16 results on '"Tõrv M"'
Search Results
2. Pre-Roman Iron Age inhumations: a multi-proxy analysis of a burial complex from Tallinn, Estonia
- Author
-
Niinesalu-Moon, M, primary, Randoja, K, primary, Lillak, A, primary, Oras, E, primary, Tõrv, M, primary, Johanson, K, primary, Saage, R, primary, Lucquin, A, primary, Hiie, S, primary, Kriiska, A, primary, and Lang, V, primary
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Buried at home? Stable isotope analysis of the late hunter-gatherer cemetery population at Tamula, SE Estonia
- Author
-
Tõrv, M, primary and Eriksson, G, primary
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Fragmented bones tell stories: Viimsi I Early Iron Age tarand grave
- Author
-
Lillak, A, primary, Tõrv, M, primary, and Oras, E, primary
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Multidisciplinary investigation of two Egyptian child mummies curated at the University of Tartu Art Museum, Estonia (Late/Graeco-Roman Periods)
- Author
-
Oras, E, Anderson, J, Tõrv, M, Vahur, S, Rammo, R, Remmer, S, Mölder, M, Malve, M, Saag, L, Saage, R, Teearu-Ojakäär, A, Peets, P, Tambets, K, Metspalu, M, Lees, David, Barclay, Maxwell, Hall, MJR, Ikram, S, Piombino-Mascali, D, Oras, E, Anderson, J, Tõrv, M, Vahur, S, Rammo, R, Remmer, S, Mölder, M, Malve, M, Saag, L, Saage, R, Teearu-Ojakäär, A, Peets, P, Tambets, K, Metspalu, M, Lees, David, Barclay, Maxwell, Hall, MJR, Ikram, S, and Piombino-Mascali, D
- Abstract
Two ancient Egyptian child mummies at the University of Tartu Art Museum (Estonia) were, according to museum records, brought to Estonia by the young Baltic-German scholar Otto Friedrich von Richter, who had travelled in Egypt during the early 19th century. Although some studies of the mummies were conducted, a thorough investigation has never been made. Thus, an interdisciplinary team of experts studied the remains using the most recent analytical methods in order to provide an exhaustive analysis of the remains. The bodies were submitted for osteological and archaeothanatological study, radiological investigation, AMS radiocarbon dating, chemical and textile analyses, 3D modelling, entomological as well as aDNA investigation. Here we synthesize the results of one of the most extensive multidisciplinary analyses of ancient Egyptian child mummies, adding significantly to our knowledge of such examples of ancient funerary practices.
- Published
- 2020
6. In search of Estonia’s earliest chicken
- Author
-
Ehrlich, F, primary, Rannamäe, E, primary, Laneman, M, primary, Tõrv, M, primary, Lang, V, primary, Oras, E, primary, and Lõugas, L, primary
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The genetic history of Northern Europe
- Author
-
Mittnik, A., Wang, C., Pfrengle, S., Daubaras, M., Zariņa, G., Hallgren, F., Allmäe, R., Khartanovich, V., Moiseyev, V., Furtwängler, A., Andrades Valtueña, A., Feldman, M., Economou, C., Oinonen, M., Vasks, A., Tõrv, M., Balanovsky, O., Reich, D., Jankauskas, R., Haak, W., Schiffels, S., and Krause, J.
- Published
- 2017
8. Parallel worlds and mixed economies: multi-proxy analysis reveals complex subsistence systems at the dawn of early farming in the northeast Baltic.
- Author
-
Oras E, Tõrv M, Johanson K, Rannamäe E, Poska A, Lõugas L, Lucquin A, Lundy J, Brown S, Chen S, Varul L, Haferberga V, Legzdiņa D, Zariņa G, Cramp L, Heyd V, Reay M, Pospieszny Ł, Robson HK, Nordqvist K, Heron C, Craig OE, and Kriiska A
- Abstract
The transition from foraging to farming was a key turning point in ancient socio-economies. Yet, the complexities and regional variations of this transformation are still poorly understood. This multi-proxy study provides a new understanding of the introduction and spread of early farming, challenging the notions of hierarchical economies. The most extensive biological and biomolecular dietary overview, combining zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, dietary stable isotope and pottery lipid residue analyses is presented, to unravel the nature and extent of early farming in the 3rd millennium cal BCE in the northeast Baltic. Farming was introduced by incoming Corded Ware cultural groups (CWC), but some dietary segregation existed within these communities, with some having more access to domesticates, others incorporating more wild resources into their diet. The CWC groups coexisted in parallel with local hunter-fisher-gatherers (HFG) without any indication of the adoption of domesticates. There was no transition from foraging to farming in the 3rd millennium cal BCE in the NE Baltic. Instead, we see a complex system of parallel worlds with local HFGs continuing forager lifeways, and incoming farmers practising mixed economies, with the continuation of these subsistence strategies for at least a millennium after the first encounter with domesticated animals., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Children of the grave: Investigating non-adult feeding practices in medieval and early modern Estonia through stable isotope analysis.
- Author
-
Morrone A, Tõrv M, Piombino-Mascali D, Saupe T, Sepp H, Valk H, Malve M, and Oras E
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Humans, Child, Preschool, History, Medieval, Estonia, Weaning, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Diet, Infant Food, Feeding Behavior, Breast Feeding history
- Abstract
Studying infant diet and feeding practices through stable isotope analysis provides direct insight into the life and health of vulnerable population groups in the past. Although the general diet in medieval and early modern Livonia has been reconstructed from written sources, little is known about childhood diet during this tumultuous period of Eastern European history. This study presents a comparative investigation of the staple non-adult diet in urban/rural communities during the 13th-17th centuries AD, with a special focus on feeding practices. We aim to reveal the impact of socio-economic circumstances on early childhood nutrition, which affects the physical development and overall survival of this susceptible population group. Bone collagen samples from 176 individuals between the fetal and the 7-15 age categories from four urban/rural South-Estonian cemeteries were cross-sectionally analyzed via EA-IRMS (Elemental Analysis with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy) for δ13C and δ15N. Results suggest that South-Estonian children had a staple terrestrial C3 diet integrated with animal proteins. Significant divergences were observed between urban and rural sites and slight variation occurred among rural subgroups, possibly resulting from a wider food choice available in towns, different consumption of C4 foods, and/or secular changes. This study provides the first data regarding infant feeding practices in medieval and early modern Livonia. These practices were similar among the different contexts, indicating comparable cultural traditions in child rearing. Breastfeeding was likely practiced for 1-2 years, with supplementary foods introduced around 1 year of age. The weaning process was probably concluded around the age of 3. The δ13C and δ15N values of older children are comparable to those of the adults from the same sites, indicating their diets became similar after weaning, when they started working and obtained a more mature social status., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Morrone et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Multi-isotopic analysis of zooarchaeological material from Estonia (ca. 200-1800 CE): Variation among food webs and geographical regions.
- Author
-
Aguraiuja-Lätti Ü, Tõrv M, Sayle KL, Lõugas L, Rannamäe E, Ehrlich F, Nuut S, Peeters T, Oras E, and Kriiska A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Estonia, Sulfur Isotopes analysis, Diet history, Food Chain, Carbon analysis
- Abstract
To better comprehend the dietary practices of past populations in the Eastern Baltic region we have created temporally and geographically restricted baselines for the time period of 200-1800 CE. In this multi-isotopic analysis, we report new δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values for 251 faunal bone collagen samples from various archaeological contexts in Estonia representing the most comprehensive set of Iron Age, Medieval and Early Modern Period faunal stable isotope values to date. The results map out the local carbon and nitrogen baselines and define isotopic ranges of local terrestrial, avian and aquatic fauna. We also demonstrate the potential application of sulfur stable isotope analysis in archaeological research. The results demonstrate a clear distinction between δ13C and δ34S values of marine and terrestrial species, however, freshwater fish display notable overlaps with both marine and terrestrial ranges for both δ13C and δ34S values. Herbivores show variation in δ34S values when grouped by region, explained by differences in the local biotopes. This study is the first attempt to connect the Eastern Baltic isotopic baselines and provides more detailed temporal and geographical references to study the local ecologies and interpret the human data., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 Aguraiuja-Lätti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A 5,000-year-old hunter-gatherer already plagued by Yersinia pestis.
- Author
-
Susat J, Lübke H, Immel A, Brinker U, Macāne A, Meadows J, Steer B, Tholey A, Zagorska I, Gerhards G, Schmölcke U, Kalniņš M, Franke A, Pētersone-Gordina E, Teßman B, Tõrv M, Schreiber S, Andree C, Bērziņš V, Nebel A, and Krause-Kyora B
- Subjects
- Humans, Latvia, Likelihood Functions, Phylogeny, Plague microbiology, Yersinia pestis physiology
- Abstract
A 5,000-year-old Yersinia pestis genome (RV 2039) is reconstructed from a hunter-fisher-gatherer (5300-5050 cal BP) buried at Riņņukalns, Latvia. RV 2039 is the first in a series of ancient strains that evolved shortly after the split of Y. pestis from its antecessor Y. pseudotuberculosis ∼7,000 years ago. The genomic and phylogenetic characteristics of RV 2039 are consistent with the hypothesis that this very early Y. pestis form was most likely less transmissible and maybe even less virulent than later strains. Our data do not support the scenario of a prehistoric pneumonic plague pandemic, as suggested previously for the Neolithic decline. The geographical and temporal distribution of the few prehistoric Y. pestis cases reported so far is more in agreement with single zoonotic events., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Multidisciplinary investigation of two Egyptian child mummies curated at the University of Tartu Art Museum, Estonia (Late/Graeco-Roman Periods).
- Author
-
Oras E, Anderson J, Tõrv M, Vahur S, Rammo R, Remmer S, Mölder M, Malve M, Saag L, Saage R, Teearu-Ojakäär A, Peets P, Tambets K, Metspalu M, Lees DC, Barclay MVL, Hall MJR, Ikram S, and Piombino-Mascali D
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Egypt, Egypt, Ancient, Estonia, Humans, Male, Museums, Mummies
- Abstract
Two ancient Egyptian child mummies at the University of Tartu Art Museum (Estonia) were, according to museum records, brought to Estonia by the young Baltic-German scholar Otto Friedrich von Richter, who had travelled in Egypt during the early 19th century. Although some studies of the mummies were conducted, a thorough investigation has never been made. Thus, an interdisciplinary team of experts studied the remains using the most recent analytical methods in order to provide an exhaustive analysis of the remains. The bodies were submitted for osteological and archaeothanatological study, radiological investigation, AMS radiocarbon dating, chemical and textile analyses, 3D modelling, entomological as well as aDNA investigation. Here we synthesize the results of one of the most extensive multidisciplinary analyses of ancient Egyptian child mummies, adding significantly to our knowledge of such examples of ancient funerary practices., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon.
- Author
-
Malmström H, Günther T, Svensson EM, Juras A, Fraser M, Munters AR, Pospieszny Ł, Tõrv M, Lindström J, Götherström A, Storå J, and Jakobsson M
- Subjects
- Baltic States, Base Sequence, DNA, Ancient, Europe, Farmers, Genomics, Humans, Poland, Population Dynamics, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Sweden, White People, Culture, History, Ancient, Human Migration
- Abstract
The Neolithic period is characterized by major cultural transformations and human migrations, with lasting effects across Europe. To understand the population dynamics in Neolithic Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea area, we investigate the genomes of individuals associated with the Battle Axe Culture (BAC), a Middle Neolithic complex in Scandinavia resembling the continental Corded Ware Culture (CWC). We sequenced 11 individuals (dated to 3330-1665 calibrated before common era (cal BCE)) from modern-day Sweden, Estonia, and Poland to 0.26-3.24× coverage. Three of the individuals were from CWC contexts and two from the central-Swedish BAC burial 'Bergsgraven'. By analysing these genomes together with the previously published data, we show that the BAC represents a group different from other Neolithic populations in Scandinavia, revealing stratification among cultural groups. Similar to continental CWC, the BAC-associated individuals display ancestry from the Pontic-Caspian steppe herders, as well as smaller components originating from hunter-gatherers and Early Neolithic farmers. Thus, the steppe ancestry seen in these Scandinavian BAC individuals can be explained only by migration into Scandinavia. Furthermore, we highlight the reuse of megalithic tombs of the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) by people related to BAC. The BAC groups likely mixed with resident middle Neolithic farmers (e.g. FBC) without substantial contributions from Neolithic foragers.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Author Correction: The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region.
- Author
-
Mittnik A, Wang CC, Pfrengle S, Daubaras M, Zariņa G, Hallgren F, Allmäe R, Khartanovich V, Moiseyev V, Tõrv M, Furtwängler A, Valtueña AA, Feldman M, Economou C, Oinonen M, Vasks A, Balanovska E, Reich D, Jankauskas R, Haak W, Schiffels S, and Krause J
- Abstract
The original version of this Article omitted references to previous work, which are detailed in the associated Author Correction. These omissions have been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region.
- Author
-
Mittnik A, Wang CC, Pfrengle S, Daubaras M, Zariņa G, Hallgren F, Allmäe R, Khartanovich V, Moiseyev V, Tõrv M, Furtwängler A, Andrades Valtueña A, Feldman M, Economou C, Oinonen M, Vasks A, Balanovska E, Reich D, Jankauskas R, Haak W, Schiffels S, and Krause J
- Subjects
- Baltic States, Fossils, Gene Flow, History, Ancient, Humans, Population Dynamics, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Agriculture history, Genome, Human, Transients and Migrants history, White People genetics
- Abstract
While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia.
- Author
-
Andrades Valtueña A, Mittnik A, Key FM, Haak W, Allmäe R, Belinskij A, Daubaras M, Feldman M, Jankauskas R, Janković I, Massy K, Novak M, Pfrengle S, Reinhold S, Šlaus M, Spyrou MA, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Tõrv M, Hansen S, Bos KI, Stockhammer PW, Herbig A, and Krause J
- Subjects
- Archaeology, Europe, Humans, Phylogeny, Plague microbiology, Yersinia pestis classification, DNA, Ancient analysis, Genome, Bacterial genetics, Yersinia pestis genetics
- Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is a bacterium associated with wild rodents and their fleas. Historically it was responsible for three pandemics: the Plague of Justinian in the 6
th century AD, which persisted until the 8th century [1]; the renowned Black Death of the 14th century [2, 3], with recurrent outbreaks until the 18th century [4]; and the most recent 19th century pandemic, in which Y. pestis spread worldwide [5] and became endemic in several regions [6]. The discovery of molecular signatures of Y. pestis in prehistoric Eurasian individuals and two genomes from Southern Siberia suggest that Y. pestis caused some form of disease in humans prior to the first historically documented pandemic [7]. Here, we present six new European Y. pestis genomes spanning the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age (LNBA; 4,800 to 3,700 calibrated years before present). This time period is characterized by major transformative cultural and social changes that led to cross-European networks of contact and exchange [8, 9]. We show that all known LNBA strains form a single putatively extinct clade in the Y. pestis phylogeny. Interpreting our data within the context of recent ancient human genomic evidence that suggests an increase in human mobility during the LNBA, we propose a possible scenario for the early spread of Y. pestis: the pathogen may have entered Europe from Central Eurasia following an expansion of people from the steppe, persisted within Europe until the mid-Bronze Age, and moved back toward Central Eurasia in parallel with human populations., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.