Search

Supplementary Figure 2: Knockdown efficacy of siRNA treatment

Supplementary Figure 1: Transfection efficacy of siRNA treatment

Supplementary Table 3: List of STK11-associated markers in lung cancer cell lines

Supplementary Table 1: Categorization of 318 cancer cell lines and the occurrence of category-sensitive (and specific) gene expression markers

Jooyoung Lee,1 Sehyun Jeon,2 Somin Kim,1 Yumin Seo,1 Jinme Park,3 Yu Jin Lee,4 Seog Ju Kim1 1Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; 4Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Seog Ju KimDepartment of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Ilwon-ro, Kangnam-gu, #06351, Seoul, 135-710, KoreaTel +82-2-3410-3583Fax +82-2-3410-0050Email ksj7126@skku.eduIntroduction: Attentional deficits and sleep problems are common in refugees who have experienced trauma. In the present study, we used polysomnography (PSG) to investigate the relationship between attentional deficits and objective measures of sleep structure in traumatized North Korean refugees.Methods: We recruited 32 North Korean refugees (mean age = 33.78 ± 14.33 years) and 39 South Korean participants (mean age = 35.03 ± 11.08 years). Sustained attention and divided attention were assessed using the Computerized Attention Test. We conducted an overnight PSG to objectively assess sleep structure. The participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).Results: The North Korean refugees showed more commission errors (CEs, p < 0.05) and a larger standard deviation (SD) of the reaction time (RT) (p < 0.05) in the sustained attention task compared to the South Korean participants. Furthermore, the North Korean refugees showed a shorter period of wake after sleep onset (WASO, p < 0.01), less time spent in N1 (p < 0.05), and more time spent in N2 (p < 0.05). The larger SD of RT in the sustained attention task in the North Korean refugees was positively correlated with WASO (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) and N1 stage (r = 0.47, p < 0.05) after controlling for age, sex, BDI, BAI, and IES-R.Conclusion: The North Korean refugees showed poorer performance on the sustained attention task. Nocturnal PSG revealed shorter WASO and time spent in N1 in this population, which are independently associated with the preservation of attentional capacity. These data suggest that traumatized refugees may compensate for attentional deficits induced by their traumatic experiences via increased sleep continuity.Keywords: attention, sleep, trauma, North Korean refugees

Purpose In this mixed-methods study, we address two aims. First, we examine the impact of language variation on the ratings of children's narrative language. Second, we identify participants' ideologies related to narrative language and language variation. Method Forty adults listened to and rated six Black second-grade children on the quality of 12 narratives (six fictional, six personal). Adults then completed a quantitative survey and participated in a qualitative interview. Results Findings indicated that adults rated students with less variation from mainstream American English (MAE) more highly than students with greater variation from MAE for fictional narratives, but not for personal narratives. Personal narratives tended to be evaluated more favorably by parents than teachers. Black raters tended to assign higher ratings of narrative quality than did White raters. Thematic analysis and conversation analysis of qualitative interviews supported quantitative findings and provided pertinent information about participants' beliefs. Conclusion Taken together, quantitative and qualitative results point to a shared language ideology among adult raters of variation from MAE being more acceptable in informal contexts, such as telling a story of personal experience, and less acceptable in more formal contexts, such as narrating a fictional story prompted by a picture sequence.

Fast and accurate detection of viral RNA pathogens is important in apiculture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method has been developed, which is simple, specific, and sensitive. In this study, we rapidly (in 1 min) synthesized cDNA from the RNA of deformed wing virus (DWV)-infected bees (Apis mellifera), and then, within 10 min, amplified the target cDNA by ultra-rapid qPCR. The PCR products were hybridized to a DNA-chip for confirmation of target gene specificity. The results of this study suggest that our method might be a useful tool for detecting DWV, as well as for the diagnosis of RNA virus-mediated diseases on-site.

Stretchable electronic devices with self-healing functions that can improve durability are highly recommended as next-generation personal instruments for economic and sustainable society. Here, we report a fabrication of self-healing strain-responsive electrochromic display based on a multiple crosslinked network hydrogel (MCNH) consisting of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. After optimizing the mechanical and self-healing properties of the hydrogel with variation of the chemical crosslinker, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the ionic crosslinker CaCl2, an extreme mechanical stretchability of up to 2000% strain and shape recovery, and a self-healing efficiency of 83.5% after 8 h at room temperature are obtained. The MCNH-based strain sensor exhibits a fast and linear resistance response with a coefficient of determination of 0.997 over a wide strain range of 100%. The strain sensitivity of the hydrogel remains stable even after 10 repeated self-healing cycles at a single location. As a display application, a novel two-dimensional electrochromic device is fabricated using a hydrogel without depositing an electrochromic material (ECM) on the electrode. ECM-containing gel electrolyte exhibits electrochromic properties through the migration of ions to the electrodes. Coloration/discoloration occurs at a potential bias of 1.7 V with a transmittance change of 76.1% at 547 nm through the chemical oxidation/reduction of ethyl viologen ions in the hydrogel matrix. An integrated system comprising a self-healing strain sensor and an ECD attached to the skin is demonstrated to visually express the applied strain due to finger bending, aided by an external circuit. Such a strain-responsive ECD system preserves a stable performance with the self-healed sensor after a complete bisection. These results suggest the potential application of our newly synthesized hydrogel to various skin-attachable self-healing, and stretchable devices with high durability.

We report on the fabrication of a high performance multi-functional supercapacitor which is intrinsically stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable. A repeatedly stretchable (500 times), photodegradable hydrogel that self-heals quickly at room temperature without any trigger is synthesized by crosslinking of azobenzeno-polyacrylamide (Azo-PAM) and water-soluble α-cyclodextrin polymer (α-CDP) via dynamic host-guest interaction. With the Azo-PAM/α-CDP/LiCl hydrogel as polyelectrolyte, the stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable supercapacitor is fabricated. After complete bisection, the supercapacitor recovers its electrochemical performance by physical contact in air-ambient conditions and maintains its performance upon multiple cycles of self-healing at a single bisected location. It also maintains elastic performance even after repeated stretching and self-healing. Finally, the supercapacitor exhibits photodegrading performance, dissolving in water upon UV-irradiation after use. This work demonstrates the superior performance and high potential of our newly devised stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable supercapacitor as a smart energy storage device for next-generation durable and eco-friendly wearable electronics.

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is one of the main pathogens involved in the collapse of honey bee colonies. However, because the virus exhibits a high level of genetic variation and some IAPV strains exhibit high degrees of homology with related viruses, the detection of IAPV in infected honey bees is relatively challenging. To address this obstacle, the aim of the present study was to develop a new detection method that relies on multiple detection sites within the IAPV genome and on Ultra-rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (UR-qPCR). The new system simultaneously targeted a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) and two capsid genes (VP3 and VP1). This multi-point PCR approach was highly efficient, with the ability to detect 100% of IAPV infections, and outperformed single-point PCR, which was only able to detect 86.96–95.6% of IAPV infections. Sequence analysis indicated that RdRp was more variable than the two capsid genes, and the specificity of the proposed method was demonstrated by the detection of IAPV from samples co-infected by IAPV and KBV. Importantly, both freezing-thawing RNA isolation and UR-qPCR could be performed in 27 min and 40 s. Therefore, the present provides an useful tool for the rapid identification of IAPV in apiaries.

Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) contribute to the initiation and recurrence of tumors and to their resistance to conventional therapies. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening of ∼4800 druggable genes in 3-dimensional CSLC cultures in comparison to 2-dimensional bulk cultures of U87 glioma cells revealed 3 groups of genes essential for the following: survival of the CSLC population only, bulk-cultured population only, or both populations. While diverse biologic processes were associated with siRNAs reducing the bulk-cultured population, CSLC-eliminating siRNAs were enriched in a few functional categories, such as lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, and gene expression. Interestingly, siRNAs that selectively reduced CSLC only were found to target genes for cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. The lipidomic profile of CSLCs revealed increased levels of monounsaturated lipids. Pharmacologic blockage of these target pathways reduced CSLCs, and this effect was eliminated by addition of downstream metabolite products. The present CSLC-sensitive target categories provide a useful resource that can be exploited for the selective elimination of CSLCs.-Song, M., Lee, H., Nam, M.-H., Jeong, E., Kim, S., Hong, Y., Kim, N., Yim, H. Y., Yoo, Y.-J., Kim, J. S., Kim, J.-S., Cho, Y.-Y., Mills, G. B., Kim, W.-Y., Yoon, S. Loss-of-function screens of druggable targetome against cancer stem-like cells.

Covalent functionalization of semiconducting MoS2 is important in order to broaden the optoelectronic applications of this material. In the current study, we developed a one-step method for covalent edge functionalization of semiconducting MoS2 with lipoic acid (LA). The process, which utilizes a simple sonochemical aqueous dispersion approach, generates a LA–MoS2 conjugate that has a few layered nanoflake structure with a width of a few hundred nanometers and that display an intact crystalline basal plane. The MoS2 conjugate has the tendency to stack and fold with random relative angles owing to the presence of LA edge linked groups.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between preservice secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs and knowledge regarding teaching mathematics with technology. By conducting three semi-structured interviews, I investigated four preservice secondary mathematics teachers’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) and their beliefs about the nature of mathematics, learning and teaching mathematics, and technology use in the mathematics classroom. The findings of this study suggest that preservice teachers with constructivist-oriented or student-centered beliefs about the nature of mathematics, learning mathematics, and technology use displayed higher levels of mathematical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and technological content knowledge, respectively, than preservice teachers with traditional or teacher-centered beliefs about mathematics, learning, and technology use.

The chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), which causes paralysis in bees, is very difficult to visually differentiate from other pathogens causing symptoms of paralysis. In addition, low numbers of viral gene molecules are difficult to detect. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an ultra-rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR method for specifically detecting CBPV. This method is based on rapid and precise quantification of the RNA virus CBPV, using ultra-rapid reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR to overcome difficulties in detecting low numbers of viral gene molecules. Under optimal conditions, CBPV-specific ultra-rapid PCR confirmed that 1.0 × 108 CBPV-specific genes could be detected in 4 min and 17 s, and 1.0 × 102 CBPV-specific genes could be detected in 11 min and 16 s. The detection of 1.0 × 102 CBPV-specific genes was conducted by nested PCR using the inner primer set CBPV-NF/NR. High-sensitivity detection was demonstrated by confirming that the PCR product for the initial template of 1.0 × 10° CBPV-specific gene was detectable. The CBPV-specific ultra-rapid quantitative PCR and nested PCR methods are applicable for infected honey bee samples to rapidly and accurately detect low numbers of viral gene molecules. This method can be used on-site where the infected sample is collected as well as in the laboratory. This method may also be applied to detect for other honey bee pathogens with a suitable primer for each pathogen.

The recent proliferation of data on large collections of well-characterized cancer cell lines linked to therapeutic drug responses has made it possible to identify lineage- and mutation-specific transcriptional markers that can help optimize implementation of anticancer agents. Here, we leverage these resources to systematically investigate the presence of mutation-specific transcription markers in a wide variety of cancer lineages and genotypes. Sensitivity and specificity of potential transcriptional biomarkers were simultaneously analyzed in 19 cell lineages grouped into 228 categories based on the mutational genotypes of 12 cancer-related genes. Among a total of 1,455 category-specific expression patterns, the expression of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) with 11 isoforms, one of the PDE4(A-D) subfamilies, was predicted to be regulated by a mutant form of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1) present in lung cancer. STK11/LKB1 is the primary upstream kinase of adenine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK). Subsequently, we found that the knockdown of PDE4D gene expression inhibited proliferation of STK11-mutated lung cancer lines. Furthermore, challenge with a panel of PDE4-specific inhibitors was shown to selectively reduce the growth of STK11-mutated lung cancer lines. Thus, we show that multidimensional analysis of a well-characterized large-scale panel of cancer cell lines provides unprecedented opportunities for the identification of unexpected oncogenic mechanisms and mutation-specific drug targets. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(10); 2463–73. ©2014 AACR.

Patients referred to the Veterinary Medical Center at Chungbuk National University were analyzed. This study aimed to provide information to clinicians in Korea on the factors affecting fracture incidence in patients adapted to Korean companion animal culture. Eighty cases showingbone fractures were investigated from January, 2005 to December, 2011. Fractures were mainly observed in miniature dogs such as Yorkshire terrier (12%), Poodle (12%), and Maltese (9%). Almost 50% of all cases were less than 1 year old. Total bone fractures in summer and fall constituted 62%. Fracture incidence was higher in male dogs (54%) than female dogs (46%). Hindlimb fracture (37%) was the most common. Distribution of limb fractures was higher in the femur (19), followed by the tibia/fibula (15), radius/ulna (13), humerus (11), and mandible (8). Pelvic fracture was observed in 19 cases. Simple fracture (84%) was the most common fracture type, followed by comminuted fracture (16%). Distal portion was the most common fracture site in long bones (67%), followed by middle (26%) and proximal bones (7%). Fractures were mainly caused by traffic accidents (43%), whereas 28.5% of fractures were due to falling down. Plate & screw (26%) was the most common method of fracture repair, followed by intramedullary pin (24%), wire (11%), external skeletal fixation (10%), screw (9%), amputation (7%), cross pin (6%), IM pin and wire (5%), and rush pin (1%). Among 80 patients, 79%of patients showed a good prognosis after surgery, whereas 13% patients did not experience a good result. This study shows that miniature dogs are prone to falling and fractures, especially in the distal part of long bones.

This study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of guiding bone regeneration of polyhydroxyethyl-polymethyl methacrylate (PHEMA-PMMA) membrane as a guided tissue regeneration membrane for bone defects. Two 8-mm diameter transosseous round defects were made at the parietal bone of 18 New Zealand White rabbits. Defects were covered with or without PHEMA-PMMA membrane. Radiological and histological evaluation revealed that the bone tissue over the defect was more regenerated with time in both groups. However, there was significantly more bone regeneration at 8 weeks in the experimental group than the control group (p0.05). There was no sign of membrane degradation or tissue inflammation and no invasion of muscle and fibrous tissue into defects. PHEMA-PMMA is a potential material for guided tissue regeneration membrane as it induces no adverse tissue reaction and effectively supports selective bone regeneration.

Streptavidin was used as a linker protein for binding a second biotinylated protein. To efficiently combine streptavidin without non-specific binding, a well-controlled array of biotin was prepared on a gold surface by a mixed self-assembly method. Two thiol derivatives containing hydroxyl and biotin functional groups, respectively, were used to fabricate the mixed self-assembled monolayer. The antibody was fragmented, modified with biotin, and added to the array on the streptavidin linker layer. Topographical changes to the array surface caused by protein immobilization were demonstrated by applying atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. The resonance wavelengths of SPR spectra were red shifted according to the increase in thickness of the dielectric layer by protein immobilization.