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The most frequent cancer among women and a significant contributor to mortality is breast cancer. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool has promising applications for BC drug resistance, which is a unique and creative approach that has lately attracted attention and can be used to fix multidrug resistance-related gene alterations. Recent research has effectively investigated and targeted particular genes linked to BC treatment resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, including those linked to hormone receptor signaling, drug efflux transporters, and DNA repair pathways. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology's selective disruption or mutation of these genes provides valuable information about their role in resistance and paves the path for cutting-edge treatment options. Despite the advantages, there are limitations in the study on CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing for BC treatment resistance, for example, off-target effects and the improvement of delivery techniques are still major issues. Successful clinical translation depends on methods to improve the specificity and effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and to solve these constraints. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has the ability to overcome BC treatment resistance by identifying crucial genetic variables and revealing new therapeutic targets. This review aims to explore the possibility of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing as a cutting-edge method of combating BC medication resistance.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an immune response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion, bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in urine) and pyuria (presence of white blood cells in urine) are characteristic indicators of UTI. Prompt and effective management of UTIs is crucial to prevent complications, such as kidney infections and recurrent infections, and to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and minimize antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, antibiotic resistance, medical treatment, causative agents, diagnosis, and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Sulaymaniah city. A total of 60 patients from Sulaymaniah Teaching Hospital were included in the study. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were acute pyelonephritis and cystitis. Various evaluations were conducted, including history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Mid-stream urine samples were collected for culture and sensitivity analysis. The duration of symptoms such as dysuria, fever, and frequency varied, ranging from 1 to 3 days. During medical examinations, suprapubic tenderness was the most commonly observed finding. Dysuria was reported as the predominant symptom by 19 patients. The majority of patients fell within the age range of 21-40 years. The study findings indicated a higher prevalence of UTIs among females. The most frequently identified causative microorganism was Escherichia coli (E. coli), which accounted for approximately 90% of cases. Gentamycin emerged as the most commonly used antibiotic due to its effectiveness against E. coli. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among other pathogens necessitates ongoing surveillance and appropriate antibiotic stewardship to combat UTIs effectively. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the incidence, antibiotic resistance, and management of UTIs in Sulaymaniah city. It emphasizes the need for tailored treatment approaches considering the prevalent causative agents and their susceptibility patterns.

The oral thrush due to biofilms of Candida species is a common infection for the oral cavity of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, leading to oral infections. These biofilms, composed of Candida organisms, pose challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment due to their increased resistance and ability to persist in the oral environment. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Candida species biofilm colonization in the oral cavity of pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. By examining the incidence of Candida sp. biofilms, this research provides valuable insights into the oral health challenges specific to children with cancer, emphasizing the need for targeted preventive and management strategies to address these infections effectively. In this study, a total of 100 oral cavity swabs were collected, with 50 swabs obtained from cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and suspected to have oral candidiasis, and the other 50 swabs collected from non-cancer healthy individuals serving as control. All swabs were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose agar (SDA) media, followed by microscopic examination of positive samples. The API identification candida system was utilized for the identification of Candida species, along with the implementation of biochemical tests to further study the characteristics of the identified species.The findings demonstrated that out of the 50 cancer patients, approximately 47% (23 patients) exhibited positive yeast growth on SDA agar. Among the 50 non-cancer control cases, approximately 30% (15 cases) showed positive growth on SDA agar. Furthermore, using the API candida system, we confirmed the presence of candida species in 25 cases. Candida albicans was identified as the most prevalent species, followed by Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were detected less frequently. In conclusion, there were a significant increase in Candida species among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment in comparison to non-cancer control individuals. This finding highlights the impact of chemotherapy on the prevalence of Candida infections in cancer patients, emphasizing the need for heightened attention and appropriate management strategies in this vulnerable population.

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates.

Abstract MicroRNA that is abnormally produced in breast cells can disrupt biological processes, which can lead to cancer. This study aims to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and ncRNAs (DEncRNAs) in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of breast cancer (BC) as compared with the normal adjacent tissues (NAT), and identify miR-4510 as a novel biomarker of BC. This study looked at differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using MACE-Seq and differentially expressed ncRNAs (DEncRNAs) using the small RNA-Seq. Real-time qPCR was used to determine the level of expression of miR-4510. In this study, MACE-Seq results showed that 26,795 genes, with a p-value

Abstract Introduction Disruption of cellular processes in the breast by abnormally expressed miRNA is characterized to develop cancer. We aimed to identify the differential expression of small RNAs (sRNAs) and mRNAs in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of the breast cancer (BC) and normal adjacent tissue (NAT). Another aim is to determine the differential expression of miR-1275 as a novel biomarker for BC and also identify its target genes. Methods TrueQuant method for analysis of sRNA expression and MACE-sequencing method for analysis of gene expression were used analyzing. The RT-qPCR technique was used to confirm miR-1275 down expression. Target genes of miR-1275 were computationally identified using target prediction sites and also the expression level of them was experimentally determined among the expressed genes. Results TrueQuant findings showed that 1400 sRNAs were differentially expressed in the FFPE tissue of two Kurdish cases with BC, as compared to NAT. Among the sRNAs, 29 small RNAs were shown to be significantly downregulated in BC cells. The RT-qPCR results confirmed that miR-1275 was significantly down-expressed in 20 Kurdish cases with BC compared to NAT. However, Overall survival (OS) analysis revealed that the correlation between the expression level of miR-1275 and clinical significance was highly corrected in cases with BC (OS rate: P = 0.0401). The MACE-seq results revealed that 26,843 genes were differentially expressed in the BC tissue compared to NAT, but 7041 genes were displayed in a scatter plot. Furthermore, putative target genes (DVL3, PPP2R2D, THSD4, CREB1, SYT7, and PRKACA) were computationally identified as direct targets of miR-1275 in several target predicted sites. The MACE-seq results revealed that the expression level of these targets was increased in BC tissue compared to NAT. The level of these targets was negatively associated with miR-1275 expression. Finally, the role of down-regulated miR-1275 on its targets in biological mechanisms of BC cells was identified; including cell growth, proliferation, movement, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis. Conclusion Down-expressed miR-1275, a tumor suppressor, is a novel biomarker for early detection of BC. DVL3, PPP2R2D, THSD4, CREB1, SYT7, and PRKACA are newly identified to be targeted by miR-1275.