of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrometry. The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods were used to estimate hazard indices and cancer risks associated with consuming table salt with these elements. Results indicated heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in unrefined table salt than refined table salt, The estimated daily intake values of Cu, Fe, and Cd were lower than the established provisional tolerable daily intake. The hazard indices did not exceed 1 in all samples of refined and unrefined table salts. However, higher values of HI of Pb, Cd and As were noted in unrefined table salts. The carcinogenic values of As in refined salt sample B and C and all unrefined table salts were higher than the stipulated one in one million chances which implies that carcinogenic effects were more likely due to consumption of 6.35g/day of salt samples with those contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excess sodium intake can increase blood pressure, and high blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Accurate population sodium intake estimates are essential for monitoring progress toward reduction, but data are limited on the amount of sodium consumed from discretionary salt.Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare measured sodium intake from salt added at the table with that estimated according to the Healthy People 2020 (HP 2020) methodology.Methods: Data were analyzed from the 2014 Salt Sources Study, a cross-sectional convenience sample of 450 white, black, Asian, and Hispanic adults living in Alabama, Minnesota, and California. Sodium intake from foods and beverages was assessed for each participant through the use of 24-h dietary recalls. Estimated sodium intake from salt used at the table was assessed from self-reported frequency and estimated amounts from a previous study (HP 2020 methodology). Measured intake was assessed through the use of duplicate salt samples collected on recall days.Results: Among all study participants, estimated and measured mean sodium intakes from salt added at the table were similar, with a nonsignificant difference of 8.9 mg/d (95% CI: -36.6, 54.4 mg/d). Among participants who were non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, had a bachelor's degree or higher education, lived in California or Minnesota, did not report hypertension, or had normal BMI, estimated mean sodium intake was 77-153 mg/d greater than measured intake (P < 0.05). The estimated mean sodium intake was 186-300 mg/d lower than measured intake among participants who were non-Hispanic black, had a high school degree or less, or reported hypertension (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The HP 2020 methodology for estimating sodium consumed from salt added at the table may be appropriate for the general US adult population; however, it underestimates intake in certain population subgroups, particularly non-Hispanic black, those with a high school degree or less, or those with self-reported hypertension. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02474693. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine is essential nutrients for human body. It is needed by thyroid gland to produce thyroxine hormone. Human body cannot produce iodine by itself. There are some sources of iodine in food such as seafood, milk, egg, fruit and vegetable that can be consumed to fulfill the daily needs. Table salt is one of iodine’s source that routinely consumed, based on SNI No. 3556:2010, it has to be fortified by potassium iodate of 30-80 ppm. Lack of iodine intake will lead a disorder called Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) which generally manifested as mumps. In this research, the analysis of iodate content in table salt was done by formation of blue I2-starch complex. The several optimum conditions showed for this measurement such as maximum wavelength, type and concentration of acid, and complex stability time. Based on commercial table salt sample analysis, showed that only 50% of our sample contain suitable amount of iodine while the others contains lower or almost no iodine.

Maharloo Lake is one of the most important water ecosystems in Iran, which is nowadays exposed to multiple risks and threats due to poor water management, salt extraction, and heavy metal pollution. In this study, the concentrations of such heavy metals as chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in both water and salt samples collected from areas in the north and south of the lake were determined by atomic absorption (AA-670G) after the samples had been digested. Results showed that metal concentrations in the salt samples taken from both the northern and southern areas had identical mean values in the order of Cr> Cu> As> Cd> Pb. An almost similar pattern was detected in metal concentrations in water samples taken from the same areas but with a slight difference in the way they were ordered (Cr> Cu> As> Pb> Cd). It was found that both water and salt samples collected from the northern areas had higher metal concentrations, except for that of Pb which was slightly lower. Comparison of the mean values of metal concentrations in the Salt Lake and those of Sirjan, Lar, and Firoozabad salt mines revealed that copper, cadmium, and lead had their highest concentrations in the Salt Lake while arsenic and chromium recorded their highest values in samples taken from Lar and Firoozabad salt mines, respectively. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that the increased metal concentrations observed in samples from both northern and southern areas of the lake are due to the sewage and effluents from urban, industrial, and hospital sources in Shiraz disposed into the lake as well as such other human activities as farming in the areas around the lake, especially in the northern stretches. These observations call for preventive measures to avoid further water quality degradation in the area.

Summary: The effects of table salt (TS) and hydrocolloids on water‐holding capacity, optimum cooking time, cooking qualities, pH and textural properties of noodles were investigated. TS, xanthan gum (XG), carrageenan (CRG), Arabic gum (AG) and locust bean gum (LBG) were added at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of flour weight. XG, CRG and LBG contributed to significantly (P < 0.05) higher water‐holding capacity of dough and firmer texture, but significantly (P < 0.05) lower cooking loss than zero‐salt noodles (ZSNs) and white‐salted noodles (WSNs). Hydrocolloids contributed in shorter optimum cooking time than ZSNs. Springiness of noodles was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by increment of TS and hydrocolloids. TS1.5, ZSN‐XG1.5, ZSN‐XG2.0 and ZSN‐CRG1.5 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher cooking yield than ZSNs. The increment of TS and hydrocolloids had significantly (P < 0.05) increased the pH values of noodles. ZSN‐XG2.0, ZSN‐CRG1.5 and ZSN‐LBG1.5 may be useful to enhance ZSNs due to the better noodles qualities than ZSNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometers with axial and radial views for determination of iodine in table salt was evaluated. Interference and memory effects in nitric acid and water-soluble tertiary amines (CFA-C) media were studied. Based on a factorial experiment, one optimum instrument operational condition for axial configuration, and two optima conditions for radial configuration was established. The ICP OES with axial view was 5-fold more sensitive than the radial view. Both matrix matching and standard addition methods were used for iodine quantification and for most samples, both strategies of calibration led to similar results. Recoveries ranged from 104 to 114%.

Introduction. Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2,2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre - one of the IDD. The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. Objective. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. Methods. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. Results. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Conclusion. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

The samples of table salt bought in Belgrade supermarkets are analysed in this paper. The method of indirect iodometry was used in the process of the analysis, and received results were converted into the content of KI in mg/kg of salt. Beside the content of KI, the content of NaCl was also determined, counted to dry meter and water content, and received results were compared with the requests determined by Regulations of Table Salt Quality Meant for Human Diet and by manufacturers' declaration. Received results show that the volumetric method of indirect iodometry, applied in this analysis, is very reliable for determination of potassium iodine in table salt, because of its high precision and reproducibility of the analysis results. All received results show that the samples of table salt which can be bought in supermarkets are according to the demands given by Regulations. Only one sample (evaporated salt) has significantly less mass of KI than it is determined by Regulations, but also by manufacturer's declaration. Measured humidity in the samples of table salt received from sea salt (sample 1) is higher than humidity in the samples received from rock salt as the result of magnesium presence in sea salt, which is hygroscopic material. Although samples 5 and 6 also originate from sea salt, their smaller humidity is the result of additional heating and salt processing. .

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of iodate (IO3-) in table salt and sea water. The proposed method is based on the reaction of iodate with potassium iodide in an acid medium to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine bleaches the blue color of methylene blue and is measured at 665.6 nm. This decrease in absorbance is directly proportional to the iodate concentration and obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.5-14 μgmL-1 of IO3-. The molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, detection limit and quantitation limit of the method were found to be 1.24 x 104 L mol-1cm-1, 1.41 x 10-2 μgcm-2, 0.048 μgmL-1 and 0.145 μgmL-1, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical conditions were evaluated. The effect of interfering ions on the determination has been described. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the iodate in the table salt and sea water.

Aim. To estimate a possible relationship of neurotic personality disorders to increased dietary salt intake. Subjects and methods. Two hundred and thirty patients with essential hypertension were examined. Salt taste sensitivity threshold and daily urinary sodium excretion were determined; the psychological status of the patients was rated by the Mini-Mental State Examination questionnaire; their attitude towards to disease was assessed by the Bekhterev Institute personality questionnaire, the severity of depression was evaluated by the Beck depression inventory. Results. The hypertensive patients consuming excessive amounts of salt have been ascertained to complain of cardiovascular and neurotic disorders more frequently; their disease is accompanied by frequently evolving hypertensive crises. Anxiety and tension are prevalent in their psychological status. Almost 50% of the patients have depression. A harmonious disease attitude is seen in only a third of cases whereas the neurasthenic and anxious types play a dominant role. Conclusion. The patients taking higher salt amounts are observed to seek medical advice on the one hand and to show a predominance of neurasthenic and anxious disease attitudes with a tendency towards incompliance on the other. The findings show it necessary to notify hypertensive patients during their examination and management.

Objective: To study (i) the current prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders among schoolchildren in south-western Saudi Arabia after universal salt iodization and (ii) the iodine content of table salts and water.Design: Cross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample of children. Thyroid gland enlargement was assessed clinically and by ultrasound scanning. Urine, table salt and water samples were taken to measure iodine content. Settings The Aseer region, south-western Saudi Arabia.Subjects: Schoolchildren aged 8-10 years.Results: The study included 3046 schoolchildren. The total goitre rate amounted to 24·0 %. Prevalence of enlarged thyroid by ultrasound was 22·7 %. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study sample amounted to 17·0 µg/l. The iodine content of table salt ranged from 0 to 112 mg/kg; 22·5 % of the table salt samples were below the recommended iodine content (15 mg/kg) set by WHO. The total goitre rate increased significantly from 19·8 % among children using table salt with iodine content ≥15 mg/kg to reach 48·5 % among children using table salt with 0 mg iodine/kg. Analysis of water samples taken from schools showed that the majority of water samples (78·8 %) had an iodine content of 0 µg/l.Conclusions: The study documented that 18 years after the national study, and after more than a decade of universal salt iodization in Saudi Arabia, the problem of iodine-deficiency disorders is still endemic in the Aseer region. Efforts should focus on fostering advocacy and communication and ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation was made of different digestion methods for the determination of arsenic and antimony in table salt samples prior to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. Microwave acid digestion, classical wet digestion, dry ashing, and fusion were applied to the decomposition of salt samples and optimum conditions were investigated. Samples were decomposed by changing heating time, digestion techniques, and the amount and composition of acid, and then the concentrations of arsenic and antimony in an unrefined salt sample were measured. It is concluded that microwave acid digestion decomposes salt samples with a very short heating time and with small amounts of reagents compared with the classical wet digestion methods, which require several hours for the heating step and several milliliters of reagents. The accuracy of the procedure was checked using pond sediment certified reference material. The proposed procedure was applied for the determination of arsenic and antimony in several table salt samples collected in Izmir, Turkey, and the arsenic contents in the samples were found to be below the maximum permissible limits. Microwave digestion in combination with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry could be used routinely to monitor these metals in table salt samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary sodium, the major source being salt, is associated with hypertension. Australian adults consume more than the recommended amount of salt and approximately 15% of dietary sodium comes from salt added at the table and during cooking. Objective: To determine the frequency of and the demographic characteristics associated with discretionary salt use. Design: A cross sectional survey conducted in shopping centres within Metropolitan Melbourne. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing discretionary salt use and attitudes to salt intake. Outcomes: Four hundred and seventy four surveys were collected (65% female, 77% Caucasian, 64% holding a university qualification). Eighty nine percent of respondents were classified as salt users and 11% as non-salt users. Of the salt users 52% reported that they always or sometimes add salt during cooking and at the table. Those of Asian descent and younger respondents aged 18-24 years were more likely to be salt users (χ²=12.3, df=-2, p<0.001; χ²=19.2, dr=5. p<0.01). Conclusion: Discretionary salt use remains high. To successfully reduce population dietary salt intake public health campaigns are urgently required and need to include consumer advice to reduce discretionary salt use, whilst reducing the salt added to processed foods. Such campaigns should include younger age groups and should be appropriate for all ethnic backgrounds to raise the awareness of the risks of a high salt diet on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]