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In this paper, we examined the role of age in combination with cultural values in in-group biases in an experimental study. By manipulating uncertainty avoidance from Hofstede's cultural dimensions (1983, 2010), we compared in-group biases between two age groups (7-9 and 13-14). The results revealed that age has a significant main effect for only explicit in-group bias measure whereas there was no causal effect of cultural values along with age in any of the in-group bias measurements. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed further. Keywords: in-group bias, cultural values, age, uncertainty avoidance, resource allocation, It is well documented that people are motivated to have a positive social identity and to create a positive distinctiveness between their in- and out-groups. In particular, we have a [...]

Abstract. We design a series of online performance feedback interventions that aim to motivate the production of user-generated content (UGC). Drawing on social value orientation (SVO) theory, we develop a [...]

Unelected Power, the quest for legitimacy in central banking and the regulatory state, by Paul Tucker At the 2015 Sintra conference, European Central Bank President Mario Draghi addressed the topic [...]

ABSTRACT This Article considers the question of "what we create when we create." Certainly, one product of creation is "stuff"--inventions, trademarks, and works of authorship. But the same creative process [...]

CONTENTS I Introduction II Discussion III Magna Carta and Australia IV Conclusion I INTRODUCTION May I commence by thanking the Dean of the Law School of the University of Melbourne [...], This speech was delivered by the Honourable Justice Susan Crennan AC as the Victoria Law Foundation Law Oration 2014 on 21 May 2014 in the Banco Court of the Supreme Court of Victoria. Magna Carta can be considered one of the most significant documents ever drafted as it espouses many of the individual freedoms and constraints on the actions of the state that have formed the foundation of common law legal systems around the world. Nearly 800 years after it was accepted by King John of England, Magna Carta has had a striking influence on the development of shared constitutional traditions in the United Kingdom and Australia, and provides a historical basis to many of the common law values which have since been given force through legislation or case law. This speech examines some of the implications and interpretations of Magna Carta from throughout the ages, and considers its ongoing significance for Australian constitutional adjudication in providing a basis for some of the important unwritten assumptions underpinning the Constitutionsuch as the spirit of legality and the rule of law.

We examine how emerging organizations acquire shape by drawing on multiple organizational forms, a process we call organizational bricolage. Studying lndymedia London, a grassroots media collective, we propose a grounded [...]

This exposition integrates scholarly literature and interviews with senior executives to develop a framework for understanding the conditions which generate initiatives with high shared value for global enterprises and society. [...]

In this article, I argue that spontaneous orders are natural outgrowths of liberal principles and that a better understanding of them sheds light on a fateful split between nineteenth-century American [...]

We consider the implications of the three pillars of sustainability (environment, economy and social justice) on consumption in a wealthy country. Building a theoretical model that includes consumers, business, government, the environment, and economic and political relations between nations, we explore how sustainability should affect the consumption behavior of consumers, charitable aid to poorer countries, and responsible environmental practices by businesses. Our model enables us to provide normative implications for consumers, society and business. Importantly, we assume that all stakeholders will optimize their self-interest, and that altruism will only partly explain behavior consistent with sustainability. Among the more non-obvious findings are that (1) the poorer the poor countries are, the less the rich countries should consume, (2) the more sensitive the global political climate is to economic inequity between the rich and poor nations, the less the rich countries should consume, and (3) if aid to poor countries is effective enough, then the more materialistic the society is, the more charitable aid it should give. We also confirm a number of more intuitive findings, such as that business should use more green technology as the taxes on pollution and/or efficiency of green technology increase, and the more resource-intensive consumption is, the less consumers should consume. Taken as a whole, the findings imply that societal consumption patterns should be sensitive to aspects of environmental impact and social justice, even if altruistic motivations are absent. Keywords Sustainability * Consumption * Social value creation * Environmental policy * Green technology * Global conflict * Materialism * Happiness * Global inequity * Resource consumption * Customer satisfaction, Introduction The recent 2009 Copenhagen climate conference received unprecedented media coverage and political participation due to our desperate need to cool down the globe. The purpose of this conference was [...]

The Asian values debate has been long on speculative advocacy but short on empirical validation, with statistical tests emerging only lately. This study explores two questions: whether Asians indeed hold [...]

CHIN-CHUN YI, Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan HSIANG-MING KUNG, Department of Social Psychology, Shih Hsin University, #1, Lane 17, Sec. 1, Mu-Cha Road, Taipei City 116, Taiwan YU-HUA CHEN, Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan JOUJUO CHU, Department of Labor Relations & Institute of Labor Studies, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Road, MinHsiung, Chia-Yi County 62102, Taiwan The Importance of Social Context in the Formation of the Value of Children for Adolescents: Social Class And Rural Urban Differences in Taiwan This paper examines how adolescents' values may be shaped by the immediate social context with special reference to social class and rural urban background. The locus of study is Taiwan, a society with drastically declining birth rates in recent years. It is hypothesized that the value adolescents place on having children (or the positive value) and not having children (or the negative value) are accounted for by individual, familial and social contextual factors. Data are taken from an island-wide sample of first-year senior high students. A field survey was administered from winter of 2005 to spring of 2006. The analysis shows that three dimensions can be extracted from both positive and negative values toward having children: with emotional value rated the most important, followed by physical and social value. Results indicate that expected effects from different social class and rural-urban background vary and are salient for explaining physical and social value. In addition, social contextual factors and individual factors are shown to contribute to the formation of positive value of children among Taiwanese adolescents. The importance of social context in adolescents' value formation with regard to the value of children is thus supported. Keywords: positive value of children, negative value of children, social context, social class, rural urban background, social network CHIN-CHUN YI, Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan HSIANG-MING KUNG, Department of Social Psychology, Shih Hsin University, #1, Lane 17, Sec. 1, Mu-Cha Road, Taipei City 116, Taiwan YU-HUA CHEN, Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan JOUJUO CHU, Department of Labor Relations & Institute of Labor Studies, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Road, MinHsiung, Chia-Yi County 62102, Taiwan L'importance du contexte social dans la valorisation des enfants aupres des adolescents: Les differences de classes sociales et les differences ubain-rural a Taiwan Cet article analyse la facon dont la valorisation attribuee par les adolescents est faconnee par le contexte social direct avec une reference particuliere a la classe sociale et a un environnement urbain ou rural. Le champs d' etude est Taiwan, sachant que le taux de natalite de la societe taiwanaise a dramatiquement chute ces dernieres annees. On formule l'hypothese que la valeur attribuee par les adolescents sur le fait d'avoir des enfants (valorisation) ou sur le fait de ne pas avoir d'enfants (devalorisation) est justifiee par des facteurs issus de contextes sociaux, familiaux et individuels. Les donnees ont ete recueillis aupres d' un large echantillon d'eleves de premiere annee de lycee repartis sur toute I'ile. Une enquete sur le terrain a ete faite entre I'hiver 2005 et le printemps 2006. Les analyses montrent que trois dimensions peuvent etre extraites des estimations positives et negatives sur les enfants: la valeur emotionnelles est la plus importantes, suivie par les valeurs physique et sociale. Les resultats indiquent que les effects attendus provenant des differentes classes sociales et de l'environnement rural-urbain varient et sont frappants. De plus, les facteurs sociaux et les facteurs individuels montrent que ceux-ci contribuent a la formation d'une valorisation positive des enfants parmi les adolescents taiwanais. L'importance du contexte social dans la constitution de la valorisationattribuee par les adolescents en ce qui concerne la valorisation des enfants est ainsi demontree. Mots-cles: Valorisation des enfants, contexte social, classes sociales, environnement rural-urbain, reseau social CHIN-CHUN YI, Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan HSIANG-MING KUNG, Department of Social Psychology, Shih Hsin University, #1, Lanel7, Sec.1, Mu-Cha Road, Taipei City 116, Taiwan YU-HUA CHEN, Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan JOUJUO CHU, Department of Labor Relations & Institute of Labor Studies, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi County 62102, Taiwan La importancia del contexto social en la formacion de los Valores Relativos a los Ninos entre los adolescentes: Diferencias entre clases sociales y entre campo y ciudad El presente trabajo examina como los valores de los adolescentes pueden ser perfilados por la pertenencia a una clase social y al contexto en el que se vive, bien sea rural o urbano. El presente caso de estudio es Taiwan, una sociedad que ha experimentado un drastico declive de su tasa de natalidad. Se parte de la hipotesis de que el valor de fertilidad entre los adolescentes (positivo o negativo en funcion de estar a favor de su crecimiento o en su contra) dependen de factores individuales, familiares y sociales. La base de information para verificar esto esta tomada de una encuesta hecha en toda la isla a estudiantes del primer ario del ciclo superior de bachillerato. El trabajo de campo se realizo desde el invierno de 2005 hasta la primavera de 2006. El analisis senala que de las apreciaciones positivas de los Valores Relativos a los Ninos, tres dimensiones que pueden extraerse: la mas importante es la emotional, seguida de la fisica y finalmente de la social. Los resultados indican que los efectos esperados de las diferentes clases sociales y del ambiente rural/urbano son especialmente importantes para explicar los aspectos fisicos y sociales. Adicionalmente, los factores de contexto social (como las redes de apoyo) asi como los individuales muestran que contribuyen a la formacion positiva de los Valores Relativos a los Ninos entre los adolescentes taiwaneses. Por ultimo la importancia del contexto social en la formacion de los Valores Relativos a los Ninosentre los adolescentes es algo que tambien queda demostrado. Palabras clave: valoracion positiva de lo ninos, valoracion negativa de los ninos, contexto social, clase social, transfondo rural y urbano, redes sociales de cooperation, INTRODUCTION In recent years, fertility behavior, parenting and elderly support have received increasing attention in family studies. This is largely due to emergent changes in'the population structure, especially the declining […]

This article is a reading of the 'new sociology' that is mainly identified with the works of C.Wright Hills and Alvin Gouldner. Its main argument is that during the past 40 years the new sociology gave back a public face to sociology. This distinguishes it from the 'old sociology' that had not been able to free itself from 'private' social values. It is argued that Mills' power elite and Gouldner's coming crisis theses provided the foundation for a common enterprise among many 'new sociologists' to develop a critical and public sociology that would seek to shape what Mills called the 'democratic society of publics'. 'New sociologists' share a critique of modern societies, namely, that though most modern societies have formal democracies, a substantial democratic social structure of publics is often lacking, due to the erosion of the public sphere by private values. KEY WORDS coming crisis / power elite / public sociology / reflexivity / sociological imagination / welfare state

The relationship of the organization with the stakeholders is explained on the basis of its identity framework and the way these firms actively interact with the investors to create distinct forms of social values is presented.

How and why does a given social value come to shape the way an individual thinks, feels, and acts in a specific social situation? This study links ideas from Goffman's frame analysis to other lines of research, proposing that dramatic narratives of variable content, vividness, and language-in-use produce variation in the accessibility of schematic, internal cultural frameworks, and, thereby, variation in the social value frames that gain situational primacy. Hypotheses derived from the argument are experimentally supported, and results encourage further research on the process of social value framing, which operates as a person crosses boundaries in the complex subcultural mosaic.

A model of issue crafting, which varies with organizational values and power relationships is discussed as it broadens the theories of influence.

Economics professor Duncan Foley discusses the relation between self-interest and social development.

We develop a framework for valuing improvements in health and apply it to past and prospective reductions in mortality in the United States. We calculate social values of (i) increased longevity over the twentieth century, (ii) progress against various diseases after 1970, and (iii) potential future progress against major diseases. Cumulative gains in life expectancy after 1900 were worth over $1.2 million to the representative American in 2000, whereas post-1970 gains added about $3.2 trillion per year to national wealth, equal to about half of GDP. Potential gains from future health improvements are also large; for example, a 1 percent reduction in cancer mortality would be worth $500 billion.

Individual preferences among core values are widely believed to be an important determinant of political attitudes. However, several theoretical perspectives suggest that people experience difficulties making choices among values. This article uses data from the 1994 Multi-Investigator Study to test for hierarchical structure in citizens' value preferences. The empirical results show that most people make transitive choices among values and that their value preferences have an impact on subsequent issue attitudes. To the extent that citizens exhibit intransitive value choices and/or apparent difficulties in the 'translation process' from value preferences to issue attitudes, it is due more to low levels of political sophistication than to the existence of value conflict.

Keywords: controversies, ethnicity, institutions, military, values, Autobiography Abstract In this essay, I draw on a professional life history to suggest how sociological knowledge is generated by encounters with changing research opportunities, here called targets of opportunity. In my case, a study of rural communities led to unanticipated conclusions concerning buffering mechanisms that protected authorities by absorbing dissatisfactions and rebellions. Wartime research in a military setting identified sources of group solidarity and effective performance under stress. Major societal changes in racial/ethnic relations provided opportunities to develop new concepts and empirical findings. Synoptic studies of post-World War II American society led to extensive research on values and institutions. These macrosociological analyses of ethnicity and social systems, in turn, led me to a new sociology of war and interstate relations. I also offer here some critical reflections on recurrent issues and chronic controversies in American sociology. Final sections of the review deal with the continuing search for conceptual clarity and cumulative knowledge. I note the obstacles of disciplinary fragmentation, but my closing judgment is that sociology now has the base of substantial scientific knowledge and methodological expertise necessary for investigating crucial twenty-first century problems.

I have been teaching about Native history and culture since 1988, while I was still in graduate school and after I had completed most of my PhD requirements. I was [...]

This article addresses the influence of gender and postmaterialist values on social and political choices and activities of people in industrialized countries based on the World Values Survey, and how these issues relate to one another; finding that women have more postmaterialist values and are more likely to endorse feminism than are men or materialists. Postmaterialist values are concerned with issues beyond material comfort or wealth, such as human rights, peace, the environment, and women's rights, especially equality and reproductive rights; and postmaterialists are more likely to support social movements.

Byline: Martha C. Nussbaum (1) Keywords: adaptation; cost-effectiveness analysis; health economics; individual utility; Person Trade-Off method; philosophy of economics; social value Abstract: Most economists and some philosophers distinguish individual utilities from interpersonal social values. Even if challenges to that conceptual distinction can be met, further philosophically interesting questions arise. I pursue three in this paper, using, as context for the discussion, health economics and its attempt to discern empirically a social welfare function to help guide rationing decisions. (1) To discern these utilities and values in a manner that is morally appropriate if they are to influence rationing decisions, who should be queried? To discern individual health state utilities, persons in precisely those states should be asked (generically, 'patients'), but for social values, representatives of the general public should be. (2) To discern social values, what should representatives of the public be asked? They should be asked 'person trade-off' (PTO) questions that encompass their own self-interest, not PTO questions that focus only on others. (3) What must public representatives understand before they respond to such questions? Despite the philosophically complex problem of patient adaptation, they should understand (among other things) the health state utilities elicited from actual patients with the conditions at issue. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, 98447, USA Article History: Registration Date: 14/10/2004

The World Values Survey is the product of an unprecedented collaboration of investigators from five continents. Using this survey, an international 'postmaterialism' scale was developed. This scale shows a worldwide trend away from concerns with material well-being toward a postmaterialist value system that emphasizes the free expression of ideas, greater democratization, and the development of more humane societies. I test the assumption that a single latent trait of postmaterialism accounts for the observed response patterns to items that make up the scale. Applying a log-linear Rasch model, I test the assumption that the scale is a consistent cross-national measuring device and find that the scale is not unidimensional. Item bias is identified after controlling for the common stratification variables of gender, education, age, and country.

Autonomy refers to individuals' freedom to choose their own paths and be responsible for their own actions. However, this freedom is subordinated to an authority that institutes regulations meant for protecting the bigger society. Thus, people have to conform to certain organizational ethics which may not be similar to their personal ethics. In order to have autonomy, individuals would just have to resort to choosing a company which holds values similar to their own.

We used theories of gender and research on values to generate hypotheses about the impact on value priorities of gender differences and of interactions of gender with possible sociodemographic moderators of gender experience: age, education, and ethnicity. An Israeli national sample revealed no main effects of gender on the importance attributed to any of 10 different types of values, nor any interactions with age, education, or ethnicity. The latter all showed substantial, predicted effects on value priorities. Structural analyses of value systems revealed that the values had quite similar meanings for men and for women. We discuss explanations for the absence of gender differences in value priorities in this study and propose directions for future studies.

One of the criticisms directed at the accounting profession is that auditing and accounting standards are subjective in nature and do not represent the society's widespread interests and values. This paper examines whether a general consensus exists regarding the significance of incorporating society's values into auditing standards. The examination revealed the lack of such general agreement and further indicated that the perceptual differences are subjective in nature and not influenced by the participant's qualifications, income, experience, gender or marital status.

The colonization of the Andean region of South America by the Spanish resulted in the intermingling of Indian and Spanish social and cultural values. This led to heterogeneous systems of values in areas such as Cuzco in the late colonial period of the 18th century, for example in relation to trial marriage ('sirvinacuy') and marital conflict. The solidarity of the community and the commitment to European religion were strong, but the religion was a syncretic Catholicism that maintained many aspects of indigenous values.

This study examines the relationship between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and values in an entry-level class of cadets at the United States Military Academy in an exploration of the value bases of our future military elite. Following Kohn's model of social structure and values, we hypothesized relationships between parental SES and cadet orientations toward self-direction and conformity. We found little support for the model. Rather, there seems to be an overwhelming degree of value consensus among cadets, which we believe is a function of self-selection and anticipatory socialization. This is manifested in an expressed admiration for conformity and an expressed dislike for independent action., One of the concerns raised when the U.S. was considering ending peacetime conscription and adopting an all-volunteer military force in the early 1970s was the degree to which such a [...]

We examine gender differences in the fundamental value orientations of U.S. adolescents. We focus on concern with finding purpose and meaning in life and the basis on which meaning is derived, including connection to others and contribution to their well-being, and economic success that involves embracing the market values of materialism and competition. We develop three measures of value orientation: (1) compassion, which reflects concern and responsibility for the well-being of others; (2) materialism, which reflects emphasis on material benefit and competition; and (3) meaning, which reflects philosophical concern with finding purpose and meaning in life. We find substantial gender differences on all three measures. Females in our sample are more likely than males to express concern and responsibility for the well-being of others, less likely than males to accept materialism and competition, and more likely than males to indicate that finding purpose and meaning in life is extremely important. These differences are observed throughout the period from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s and show little sign of decreasing; they are evident across social class subgroups and cannot be explained by gender differences in religiosity or the perceived availability of social support.

Major events around the world in recent years have brought federalism and the values often associated with federalism into high relief. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 especially [...]