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Transformers, originally prominent in NLP and computer vision, are now being adapted for ECG signal analysis. This paper introduces a novel hierarchical transformer architecture that segments the model into multiple stages by assessing the spatial size of the embeddings, thus eliminating the need for additional downsampling strategies or complex attention designs. A classification token aggregates information across feature scales, facilitating interactions between different stages of the transformer. By utilizing depth-wise convolutions in a six-layer convolutional encoder, our approach preserves the relationships between different ECG leads. Moreover, an attention gate mechanism learns associations among the leads prior to classification. This model adapts flexibly to various embedding networks and input sizes while enhancing the interpretability of transformers in ECG signal analysis., Comment: 5 pages,3 figures,under review by ISBI 2025

Nekrashevych associated to each self-similar group action an ample groupoid and a C*-algebra. We provide exact sequences to compute the homology of the groupoid and the K-theory of the C*-algebra in terms of the homology of the group and K-theory of the group C*-algebra via the transfer map and the virtual endomorphism. Complete computations are then performed for the Grigorchuk group, the Grigorchuk--Erschler group, Gupta--Sidki groups and many others. Results are proved more generally for self-similar groupoids. As a consequence of our results and recent results of Xin Li, we are able to show that R\"over's simple group containing the Grigorchuk group is rationally acyclic but has nontrivial Schur multiplier. We prove many more R\"over--Nekrashevych groups of self-similar groups are rationally acyclic.

Given a presentation of a monoid $M$, combined work of Pride and of Guba and Sapir provides an exact sequence connecting the relation bimodule of the presentation (in the sense of Ivanov) with the first homology of the Squier complex of the presentation, which is naturally a $\mathbb ZM$-bimodule. This exact sequence was used by Kobayashi and Otto to prove the equivalence of Pride's finite homological type (FHT) property with the homological finiteness condition bi-$\mathrm{FP}_3$. Guba and Sapir used this exact sequence to describe the abelianization of a diagram group. We prove here a generalization of this exact sequence of bimodules for presentations of associative algebras. Our proof is more elementary than the original proof for the special case of monoids.

I explicitly compute the Eilenberg-Mac Lane homology of a completely simple semigroup using topological means. I also complete Gray and Pride's investigation into the homological finiteness properties of completely simple semigroups, as well as studying their topological finiteness properties. I give a topological proof of Pride's unpublished homological lower bound for the deficiency of a monoid or semigroup.

We prove the Effros-Hahn conjecture for groupoid algebras with coefficients in a sheaf, obtaining as a consequence a description of the ideals in skew inverse semigroup rings. We also use the description of the ideals to characterize when the groupoid algebras with coefficients in a sheaf are von Neumann regular, primitive, semiprimitive, or simple. We apply our results to the topological dynamics of actions of inverse semigroups, describing the existence of dense orbits and minimality in terms of primitivity and simplicity, respectively, of the associated algebra. Moreover, we apply our results to the usual complex groupoid algebra of continuous functions with compact support, used to build the C*-algebra associated with a groupoid, and describe criteria for its simplicity.

The goal of this paper is to use topological methods to compute $\mathrm{Ext}$ between irreducible representations of von Neumann regular monoids in which Green's $\mathscr L$- and $\mathscr J$-relations coincide (e.g., left regular bands). Our results subsume those of S.~Margolis, F.~Saliola, and B.~Steinberg, \emph{Combinatorial topology and the global dimension of algebras arising in combinatorics}, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), \textbf{17}, 3037--3080 (2015). Applications include computing $\mathrm{Ext}$ between arbitrary simple modules and computing a quiver presentation for the algebra of Hsiao's monoid of ordered $G$-partitions (connected to the Mantaci-Reutenauer descent algebra for the wreath product $G\wr S_n$). We show that this algebra is Koszul, compute its Koszul dual and compute minimal projective resolutions of all the simple modules using topology. More generally, these results work for CW left regular bands of abelian groups. These results generalize the results of S.~Margolis, F.~V. Saliola, and B.~Steinberg. \emph{Cell complexes, poset topology and the representation theory of algebras arising in algebraic combinatorics and discrete geometry}, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., \textbf{274}, 1--135, (2021)., Comment: This is the second part of arXiv:2306.16379, the original version (v1,v2) was too long and split in two

We study the question of when the algebra of an ample groupoid over a field is von Neumann regular and, more generally, when the algebra of a graded ample groupoid is graded von Neumann regular. For fields of characteristic $0$ we are able to provide a complete characterization. Over fields of positive characteristic, we merely have some sufficient and some necessary conditions for regularity. As applications we recover known results on regularity and graded regularity of Leavitt path algebras and inverse semigroups. We also prove a number of new results, in particular concerning graded regularity of algebras of Deaconu-Renault groupoids and Nekrashevych-Exel-Pardo algebras of self-similar groups., Comment: Minor correction to the description of the inverse semigroup for self-similar graphs

Carlsen (Adv.~Math, 2018) showed that any $\ast$-homomorphism between Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb Z$ is automatically diagonal preserving and hence induces an isomorphism of boundary path groupoids. His result works over conjugation-closed subrings of $\mathbb C$ enjoying certain properties. In this paper, we characterize the rings considered by Carlsen as precisely those rings for which every $\ast$-homomorphism of algebras of Hausdorff ample groupoids is automatically diagonal preserving. Moreover, the more general groupoid result has a simpler proof., Comment: To appear in Bull. Austral. Math. Soc

This paper aims to use topological methods to compute $\mathrm{Ext}$ between an irreducible representation of a finite monoid inflated from its group completion and one inflated from its group of units, or more generally coinduced from a maximal subgroup, via a spectral sequence that collapses on the $E_2$-page over fields of good characteristic. As an application, we determine the global dimension of the algebra of the monoid of all affine transformations of a vector space over a finite field. We provide a topological characterization of when a monoid homomorphism induces a homological epimorphism of monoid algebras and apply it to semidirect products. Topology is used to construct projective resolutions of modules inflated from the group completion for sufficiently nice monoids. A sequel paper will use these results to study the representation theory Hsiao's monoid of ordered $G$-partitions (connected to the Mantaci-Reutenauer descent algebra for the wreath product $G\wr S_n$)., Comment: According to arXiv moderation, to split the paper I had to replace the original. The original unsplit paper is v2 and contains some results that will not be in the split paper

This paper develops the fundamentals of modular representation theory for finite monoids, introducing the decomposition matrix and exploring its connection to Brauer characters. We define modular characteristic and explain how the representation theory in nonmodular positive characteristic behaves like the characteristic zero theory by showing that one can lift from nonmodular characteristic $p$ all simple and projective indecomposable modules, as well as a quiver presentation of the basic algebra. As an application of the theory developed, we give a new proof of Glover's theorem that the monoid of $2\times 2$-matrices over $\mathbb F_p$ has infinite representation type over fields of characteristic $p$. We also investigate the relationship between nonsingularity of the Cartan matrix of a monoid algebra in characterstic zero and in positive characteristic. We show that for von Neumann regular monoids the Cartan matrix is always nonsingular and we show that if a monoid has aperiodic left (or right) stabilizers, then nonsingularity in characteristic zero implies nonsingularity in positive characteristic. Florian Eisele has recently shown that the Cartan matrix of a monoid algebra can be nonsingular in characteristic zero and singular in positive characteristic, disproving a conjecture of the author in an earlier version of this paper. A new conjecture is proposed, unifying the cases of regular monoids and monoids with aperiodic stabilizers., Comment: Florian Eisele solved negatively the conjecture from the previous version of this paper, constructing a monoid with nonsingular Cartan matrix in characteristic 0 but singular in positive characteristic.This version cites Eisele's result and raises a new question/conjecture.The title has changed and the focus is more on results of the paper concerning modular representation theory than conjectures

We give a simple proof that the orbit space of the $p$-subgroup complex of a finite group is contractible using Brown-Forman discrete Morse theory. This result was originally conjectured by Webb and proved by Symonds., Comment: Minor revision to correct the formulation of the translation from Brown's Noetherian collapsing scheme to Chari's acyclic matching. No proof details have changed

In this paper we compute the minimum degree of a faithful representation by partial transformations of a finite semigroup admitting a faithful completely reducible matrix representation over the field of complex numbers. This includes all inverse semigroups, and hence our results generalize earlier results of Easdown and Schein on the minimal faithful degree of an inverse semigroup. It also includes well-studied monoids like full matrix monoids over finite fields and the monoid of binary relations (i.e., matrices over the Boolean semiring). Our answer reduces the computation to considerations of permutation representations of maximal subgroups that are faithful when restricted to distinguished normal subgroups. This is analogous to (and inspired by) recent results of the second author on the minimal number of irreducible constituents in a faithful completely reducible complex matrix representation of a finite semigroup that admits one. To illustrate what happens when a finite semigroup does not admit a faithful completely reducible representation, we compute the minimum faithful degree of the opposite monoid of the full transformation monoid., Comment: The title used "minimum faithful degree" and the running header used "minimal faithful degree". To avoid mis-citations, we changed all occurrences of minimum degree to minimal degree, which seems to be the standard terminology in group theory anyway. We have corrected some details related to the outer automorphism of the symmetric group on 6 elements in Theorem 2.19

In this paper we study stable finiteness of ample groupoid algebras with applications to inverse semigroup algebras and Leavitt path algebras, recovering old results and proving some new ones. In addition, we develop a theory of (faithful) traces on ample groupoid algebras, mimicking the $C^\ast$-algebra theory but taking advantage of the fact that our functions are simple and so do not have integrability issues, even in the non-Hausdorff setting. The theory of traces is closely connected with the theory of invariant means on Boolean inverse semigroups. We include an appendix on stable finiteness of more general semigroup algebras, improving on an earlier result of Munn, which is independent of the rest of the paper.

The complex algebra of an inverse semigroup with finitely many idempotents in each $\mathcal D$-class is stably finite by a result of Munn. This can be proved fairly easily using $C^*$-algebras for inverse semigroups satisfying this condition that have a Hausdorff universal groupoid, or more generally for direct limits of inverse semigroups satisfying this condition and having Hausdorff universal groupoids. It is not difficult to see that a finitely presented inverse semigroup with a non-Hausdorff universal groupoid cannot be a direct limit of inverse semigroups with Hausdorff universal groupoids. We construct here countably many non-isomorphic finitely presented inverse semigroups with finitely many idempotents in each $\mathcal D$-class and non-Hausdorff universal groupoids. At this time there is not a clear $C^*$-algebraic technique to prove these inverse semigroups have stably finite complex algebras.

Gasch\"utz (1954) proved that a finite group $G$ has a faithful irreducible complex representation if and only if its socle is generated by a single element as a normal subgroup; this result extends to arbitrary fields of characteristic $p$ so long as $G$ has no nontrivial normal $p$-subgroup. \v{Z}mud$'$ (1956) showed that the minimum number of irreducible constituents in a faithful complex representation of $G$ coincides with the minimum number of generators of its socle as a normal subgroup; this result can also be extended to arbitrary fields of any characteristic $p$ such that $G$ has no nontrivial normal $p$-subgroup (i.e., over which $G$ admits a faithful completely reducible representation). Rhodes (1969) characterized the finite semigroups admitting a faithful irreducible representation over an arbitrary field as generalized group mapping semigroups over a group admitting a faithful irreducible representation over the field in question. Here, we provide a common generalization of the theorems of \v{Z}mud$'$ and Rhodes by determining the minimum number of irreducible constituents in a faithful completely reducible representation of a finite semigroup over an arbitrary field (provided that it has one). Our key tool for the semigroup result is a relativized version of \v{Z}mud$'$'s theorem that determines, given a finite group $G$ and a normal subgroup $N\lhd G$, what is the minimum number of irreducible constituents in a completely reducible representation of $G$ whose restriction to $N$ is faithful.

The representation theory of finite groups began with Frobenius's factorization of Dedekind's group determinant. In this paper, we consider the case of the semigroup determinant. The semigroup determinant is nonzero if and only if the complex semigroup algebra is Frobenius, and so our results include applications to the study of Frobenius semigroup algebras. We explicitly factor the semigroup determinant for commutative semigroups and inverse semigroups. We recover the Wilf-Lindstr\"om factorization of the semigroup determinant of a meet semilattice and Wood's factorization for a finite commutative chain ring. The former was motivated by combinatorics and the latter by coding theory over finite rings. We prove that the algebra of the multiplicative semigroup of a finite Frobenius ring is Frobenius over any field whose characteristic doesn't divide that of the ring. As a consequence we obtain an easier proof of Kov\'acs's theorem that the algebra of the monoid of matrices over a finite field is a direct product of matrix algebras over group algebras of general linear groups (outside of the characteristic of the finite field).

Twisted \'etale groupoid algebras have been studied recently in the algebraic setting by several authors in connection with an abstract theory of Cartan pairs of rings. In this paper, we show that extensions of ample groupoids correspond in a precise manner to extensions of Boolean inverse semigroups. In particular, discrete twists over ample groupoids correspond to certain abelian extensions of Boolean inverse semigroups and we show that they are classified by Lausch's second cohomology group of an inverse semigroup. The cohomology group structure corresponds to the Baer sum operation on twists. We also define a novel notion of inverse semigroup crossed product, generalizing skew inverse semigroup rings, and prove that twisted Steinberg algebras of Hausdorff ample groupoids are instances of inverse semigroup crossed products. The cocycle defining the crossed product is the same cocycle that classifies the twist in Lausch cohomology.

We show how to recover a discrete twist over an ample Hausdorff groupoid from a pair consisting of an algebra and what we call a quasi-Cartan subalgebra. We identify precisely which twists arise in this way (namely, those that satisfy the local bisection hypothesis), and we prove that the assignment of twisted Steinberg algebras to such twists and our construction of a twist from a quasi-Cartan pair are mutually inverse. We identify the algebraic pairs that correspond to effective groupoids and to principal groupoids. We also indicate the scope of our results by identifying large classes of twists for which the local bisection hypothesis holds automatically., Comment: 47 pages. This version matches the version in International Mathematics Research Notices (IMRN)

If $R$ is a finite commutative ring, then the affine monoid of $R$ is the monoid of all affine mappings $x\mapsto ax+b$ on $R$. Alternatively, it is the semidirect product of the multiplicative monoid of $R$ with the additive group of $R$. In this paper we compute the Gabriel quiver of the complex algebra of the affine monoid of any finite commutative ring., Comment: Final version before publication

Nekrashevych algebras of self-similar group actions are natural generalizations of the classical Leavitt algebras. They are discrete analogues of the corresponding Nekrashevych $C^\ast$-algebras. In particular, Nekrashevych, Clark, Exel, Pardo, Sims and Starling have studied the question of simplicity of Nekrashevych algebras, in part, because non-simplicity of the complex algebra implies non-simplicity of the $C^\ast$-algebra. In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the Nekrashevych algebra of a contracting group to be simple. Nekrashevych algebras of contracting groups are finitely presented. We give an algorithm which on input the nucleus of the contracting group, outputs all characteristics of fields over which the corresponding Nekrashevych algebra is simple. Using our methods, we determine the fields over which the Nekrashevych algebras of a number of well-known contracting groups are simple including the Basilica group, Gupta-Sidki groups, GGS-groups, multi-edge spinal groups, \v{S}uni\'{c} groups associated to polynomials (this latter family includes the Grigorchuk group, Grigorchuk-Erschler group and Fabrykowski-Gupta group) and self-replicating spinal automaton groups., Comment: We improved exposition, added a discussion of the Hausdorff condition for groupoids of contracting groups and removed some examples

In this paper, we prove that the algebra of an \'etale groupoid with totally disconnected unit space has a simple algebra over a field if and only if the groupoid is minimal and effective and the only function of the algebra that vanishes on every open subset is the null function. Previous work on the subject required the groupoid to be also topologically principal in the non-Hausdorff case, but we do not. Furthermore, we provide the first examples of minimal and effective but not topologically principal \'etale groupoids with totally disconnected unit spaces. Our examples come from self-similar group actions of uncountable groups. More generally, we show that the essential algebra of an \'etale groupoid (the quotient by the ideal of functions vanishing on every open set), is simple if and only if the groupoid is minimal and topologically free, generalizing to the algebraic setting a recent result for essential $C^*$-algebras. The main application of our work is to provide a description of the simple contracted inverse semigroup algebras, thereby answering a question of Munn from the seventies. Using Galois descent, we show that simplicity of \'etale groupoid and inverse semigroup algebras depends only on the characteristic of the field and can be lifted from positive characteristic to characteristic $0$. We also provide examples of inverse semigroups and \'etale groupoids with simple algebras outside of a prescribed set of prime characteristics., Comment: Revisions after a referee report. We define the essential algebra of an ample groupoid as the quotient of the Steinberg algebra by its ideal of singular functions and we prove that the essential algebra is simple if and only if the groupoid is minimal and topologically free. When the singular ideal vanishes, one recovers the simplicity result of the previous version of the paper

We study a correspondence associating to each subshift $\mathcal X$ of $A^{\mathbb Z}$ a subcategory of the Karoubi envelope of the free profinite semigroup generated by $A$. The objects of this category are the idempotents in the mirage of $\mathcal X$, that is, in the set of pseudowords whose finite factors are blocks of $\mathcal X$. The natural equivalence class of the category is shown to be invariant under flow equivalence. As a corollary of our proof, we deduce the flow invariance of the profinite group that Almeida associated to each irreducible subshift. We also show, in a functorial manner, that the isomorphism class of the category is invariant under conjugacy. Finally, we see that the zeta function of $\mathcal X$ is naturally encoded in the category. These results hold, with obvious translations, for relatively free profinite semigroups over many pseudovarieties, including all of the form $\overline{\mathsf H}$, with $\mathsf H$ a pseudovariety of groups.

We give a topological proof that a free inverse monoid on one or more generators is neither of type left-$FP_2$ nor right-$FP_2$. This strengthens a classical result of Schein that such monoids are not finitely presented as monoids., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, This article was originally part of our paper arXiv:1805.03413, and has now been extracted as this short note

For every one-relator monoid $M = \langle A \mid u=v \rangle$ with $u, v \in A^*$ we construct a contractible $M$-CW complex and use it to build a projective resolution of the trivial module which is finitely generated in all dimensions. This proves that all one-relator monoids are of type ${\rm FP}_\infty$, answering positively a problem posed by Kobayashi in 2000. We also apply our results to classify the one-relator monoids of cohomological dimension at most $2$, and to describe the relation module, in the sense of Ivanov, of a torsion-free one-relator monoid presentation as an explicitly given principal left ideal of the monoid ring. In addition, we prove the topological analogues of these results by showing that all one-relator monoids satisfy the topological finiteness property ${\rm F}_\infty$, and classifying the one-relator moniods with geometric dimension at most $2$. These results give a natural monoid analogue of Lyndon's Identity Theorem for one-relator groups., Comment: 53 pages, 1 figure

Given an action $\varphi$ of of inverse semigroup $S$ on a ring $A$ (with domain of $\varphi(s)$ denoted by $D_{s^*}$) we show that if the ideals $D_e$, with $e$ an idempotent, are unital, then the skew inverse semigroup ring $A\rtimes S$ can be realized as the convolution algebra of an ample groupoid with coefficients in a sheaf of rings. Conversely, we show that the convolution algebra of an ample groupoid with coefficients in a sheaf of rings is isomorphic to a skew inverse semigroup ring of this sort. We recover known results in the literature for Steinberg algebras over a field as special cases.

This paper gives a systematic construction of certain covers of finite semigroups. These covers will be used in future work on the complexity of finite semigroups., Comment: 18 pages

Kaplansky introduced the notions of CCR and GCR $C^*$-algebras because they have a tractable representation theory. Many years later, he introduced the notions of CCR and GCR rings. In this paper we characterize when the algebra of an ample groupoid over a field is CCR and GCR. The results turn out to be exact analogues of the corresponding characterization of locally compact groupoids with CCR and GCR $C^*$-algebras. As a consequence, we classify the CCR and GCR Leavitt path algebras., Comment: Minor revisions made based on the referee reports

We note that the deep results of Grunewald and Segal on algorithmic problems for arithmetic groups imply the decidability of several matrix equivalence problems involving poset-blocked matrices over Z. Consequently, results of Eilers, Restorff, Ruiz and S{\o}rensen imply that isomorphism and stable isomorphism of unital graph C*-algebras (including the Cuntz-Krieger algebras) are decidable. One can also decide flow equivalence for shifts of finite type, and isomorphism of Z-quiver representations (i.e., finite diagrams of homomorphisms of finitely generated abelian groups)., Comment: 12 pages. This version (2) to appear in Proceedings AMS

We extend to arbitrary commutative base rings a recent result of Demeneghi that every ideal of an ample groupoid algebra over a field is an intersection of kernels of induced representations from isotropy groups, with a much shorter proof, by using the author's Disintegration Theorem for groupoid representations. We also prove that every primitive ideal is the kernel of an induced representation from an isotropy group; however, we are unable to show, in general, that it is the kernel of an irreducible induced representation. If each isotropy group is finite (e.g., if the groupoid is principal) and if the base ring is Artinian (e.g., a field), then we can show that every primitive ideal is the kernel of an irreducible representation induced from isotropy., Comment: We improved Corollary 9 and removed Corollary 10 based on a suggestion of Enrique Pardo

We say that two elements of a group or semigroup are $\Bbbk$-linear conjugates if their images under any linear representation over $\Bbbk$ are conjugate matrices. In this paper we characterize $\Bbbk$-linear conjugacy for finite semigroups (and, in particular, for finite groups) over an arbitrary field $\Bbbk$.

We realize lamplighter groups $A\wr \mathbb Z$, with $A$ a finite abelian group, as automaton groups via affine transformations of power series rings with coefficients in a finite commutative ring. Our methods can realize $A\wr \mathbb Z$ as a bireversible automaton group if and only if the $2$-Sylow subgroup of $A$ has no multiplicity one summands in its expression as a direct sum of cyclic groups of order a power of $2$., Comment: 23 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables, v2: updated to include full title in posting, v3: incorporates referee suggestions, final version to appear in Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics

We give a direct straightforward proof that there is an isomorphism between the algebra of the Catalan monoid C_n that is, the monoid of all order-preserving, weakly increasing self-maps f of [n] = {1,...,n}, over any commutative ring with identity and the incidence algebra of a certain poset over the ring., Comment: This paper will not be submitted for journal publication

We show how topological methods developed in a previous article can be applied to prove new results about topological and homological finiteness properties of monoids. A monoid presentation is called special if the right-hand side of each relation is equal to $1$. We prove results which relate the finiteness properties of a monoid defined by a special presentation with those of its group of units. Specifically we show that the monoid inherits the finiteness properties $F_n$ and $FP_n$ from its group of units. We also obtain results which relate the geometric and cohomological dimensions of such a monoid to those of its group of units. We apply these results to prove a Lyndon's Identity Theorem for one-relator monoids of the form $\langle A \mid r=1 \rangle$. In particular we show that all such monoids are of type $F_{\infty}$ (and $FP_{\infty}$), and that when $r$ is not a proper power, then the monoid has geometric and cohomological dimension at most $2$. The first of these results resolves an important case of a question of Kobayashi from 2000 on homological finiteness properties of one-relator monoids. We also show how our topological approach can be used to prove results about the closure properties of various homological and topological finiteness properties for amalgamated free products and HNN-extensions of monoids. To prove these results we introduce new methods for constructing equivariant classifying spaces for monoids, as well as developing a Bass-Serre theory for free constructions of monoids., Comment: 36 pages, incorporates referee's suggestions

In this paper we give some sufficient and some necessary conditions for an \'etale groupoid algebra to be a prime ring. As an application we recover the known primeness results for inverse semigroup algebras and Leavitt path algebras. It turns out that primeness of the algebra is connected with the dynamical property of topological transitivity of the groupoid. We obtain analogous results for semiprimeness.