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2. Ground-based validation of the Copernicus Sentinel-5p TROPOMI NO2 measurements with the NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS and Pandonia global networks

Author

Verhoelst, Tiji, Pinardi, Gala, Eskes, Henk J., Fjæraa, Ann Mari, Boersma, Klaas Folkert, Levelt, Pieternel F., Navarro-Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie J. M., Sinyakov, Valery P., Strong, Kimberley, Veefkind, Pepijn J., Yela-González, Margarita, Verhoelst, Tijl, Compernolle, Steven, Pinardi, Gaia, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Eskes, Henk, Eichmann, Kai-Uwe, Fjaeraa, Ann, Granville, José, Niemeijer, Sander, Cede, Alexander, Tiefengraber, Martin, Hendrick, François, Pazmino, Andrea, Bais, Alkiviadis, Bazureau, Ariane, Folkert Boersma, K, Bognar, Kristof, Dehn, Angelika, Donner, Sebastian, Elokhov, Aleksandr, Gebetsberger, Manuel, Goutail, Florence, Grutter de la Mora, Michel, Gruzdev, Aleksandr, Gratsea, Myrto, Hansen, Georg, Irie, Hitoshi, Jepsen, Nis, Kanaya, Yugo, Karagkiozidis, Dimitris, Kivi, Rigel, Kreher, Karin, Levelt, Pieternel, Liu, Cheng, Müller, Moritz, Navarro Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Portafaix, Thierry, Prados-Roman, Cristina, Puentedura, Olga, Querel, Richard, Remmers, Julia, Richter, Andreas, Rimmer, John, Rivera Cárdenas, Claudia, Saavedra De Miguel, Lidia, Sinyakov, Valery, Stremme, Wolfgang, Strong, Kimberly, Van Roozendaël, Michel, Pepijn Veefkind, J, Wagner, Thomas, Wittrock, Folkard, Yela González, Margarita, Zehner, Claus, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Kyrgyz National University of Jusup Balasagyn, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, BK Scientific GmbH, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Science [&] Technology Corporation [Delft] (S [&] T), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Space and Earth Observation Centre [Sodankylä], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), and University of Bremen

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

International audience; This paper reports on consolidated ground-based validation results of the atmospheric NO2 data produced operationally since April 2018 by the TROPOMI instrument on board of the ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5p) satellite. Tropospheric, stratospheric, and total NO2 column data from S5p are compared to correlative measurements collected from, respectively, 19 Multi-Axis DOAS (MAX-DOAS), 26 NDACC Zenith-Scattered-Light DOAS (ZSL-DOAS), and 25 PGN/Pandora instruments distributed globally. The validation methodology gives special care to minimizing mismatch errors due to imperfect spatio-temporal co-location of the satellite and correlative data, e.g., by using tailored observation operators to account for differences in smoothing and in sampling of atmospheric structures and variability, and photochemical modelling to reduce diurnal cycle effects. Compared to the ground-based measurements, S5p data show, on an average: (i) a negative bias for the tropospheric column data, of typically −23 to −37 % in clean to slightly polluted conditions, but reaching values as high as −51 % over highly polluted areas; (ii) a slight negative bias for the stratospheric column data, of about −0.2 Pmolec/cm2, i.e. approx. −2 % in summer to −15 % in winter; and (iii) a bias ranging from zero to −50 % for the total column data, found to depend on the amplitude of the total NO2 column, with small to slightly positive bias values for columns below 6 Pmolec/cm2 and negative values above. The dispersion between S5p and correlative measurements contains mostly random components, which remain within mission requirements for the stratospheric column data (0.5 Pmolec/cm2), but exceed those for the tropospheric column data (0.7 Pmolec/cm2). While a part of the biases and dispersion may be due to representativeness differences, it is known that errors in the S5p tropospheric columns exist due to shortcomings in the (horizontally coarse) a-priori profile representation in the TM5-MP chemistry transport model used in the S5p retrieval, and to a lesser extent, to the treatment of cloud effects. Although considerable differences (up to 2 Pmolec/cm2 and more) are observed at single ground-pixel level, the near-real-time (NRTI) and off-line (OFFL) versions of the S5p NO2 operational data processor provide similar NO2 column values and validation results when globally averaged, with the NRTI values being on average 0.79 % larger than the OFFL values.

Published
2021
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3. Ground-based validation of the Copernicus Sentinel-5p TROPOMI NO2 measurements with the NDACC ZSL-DOAS, MAX-DOAS and Pandonia global networks

Author

Verhoelst, Tiji, Compernolle, Steven, Pinardi, Gala, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Eskes, Henk J., Eichmann, Kai-Uwe, Fjæraa, Ann Mari, Granville, José, Niemeijer, Sander, Cede, Alexander, Tiefengraber, Martin, Hendrick, François, Pazmino, Andrea, Bais, Alkiviadis, Bazureau, Ariane, Boersma, Klaas Folkert, Bognar, Kristof, Dehn, Angelika, Donner, Sebastian, Elokhov, Aleksandr, Gebetsberger, Manuel, Goutail, Florence, Grutter de la Mora, Michel, Gruzdev, Aleksandr, Gratsea, Myrto, Hansen, Georg, Irie, Hitoshi, Jepsen, Nis, Kanaya, Yugo, Karagkiozidis, Dimitris, Kivi, Rigel, Kreher, Karin, Levelt, Pieternel F., Liu, Cheng, Müller, Moritz, Navarro-Comas, Monica, Piters, Ankie J. M., Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Portafaix, Thierry, Puentedura, Olga, Querel, Richard, Remmers, Julia, Richter, Andreas, Rimmer, John, Rivera Cárdenas, Claudia, Saavedra De Miguel, Lidia, Sinyakov, Valery P., Strong, Kimberley, Van Roozendaël, Michel, Veefkind, Pepijn J., Wagner, Thomas, Wittrock, Folkard, Yela-González, Margarita, Zehner, Claus, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Science [&] Technology Corporation [Delft] (S [&] T), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Space and Earth Observation Centre [Sodankylä], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), BK Scientific GmbH, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Kyrgyz National University, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), and University of Bremen

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

This paper reports on consolidated ground-based validation results of the atmospheric NO2 data produced operationally since April 2018 by the TROPOMI instrument on board of the ESA/EU Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5p) satellite. Tropospheric, stratospheric, and total NO2 column data from S5p are compared to correlative measurements collected from, respectively, 19 Multi-Axis DOAS (MAX-DOAS), 26 NDACC Zenith-Scattered-Light DOAS (ZSL-DOAS), and 25 PGN/Pandora instruments distributed globally. The validation methodology gives special care to minimizing mismatch errors due to imperfect spatio-temporal co-location of the satellite and correlative data, e.g., by using tailored observation operators to account for differences in smoothing and in sampling of atmospheric structures and variability, and photochemical modelling to reduce diurnal cycle effects. Compared to the ground-based measurements, S5p data show, on an average: (i) a negative bias for the tropospheric column data, of typically −23 to −37 % in clean to slightly polluted conditions, but reaching values as high as −51 % over highly polluted areas; (ii) a slight negative bias for the stratospheric column data, of about −0.2 Pmolec/cm2, i.e. approx. −2 % in summer to −15 % in winter; and (iii) a bias ranging from zero to −50 % for the total column data, found to depend on the amplitude of the total NO2 column, with small to slightly positive bias values for columns below 6 Pmolec/cm2 and negative values above. The dispersion between S5p and correlative measurements contains mostly random components, which remain within mission requirements for the stratospheric column data (0.5 Pmolec/cm2), but exceed those for the tropospheric column data (0.7 Pmolec/cm2). While a part of the biases and dispersion may be due to representativeness differences, it is known that errors in the S5p tropospheric columns exist due to shortcomings in the (horizontally coarse) a-priori profile representation in the TM5-MP chemistry transport model used in the S5p retrieval, and to a lesser extent, to the treatment of cloud effects. Although considerable differences (up to 2 Pmolec/cm2 and more) are observed at single ground-pixel level, the near-real-time (NRTI) and off-line (OFFL) versions of the S5p NO2 operational data processor provide similar NO2 column values and validation results when globally averaged, with the NRTI values being on average 0.79 % larger than the OFFL values.

Published
2020
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8. Mechanism of hypoalbuminemia in rodents.

Author

Koltun M, Nikolovski J, Strong K, Nikolic-Paterson D, and Comper WD

Subjects
Albuminuria chemically induced, Albuminuria metabolism, Albuminuria physiopathology, Animals, Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic, Capillary Permeability physiology, Carbon Radioisotopes, Ficoll pharmacokinetics, Hypoalbuminemia chemically induced, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Puromycin Aminonucleoside, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptors, Fc genetics, Tritium, beta 2-Microglobulin genetics, Albumins pharmacokinetics, Hypoalbuminemia metabolism, Hypoalbuminemia physiopathology
Abstract

Normal albumin loss from the plasma is thought to be minimized by a number of mechanisms, including charge repulsion with the capillary wall and an intracellular rescue pathway involving the major histocompatibility complex-related Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated mechanism. This study investigates how these factors may influence the mechanism of hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia in rats was induced by treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside (PA). To test the effects of PA on capillary wall permeability, plasma elimination rates were determined for tritium-labeled tracers of different-sized Ficolls, negatively charged Ficolls, and (14)C-labeled tracer of albumin in control and PA-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. Urinary excretion and tissue uptake were also measured. Hypoalbuminemia was also examined in two strains of FcRn-deficient mice: beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M) knockout (KO) mice and FcRn alpha-chain KO mice. The excretion rates of albumin and albumin-derived fragments were measured. PA-induced hypoalbuminemia was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the plasma elimination rate of albumin. This increase could be completely accounted for by the increase in urinary albumin excretion. Changes in the permeability of the capillary wall were not apparent, inasmuch as there was no comparable increase in the plasma elimination rate of 36- to 85-A Ficoll or negatively charged 50- to 80-A Ficoll. In contrast, hypoalbuminemic states in beta(2)M and FcRn KO mice were associated with decreases in excretion of albumin and albumin-derived fragments. This demonstrates that the mechanism of hypoalbuminemia consists of at least two distinct forms: one specifically associated with the renal handling of albumin and the other mediated by systemic processes.

Published
2005
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