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Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has the fastest growth compared to other types of waste due to the amount and thus increasing the need for its care about it. Disposal at landfills is not desired by the fact that this type of waste contains a number of useful materials that can be used again, as well as dangerous substances for which disposal is not desirable. This paper presents laboratory tests of separating copper from telephone (UTP and STP) cables that are an integral part of electronic equipment. Testing were carried out by method of gravity concentration using Wilfley shaking table and Humphreys spiral concentrator. The results showed that these devices can be used successfully to obtain copper concentrate whereby better results were obtained at a shaking table., Zużyty sprzęt elektryczny i elektroniczny (WEEE) to najszybciej rosnący strumień odpadów w porównaniu do innych rodzajów odpadów, a tym samym powstaje zapotrzebowanie na jego skuteczne zarządzanie. Unieszkodliwianie odpadów na składowiskach odpadów nie jest pożądane z uwagi na to, że ten rodzaj odpadów zawiera wiele użytecznych materiałów, które można wykorzystać ponownie, a także substancje niebezpieczne, których składowanie wymaga spełniania rygorystycznych wymagań. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych separacji miedzi z kabli telefonicznych (UTP i STP), które stanowią integralną część sprzętu elektronicznego. Separację przeprowadzono metodą wzbogacania grawitacyjnego na stole wytrząsającego Wilfley i Humphreys oraz separatorze spiralnym. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że te urządzenia mogą być z powodzeniem stosowane do uzyskania koncentratu miedzi.

Bentonite has vide variety of uses. Sepecial use of bentonite, where its absorbing properties are employed to provide water-tight sealing is for an underground repository in granites. In this paper, bentonite processing and beneficiation are described.

Da bi se dobila kvarcna sirovina koja svojom kvalitetom udovoljava specifičnim zahtjevima pojedinih industrija, rovni pijesak mora proći odgovarajući proces oplemenjivanja. Mogućnost dobivanja koncentrata kvarcnog pijeska odgovarajuće kvalitete ovisi o značajkama rovnog pijeska, u prvom redu o vrsti i sadržaju mineralnih primjesa u pijesku, te značajkama primjenjenih oplemenjivačkih postupaka. Kada se primjese javljaju u obliku oksidnih prevlaka na površini kvarcnih zrna, primjenjuje se atricijsko čišćenje. Odstranjivanjem oksidnih prevlaka, kvaliteta pijeska značajno se može poboljšati. S ciljem utvrđivanja mogućnosti oplemenjivanja kvarcnog pijeska perspektivnih hrvatskih ležišta (“Vrtlinska”, “Štefanac” i “Španovica”) i postizanja koncentrata čija kvaliteta ispunjava zahtjeve domaće industrije, provedena su laboratorijska ispitivanja s tri različita uzorka rovnog pijeska. Ispitivanjima su utvrđene osnovne značajke (granulometrijski, kemijski i mineralni sastav) rovnih uzoraka kvarcnog pijeska, te mogućnost poboljšanja njihove kvalitete primjenom postupaka pranja, klasiranja i mehaničkog atricijskog čišćenja., To meet high quality requirements defined for specific industrial applications, the raw sand often has to be subjected to extensive physical and chemical processing. The possibility of achieving silica sand concentrate of required quality depends mostly on raw sand properties, primarily mineral impurity types and contents, and features of applied beneficiation methods. When the impurities occur in the form of oxide coatings on the surfaces of the single sand grains, attriton scrubbing is applied. By reducing the proportion of oxide coatings on the grains, the quality of sand can be improved. With the aim to determine the possibilities of the beneficiation of silica sand from significant Croatian deposits (“Vrtlinska”, “Štefanac” and “Španovica”) and achieve concentrate grade complying with the requirements of domestic industry, laboratory tests were conducted on three raw sand samples with different SiO2 and impurity contents. Grain size distribution, chemical and mineral composition of raw sand samples, and the possibility of their quality improvement by applying the washing, classification and attrition scrubbing were defined by analysis of test results.

Magnetska separacija s vrtložnim strujama najčešće se koristi za izdvajanje nemagnetičnih metala (Al, Cu, Zn, Pb) iz krutog otpada, a također i za njihovo međusobno odvajanje. Tračni transporter doprema ulazni materijal na bubanj s magnetskim poljem. Promjenjivo magnetsko polje inducira vrtložne struje u vodljivim česticama (česticama metala). Interakcija između ovih struja i magnetskog polja uzrokuje elektrodinamičke sile koje djeluju na vodljive čestice, pa će se njihova putanja razlikovati od putanje nevodljivih čestica. Do separacije dolazi djelovanjem nekoliko sila (elektrodinamičke, gravitacijske i sile trenja). U radu su prikazani rezultati izdvajanja aluminija iz smjese metalnog otpada u magnetskom separatoru s vrtložmim strujama. Testiranje je izvedeno u pogonskim uvjetima. Rezultati pokazuju da je moguće postići iskorištenje korisne komponente od 99 % uz sadržaj aluminija u koncentratu od 89 %.

U diplomskom radu analizira se postojeći sustav gospodarenja i količine plastičnog komunalnog otpada u gradu Zagrebu i Osijeku uz nekoliko pozitivnih primjera gospodarenja otpadom postignutih u Republici Hrvatskoj, u kojima je ostvaren definirani cilj od 50% odvojeno prikupljenog otpada. Također, opisuju se postupci oporabe plastičnog komunalnog otpada kao i mogućnosti materijalne oporabe plastičnog komunalnog otpada., Master’s thesis analyzes the existing waste management system and the amount of plastic municipal waste in the cities of Zagreb and Osijek with several positive examples of developed waste management systems in Croatia in which the defined goal of 50% of separately collected waste was achieved. Also, the procedures of recovery of plastic municipal waste are described, as well as the possibilities of material recovery of plastic municipal waste.

Sve kraći uporabni vijek elektroničkih uređaja i opreme posljedica je sve bržeg razvoja i usvajanja novih tehnologija, te uzrok eksponencijalnog rasta količina električnog i elektroničkog otpada, kako na globalnoj razini, tako i u RH, a isti trendovi mogu se očekivati i u budućnosti. Recikliranje kao integralni dio suvremenog sustava gospodarenja otpadom omogućava dobivanje sekundarnih sirovina, čime se smanjuje količina otpada i prostor potreban za njegovo odlaganje, štede se primarne sirovine i smanjuju emisije u okoliš pri proizvodnji novih proizvoda, itd. Osnovni cilj kojem se teži u recikliranju je separirati različite materijale sadržane u otpadu u zasebne produkte koji se mogu upotrijebiti kao sekundarna sirovina i koji kao takvi imaju određenu tržišnu vrijednost. Preduvjet uspješne separacije je postizanje raščina, tj. oslobađanje međusobno (mehanički, kemijski ili termički) spojenih različitih materijala. Uspjeh recikliranja električnog i elektroničkog otpada ovisi o značajkama otpada, separacijskih postupaka i uređaja koji se pri tome primjenjuju, te naravno uvjetima (vrijednosti radnih varijabli uređaja) u kojima se separacija izvodi. Prva faza procesa recikliranja sastoji se od ručne demontaže i izdvajanja krupnijih dijelova otpadnih uređaja, pri čemu se izdvaja veći udio željeza, bakra, stakla i plastike. Ostale dijelove potrebno je usitniti zbog postizanja raščina, a zatim prikladnim separacijskim postupcima izdvajati pojedine vrste materijala. U ovom radu su iz televizijskih aparata ručnom demontažom izdvojeni uz kučište i veliki kondenzatori i katodne cijevi koje sadrže fosforni prah i kadmij, te su zbog nemogućnosti sigurnog ispitivanja isključene iz daljnjeg ispitivanja. Izdvojena drvena kučišta isključena su iz daljnjeg ispitivanja jer je s vremenom došlo do kontaminacije štetnim tvarima kao što su krom, olovo, živa, sumpor, nikal, cink i sl., a u plastična kučišta umiješani su bromirani inhibitori gorenja koji, i u vrlo malim količinama, kontaminiraju plastiku čineći je nepogodnom za dobivanje nove plastike. Ostali materijal je, s obzirom na svoje značajke, podijeljen u tri grupe koje su ispitivane zasebno. Grupa nazvana „Zvučnici“ sastavni je dio audio sustava, a sadrži najviše željeza i nešto manje bakra u svitcima, uz plastiku, karton i tekstil. Grupa „Otklonski svitci, kabeli, konektori i žice“ ima veliku zastupljenost bakra, a treća grupa „Tiskane pločice“ uz vodljivu bakrenu strukturu sadržava i mnoštvo rijetkih metala na nevodljivoj osnovi (vitroplast, pertinks). Za svaku od prethodno navedenih grupa sastavljen je zaseban plan istraživanja. Za sve grupe prvo je provedeno sitnjenje u cilju postizanja raščina, zatim sijanje za dobivanje klasa pogodnih za testove u pojedinim separatorima. Plan testiranja separacije u zračnoj struji i elektrostatičke separacije sastavljen je uz upotrebu statističkog planiranja eksperimenata u programskom sustavu Statistica (Version 8, tvrtke StatSoft) prema centralno složenom dizajnu (Central Composite Design) koji uključuje 17 pokusa za svaku klasu na pojedinom uređaju. Analizom varijance utvrđen je utjecaj pojedine nezavisne varijable odnosno utjecaj međudjelovanja po dvije (od tri testirane) nezavisne varijable na jednu od dvije zavisne varijabli (kvaliteta koncentrata ili maseno iskorištenje) uz procjenu veličine tog utjecaja. Utjecaj pojedinih varijabli u gravitacijskoj i magnetskoj separaciji testiran je na način da je mijenjana vrijednost jedne varijable, dok su sve ostale držane konstantnim. Testovi separacije u zračnoj struji pokazali su da na kvalitetu koncentrata najveći utjecaj ima visina pregrade, a najmanji brzina zračne struje, a od međudjelovanja varijabli najviše utječe visina pregrade i položaj ulaznog otvora. Visina pregrade u svim slučajevima imala je najveći utjecaj na iskorištenje. Najbolji rezultati (kvaliteta koncentrata od 99 % do 100 % uz iskorištenja od 80 % do 99 %) postizani su separacijom zrna većih od 2 mm (klase 4/2 mm i 3,15/2 mm), a sa smanjenjem veličine zrna smanjivala se i efikasnost separacije. Elektrostatičkom separacijom postizala se visoka kvaliteta koncentrata u svim klasama, a najbolji rezultati dobiveni su u testovima s najkrupnijom klasom (4/2 mm). U svim testovima najveći utjecaj imao je položaj separacijskog noža. Kada se razmotre međudjelovanja varijabli, najveći utjecaj imalo je međudjelovanje položaja separacijskog noža s naponom ionizacijske elektrode i s brzinom okretanja bubnja. Rezultati dobiveni magnetskom separacijom pokazali su da je u najvećem broju slučajeva (pogotovo za krupnije klase) mokra separacija bolja od suhe, dok su se razlike smanjivale sa smanjenjem veličine zrna. Najbolji rezultati i mokre niskointenzivne i suhe visokointenzivne magnetske separacije postignuti su s najsitnijom klasom, -0,5 mm. Testovi gravitacijske koncentracije pokazali su da je za kvalitetniji koncentrat potrebno raditi s manjim nagibima ploče koncentracijskog stola. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata predložena je segregacijska shema recikliranja elektroničkog otpada. Osnovna hipoteza ovog rada, da se uređaji i postupci koji se koriste u oplemenjivanju mineralnih sirovina mogu koristiti i za recikliranje električnog i elektroničkog otpada potvrđena je temeljem rezultata provedenih ispitivanja., The ever shorter life cycle of electronic devices and equipment is a consequence of increasingly quick development and adoption of new technologies, and a reason for exponential growth of the quantity of electrical and electronic waste, both at the global level and in the Republic of Croatia, and identical trends can be anticipated also in the future. Recycling as an integral part of the contemporary waste management system enables obtaining of secondary raw materials, whereby the quantity of waste and the space necessary for its disposal are reduced, primary raw materials are saved and environmental emissions occurring at manufacturing of new products are reduced. The basic goal striven for in recycling is to separate the different materials contained in waste into separate products which can be used as secondary raw material and which as such have a certain market value. A precondition for successful separation is to achieve liberation of different mutually (mechanically, chemically or thermally) connected materials. The success in recycling electrical and electronic waste depends on the characteristics of waste, the applied separation procedures and devices, and of course on the conditions (values of operating variables of the devices) in which separation is carried out. The first phase of the recycling process consists of manual dismantling and separation of larger parts of waste devices, whereby a larger share of iron, copper, glass and plastic materials is separated. The remaining parts need to be shredded in order to achieve liberation, and thereupon, by appropriate separation procedures, the single types of material shall be separated. In this dissertation beside enclosures and large condensers and cathode tubes containing phosphorus powder and cadmium have been manually separated from TV sets, and due to the impossibility of their save testing have been excluded from further testing. The separated wooden enclosures have been excluded from further testing, since over time contamination has occurred by harmful substances such as chrome, lead, mercury, sulphur, nickel, zinc, etc., whereas plastic enclosures contain brominated burning inhibitors, which even in very small quantities contaminate plastic materials rendering them inappropriate for obtaining new plastic. The remaining material has been divided according to its characteristics into three groups which have been tested separately. The group called „Loudspeakers“ is an integral part of the audio system and it contains the highest quantity of iron and somewhat less copper in yokes, as well as plastic, cardboard and textile. In the group „Yokes, cables, connectors and wires“ copper is represented to a high degree, and the third group of „Printed circuit boards“ contains, in addition to the copper conductor structure, also a lot of rare metals on a nonconductor basis (vitroplast, pertinax). For each of the previously indicated groups a separate test plan has been developed. For all groups shredding has been carried out first, in order to achieve liberation, followed by sieving in order to obtain classes appropriate for tests in individual separators. The test plan for air and electrostatic separation has been developed by using statistical planning of experiments under application of the programme system Statistica (Version 8, StatSoft) according to a central composite design (Central Composite Design), including 17 tests for each class on the individual device. By analysing the variance, the impact of the individual independent variable as well as the impact of the interaction of two (out of the three tested) independent variables on one (out of the two) dependent variables (concentrate quality or mass recovery), along with the assessment of this impact, has been determined. The impact of individual variables in gravitation and magnetic separation has been tested in such a way that the value of one variable was changed, while all the other variables were kept constant. Air separation tests have shown that the height of the compartment barrier has the highest impact on the quality of the concentrate, and airstream speed has the least impact, whereas with regard to the interaction of the variables, the barrier height and the position of the inlet have the highest impact. In all cases the barrier height had the highest impact on recovery. Best results (concentrate quality from 99 % to 100 % with recovery from 80 % to 99 %) were achieved at separation of grain larger than 2 mm (class 4/2 mm and 3,15/2 mm), whereas with reduced grain size separation efficiency decreased as well. By electrostatic separation high quality of concentrate has been achieved in all classes, and best results have been obtained in tests with the coarsest grain class (4/2 mm). In all tests the position of the separation knife had the largest impact on concentrate quality. Regarding interactions of the variables the interaction of the separation knife position with the voltage of the ionising electrode and the drum rotation speed had the highest impact. The results obtained by magnetic separation have shown that in most cases (in particular for coarser grain classes) wet separation is better than dry separation, whereas differences decreased with the decrease in the grain size. Best results of both the wet lowintensity and dry high-intensity separation were achieved with the smallest class, -0,5 mm. Tests of gravity concentration have shown that in order to achieve a better quality of the concentrate of better quality, concentration table should operate with smaller inclinations of the plate. Based on the obtained results a segregation scheme for electronic waste recycling has been proposed. The basic hypothesis of this dissertation, namely that the devices and procedures used in mineral processing can also be used for recycling electrical and electronic waste, has been confirmed by the results of the testing carried out.

U ovom završnom radu predstavljena je problematika crvenog mulja kao odloženog industrijskog otpada velikih količina, ali i velikih potencijala za iskorištavanje kao sekundarne sirovine. Prikazani su primjeri današnje primjene i tehnologije u razvoju, skupa s njihovim nedostatcima i preprekama.

Električni i elektronički (EE) otpad predstavlja sve veći problem za sustav gospodarenja otpadom. Recikliranje EE otpada se nameće kao rješenje tih problema. Recikliranjem, osim što se smanjuju količine otpada i štetnost za okoliš, dobivaju se i vrijedne sekundarne sirovine. Litij-ionske baterije čine značajan udio u ukupnim količinama EE otpada s tendencijom povećanja zbog sve raširenije primjene, ponajprije u pametnim telefonima, prijenosnim računalima te električnim i hibridnim vozilima. Postojeće tehnike i tehnologije recikliranja Li-ionskih baterija ostavljaju prostora za napredak, ponajprije u pogledu utjecaja na okoliš. Stoga je u ovome radu ispitana učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala (litij-kobalt oksida i grafita) iz litij-ionskih baterija, kao jednog od segmenata reciklažnog procesa, primjenom atricijskog čišćenja pri različitim vrijednostima radnih parametara. Usitnjeni materijal je preduvjet za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja. Stoga je ispitana i učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala uslijed sitnjenja u reznom mlinu te je određena ukupna učinkovitost reciklažnog procesa koji uključuje oba postupka. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da atricijsko čišćenje elektroda Li-ionskih baterija, kao postupak oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala, ima značajno manji štetan utjecaj na okoliš i manje pogonske troškove u odnosu na konkurentske postupke uz relativno visoku učinkovitost. Obzirom na takve rezultate postoji potencijal za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja u procesima recikliranja litij-ionskih baterija., Electrical and electronic (EE) waste is a growing problem for the waste management. Recycling of EE waste is a solution for these problems. In addition to reduce waste and environmental damage, recycling also provides valuable secondary raw materials. Lithium-ion batteries make a significant share of total EE waste with a tendency to increase. Existing techniques and technologies for recycling Li-ion batteries leave room for improvement, primarily in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material (lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite) from lithium-ion batteries is determineted in this paper, as one of the segments of the recycling process, by using attrition scrubbing. Shredded material is a prerequisite for the application of attrition scrubbing. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material due to grinding in a mill to the class of -8 mm was examined and the overall efficiency of the recycling process, which involves both procedures, was determined. Test results indicate that attrition scrubbing of the electrodes of Li-ion batteries, as the process of the separation of electrode material from metal foils, has significantly lower negative impact on the environment and lower operating costs compared to competing processes with relatively high efficiency. Given such results, there is potential for the application of attrition scrubbing in lithium-ion battery recycling processes.

U današnje, moderno doba, bakar se koristi u kablovima i svim električnim i elektronskim uređajima. Danas gotovo da i ne postoji električni uređaj koji ne sadrži bakar u sebi. Sve više se bakar iz otpadnih kabela reciklira i skoro polovica bakra u novim kabelima ili elektroničim uređajima je dobivena kao sekundarna sirovina recikliranjem. U radu je dan pregled i opis vrsta kabela u kojima se koristi bakar te je ispitana mogućnost recikliranja licnastih bakrenih kabela na elektrostatičkom separatoru., In today's modern age, copper is used in cables and all electrical and electronic devices. Today, there is almost no electrical device that does not contain copper. Copper is increasingly being recycled from waste cables and almost half of the copper in new cables or electronic devices is obtained as a secondary raw material by recycling. The thesis gives an overview and description of cable types in which copper is used and examines the possibility of recycling thin copper cables by an electrostatic separator.

U završnom radu je kratki pregled sustava upravljanja okolišem sa naglaskom na nizu normi ISO 14000. Izdvojena je norma HRN EN ISO 14001:2015 te je objašnjena njezina implementacija u organizaciju. Na temelju odgovora na upitnik na primjeru tvrtke Holcim (Hrvatska) d.o.o. opisan je postupak primjene norme u rudarskom gospodarskom subjektu. Uvođenjem norme u organizaciju povećava se osviještenost organizacije i zaposlenika u pogledu zaštite okoliša, organizacija postaje konkurentnija i olakšano je planiranje i upravljanje rizicima i prilikama.

U ovom radu pod otpadom se podrazumijeva plastični otpad (lampioni). Ako se otpadom ne gospodari kako treba ili ga se nekontrolirano odlaže, on će onečistiti okoliš. Mnoge vrste plastike nisu biorazgradive bez obzira na uvjete u okolišu, barem ne u značajnoj mjeri, dok se neke vrste razgrađuju, ali sporo, pod uvjetom da su izložene povoljnom djelovanju zraka, vode i svjetla. Lampioni nisu biorazgradivi jer ni metal, niti plastika, niti parafin od kojih se sastoji lampion nisu biorazgradivi. Uzorak u provedenim ispitivanjima se sastoji od lampiona koji su izdrobljeni, prosijani i atrirani. Krupnije klase ne odgovaraju jer su prevelike za atricijsku ćeliju, a kod sitnijih klasa postoji velika mogućnost gubitaka materijala tijekom daljnih ispitivanja. Nakon postignutog raščina drobljenjem i odvajanja parafina i plastike pliva-tone separacijom na zrnu plastike zaostaje tanak sloj parafina. Hipoteza ovog rada je uklanjanje tog sloja parafina atriranjem. Uspješnost atricije razmatra se preko smanjenja sadržaja parafina. U svim pokusima došlo je do smanjenja masenog udjela parafina u koncentratu nakon atricije što nam govori da je hipoteza ovoga rada potvrđena., Under the term waste in this thesis, we assume plastic waste (lanterns). If waste is not properly managed or it is discarded it can pollute the environment. Regardless of environmental conditions a lot of plastic is not biodegradable, however, some types are degradable with favorable effects of air, water and light. Since metal, paraffin and plastic are not biodegradable, neither are lanterns. Used test sample is composed of crushed, sieved and attritioned lanterns. Coarse fractions are too big for atrittion cell so they don´t fit while smaller classes result in material loss during further testing. After liberation by crushing and separation of paraffin and plastic by sink and float process, a thin layer of paraffin remains on plastic grains. Attrition efficacy is considered through reduced content of paraffin. In all tests, decrease in mass portion of paraffin in concentrate after the attrition is determined, which tells us that the hypothesis of this thesis is accurate.

Opisane su osnovne geološke i ostale značajke šireg područja predmetnog površinskog kopa, te geološke značajke ležišta. Situacija postojećeg stanja, odnosno površina terena i postojeće stanje kopa modelirani su u računalnom programu Power InRoads. Za područje predmetnog eksploatacijskog polja izrađen je još model saniranog površinskog kopa te model površinskog kopa u sklopu prijedloga eksploatacije karbonatnih breča tipa I. Na temelju izrađenih modela i proračuna se došlo do zaključka da bi tehnička sanacija postojećeg stanja omogućila određenu dobit izvođaču čak i nakon biološke rekultivacije. U sklopu sanacije bi se eksploatirao arhitektonsko-građevni kamen, dok bi se od kamenog ostatka dobivao tehničko-građevni kamen. Predložena je i daljnja eksploatacija na području koje se nalazi u naslagama karbonatnih breča tipa I., Basic geological and other features of the wider area of the subject open pit mine as well as geological features of the bed are described. The situation of the current state, i.e. the surface area and the current state of the pit were modeled in the Power InRoads computer program. For the area of the subject exploitation field, a model of reclaimed open pit and a model of open pit as part of the proposal for the mining of carbonate breccia type I were also developed. Based on the models and calculations made, it was concluded that the technical reclamation of the existing condition would give a certain profit to the contractor even after biological recultivation. As part of the reclamation, the dimension stone would be mined, while the leftover stone would be used to get crushed stone. Further mining is proposed in the area of carbonate breccia type I .

U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska postupcima gravitacijske koncentracije (koncentracijskim stolom i spiralnim žlijebom – Humphreysovom spiralom). Cilj rada je ispitati mogućnost koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska gravitacijskom koncentracijom uz postizanje kvalitete koncentrata koji zadovoljava uvjete kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište. Provedena su dva seta ispitivanja na koncentracijskom stolu pri različitim nagibima koncentracijskog stola (3°, 6° i 9°), jedan s ciljem postizanja što veće kvalitete koncentrata i jedan s ciljem postizanja što većeg masenog iskorištenja. Ukupno je napravljeno ispitivanje na 6 uzoraka kvarcnog pijeska na koncentracijskom stolu. Na spiralnom žlijebu provedena su 4 ispitivanja pri različito podešenim parametrima (otvori ispusta za tešku frakciju, gustoća suspenzije i protok ispirne vode). Uspoređeni su tehnološki pokazatelji uspješnosti koncentracije pojedinih ispitivanja, odnosno postignuta kvaliteta koncentrata utvrđena kemijskom analizom uspoređena je s uvjetima kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište., This thesis presents the results of concentration tests carried out on quartz sand using gravity concentration methods (shaking table and spiral concentrator – Humphreys spiral). The aim of the thesis is to examine the possibility of concetrating quartz sand using gravity concentration methods to achieve concentrate quality that satisfies the quality requirements of the marketplace. Two sets of tests were carried out using a shaking table at different shaking table inclination (3°, 6° i 9°), one set aiming to achieve higher concentrate quality and the other set aiming to achieve higher recovery. Tests were carried out on 6 samples of quartz sand using shaking the table. Using a spiral concentrator, 4 tests were carried out with different parameter (heavies openings, slurry density and wash water flow) adjustment. The concentration efficiency indicators of each test were compared i.e. achieved concentrate grades determined by chemical analysis were compared with the quality requirements for market placement.

U radu je obrađen prijedlog istraživanja ležišta „Razvala“. Opisane su značajke istraživanog područja, a u prvom redu geološke značajke terena. Topografske karte u rasterskom obliku su korištene kao podloga za izradu situacijske karte ležišta, u vektorskom obliku. Na temelju važeće zakonske regulative i poznatih podataka o području, dan je prijedlog istražnih radova, određene su granice rezervi te visina i širina ležišta. Izrađeni su: 3D model terena i 3D model granica rezervi, koristeći program Bentley Microstation. Obrada prostornih veličina, metodom triangulacije, i generiranje podataka izvedeno je u programu Bentley Inroads. Proračun rezervi arhitektonsko-građevnog kamena proveden je metodom modeliranja i metodom paralelnih vertikalnih presjeka koji su generirani iz 3D modela. Dan je i opisan prijedlog dobivanja blokova lančanom sjekačicom., The work describes the research proposal for "Razvala“ deposit. It also describes the current situation of the field and particulary geological characteristics of the area. Topographic maps in raster format are used as a basis for making of situational maps of deposit in vector format. Based on current legislation and known field data, research work is arranged and boundaries are defined by height and width of the deposit. 3D terrain models and boundaries of reserves are made by using the computer program Bentley MicroStation. Processing of spatial dimensions by method of triangulation and data generation was made in a subprogram Bentley InRoads. Calculation of dimension stone reserves was performed using computer modeling and the method of parallel vertical sections which are generated from the 3D computer model. A proposal has been given and described for the production of dimension stone blocks.

Kvarcni pijesak je sirovina sa širokim spektrom primjena od kojih su najpoznatije primjene u industriji stakla i građevinarstvu. Republika Hrvatska raspolaže s potvrđenim rezervama od oko 40 milijuna tona i dugom tradicijom eksploatacije koja se posljednjih godina odvija smanjenim kapacitetom. Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska u Hrvatskoj iznosi oko 150 tisuća tona. Eksploatacija kvarcnog pijeska sastoji se od dobivanja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska strojnim iskopom na površinskim kopovima te oplemenjivanja u oplemenjivačkom postrojenju u svrhu daljnjeg plasmana na tržište (industriju). U ovom radu analizira se životni ciklus kvarcnog pijeska od dobivanja na površinskom kopu do ulaza u tvornicu stakla. U tu svrhu dizajnirano je sedam varijanti (alternativa) eksploatacije kvarcnog pijeska s razlikama u oplemenjivačom procesu, dok je osma varijanta generička, kreirana isključivo korištenjem Ecoinvent baze podataka. Za potrebe projektiranja varijanti generirana je baza podataka s kapacitetima rudarskih strojeva i opreme korištenjem kataloga i specifikacija proizvodača koji su postavljeni na Internetu. Dobiveni rezultati i normativi varijanti uspoređeni su s podacima na terenu kako bi se provjerila njihova reprezentativnost. Procjena utjecaja i grafički prikaz podataka provedeni su uz pomoć programa Sima Pro. Za procjenu utjecaja odabrana je metoda ReCiPe u kojoj se utjecaji na okoliš izražavaju pomoću osamnaest indikatora srednje točke koji se zatim preko mehanizama okoliša prevode na razinu krajnje točke utjecaja, a to su štetni utjecaji na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i troškove proizvodnje resursa (zbog npr. smanjenja njihove dostupnosti). Rezultati indikatora krajnje točke za kategorije utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i povećanje ukupne godišnje cijene resursa su pokazali kako u oplemenjivanju kvarcnog pijeska najjednostavniji postupci kao što su pranje i klasiranje imaju najmanje utjecaje. Uz uvjet da su ispuštanja toksičnih tvari iz procesa oplemenjivanja u sastavnice okoliša onemogućena ili svedena na minimum, presudan utjecaj na okoliš medu alternativama ima potrošnja vode. Promatrano od dobivanja rovnog pijeska na površinskom kopu, preko transporta i oplemenjivanja kvarcnog pijeska, korištenje fosilnih goriva pokazalo se kao najvažniji čimbenik utjecaja na okoliš cradle-to-gate dijela životnog ciklusa kvarcnog pijeska. Korištenje električne energije nije se pokazalo značajnim u pogledu izravnih utjecaja, ali svakako doprinosi utjecajima neposredno, preko proizvodnje električne energije. Transport mokrog pijeska vlažnosti 6% (mas.) i sušenje otpadnom toplinom u tvornici stakla pokazala se kao bolja opcija nego sušenje pijeska do vlažnosti manje od 1% u pogonu za oplemenjivanje i transport do tvornice stakla., Introduction: Silica sand or quartz sand is mineral resource with wide varieties of applications; glass industry and construction are the most common example. Republic of Croatia has confirmed reserves of 40 million tons and long tradition of exploitation and processing. Average production of raw silica sand in Croatia is 150 thousand tons. This paper defines the procedure for life cycle assessment of silica sand exploitation and processing and gives a model of quartz sand life cycle. Environmental profiles of different processing options are calculated, and included in cradle to gate life cycle study of silica sand for glassmaking industry. Based on environmental profiles of different options, key segments of production process are identified and ranked. A guideline for choice of technology that includes direct and indirect environmental impacts at design level is given. Materials and methods. In this research eight alternatives of silica sand production process are designed. For the purpose of design, equipment and machinery database is generated. Designed inputs and outputs in production processes are checked for consistency with industry data. Life cycle assessment is performed using Sima Pro software. Life cycle impact assessment is performed using ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint method. Analyzed alternatives are: • Alternative 1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; electrostatic separation of feldspar, magnetic separation of magnetic minerals; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 2-1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 2-2: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 3-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 3-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. Alternative 4-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 4-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 5. Simulation of surface exploitation and mineral processing outside the Croatia (data for sand production in Switzerland) and silica sand import by railroad transport on distance 700 km using EcoInvent database Among the analyzed alternatives the following alternatives have shown the smallest impact: “5” (simulation based on Ecoinvent data); “2-1” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing ); “2-2” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing plus drying in the rotary drier); “4-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and gravity concentration); “3-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and froth flotation). Intermediate impact have shown the alternatives “1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, drying with grain surface conditioning using hydrofluoric acid, and electrostatic separation) and “4-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, gravity concentration and drying). The highest impact has shown the alternative “3-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, flotation and drying). Process contribution analysis has shown the major contribution following from using fossil fuels and water. Conclusion and recommendations. In silica sand processing the simplest mineral processing methods such as sand washing and classifying have the smallest impacts. When emissions of chemicals to environment are prevented or minimal, deciding factor between the processing alternatives has the water consumption. Second factor affecting significantly the environmental performance in silica sand processing is the fossil fuel use. In cradle-to-gate production process (including silica sand exploitation, processing and transportation) the fossil fuel use (and production) has the major impact on environment. Damage from electricity use (and production) is considerably lower. Transportation of naturally dried wet sand (w=6%) and drying using waste heat in glass factory is better option than drying in processing plant and then transporting it into the glass factory. Recommendations for lowering the environmental impact of silica sand at different production stages: • In surface mining: lowering the diesel consumption using mining machinery with good fuel efficiency per ton of produced sand and utilization of mining machinery with continuous working regime instead of cyclic (e.g. rotary or bucket excavator instead of bulldozer); • In sand washing and wet classifying: the use of efficient water collection, regeneration and recirculation systems • In flotation: the use of flotation reagents that can be easily separated from water (based on their phase) and/or recirculated back into the process. • In electrostatic separation: the use of highly efficient drying system. • In drying: lowering the fossil fuel consumption; utilizing as much as possible the gravitational dewatering and natural evaporation; drying using waste heat or other heat sources that cause less damage than fossil fuels.

U današnje vrijeme EE otpad je postao veliki problem zbog sve većih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga je svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi. Najveće količine EE opreme obuhvaćaju mobilne telefone, kojih je sada već oko sedam milijardi, a svake godine se očekuje sve veća količina mobilnih telefona, od kojih će većina nakon korištenja biti odložena na odlagalište otpada. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike EE otpada, njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje te očekivani trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno metala iz mobilnih telefona, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Bolji rezultati dobiveni su separacijom sitnije klase 1/0,5 mm u odnosu na krupniju klasu 2/1 mm., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large and growing quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which are harmful to the environment and human health. The greatest amount of electrical and electronic equipment includes mobile phones which have been amount to over seven billion pieces so far and an increase of their number is to be expected every year, most of them ending up on waste disposal after being used. This paper describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the anticipated trends of e-waste disposal in the future. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component, i.e. metal, using the electrostatic separation. Better results were obtained by separation finer grain size of 1/0.5 mm than the coarser one (2/1 mm).

Na lokalitetu „Table“ u Livanjskom polju dugi niz godina izvodi se eksploatacija ugljena. Kako Livno nema primjerene lokacije za odlaganje komunalnog otpada a otkopavanjem ugljena dolazimo do slabo propusnih slojeva gline, nastala je ideja da se površinski kop po završetku eksploatacije iskoristi za odlaganje otpada. Zadatak ovog rada je analizirati prihvatljivost zadane lokacije kao lokacije za odlaganje otpada, uzimajući u obzir geološke, hidrogeološke i druge čimbenike, te izraditi model odlaganja otpada u krater kopa. Za izradu trodimenzionalnih modela koristio se program Power InRoads Vi8. Na temelju napravljenog modela odlagališta, te podataka o godišnjim količinama komunalnog otpada na području zahvaćenom sakupljanjem otpada procijenjen je vijek trajanja odlagališta., At „Table“ deposit in „Livanjsko polje“ coal excavation has been conducted for many years. The soil that has been found underneath the excavated layers of coal is low permeability sandy clay. Since Livno has no sanitary landfill, the idea was reusing abandoned pit as a landfill of municipal solid waste. The task of this thesis was to analyze if the location of the pit is suitable for landfill, considering its geological, hydro-geological and other characteristics and to design a 3D model of the landfill. Power InRoads Vi8 software was used for all designs that were done. Lifetime of the designed landfill was estimated taking into account the volume of the 3D model and local data of waste production per year.

Wood is the main material for paper production and with high costs of raw material paper mills are searching for other materials for paper production. With a higher demand for paper, waste paper is being used more and more as the main material for paper production. To be able to use waste paper in paper production we must pulp it, remove all contaminants and deink. In paper recycling plants a huge problem is waste water due to the high water consumption. Waste water from paper recycling is treated in different ways then reused in the recycling process. Croatia’s waste paper recovery rate is one of the lowest in the European union and in 2010 was only 3,97 kg per person. Improving the recovery rate could be done by introducing new technologies in waste paper collection i.e. modern trucks for waste paper collection., Drvo je glavna sirovina za proizvodnju papira, te s visokim troškovima ulazne sirovine, tvornice papira su u potrazi za drugim materijalima za proizvodnju papira. S povećanjem potražnje papira, otpadni papir se sve više i više koristi kao glavna sirovina u proizvodnji novog papira. Kako bi se otpadni papir mogao koristiti u proizvodnji potrebno ga je provesti u pulpu te odstraniti sve nečistoće i tintu. Zbog velike potrošnje vode u postrojenjima za reciklažu papira veliki problem je otpadna voda. Ona se pročišćava na razne načine te se ponovno koristi u procesu recikliranja. Povrat otpadnog papira u Hrvatskoj je praktično na najnižoj razini u Europskoj Uniji, a 2010. godine iznosio je samo 3,97 kg po osobi. Unapređenje povrata starog papira moglo bi biti poboljšano uvođenjem novih tehnologija u prikupljanju otpadnog papira npr. suvremenijim kamionima za njegovo sakupljanje.

U ovom diplomskom radu opisan je razvoj automobila kroz povijest, sve veći porast broja istih, vrste i dijelovi automobila, njihov sastav te postupak recikliranja otpadnih automobila u reciklažnom postrojenju. Budući da je istraživanje pokazalo sve veći „trend“ gomilanja industrijskih otpadaka, a istovremeno sve veće iscrpljivanje prirodnih izvora sirovine, isto je potaknulo tehničku struku istražiti alternativne mogućnosti za pronalazak sekundarnih izvora sirovine, kroz usavršavanje tehnoloških postupaka kojima bi se deficitarne industrijske sirovine mogle reciklirati iz otpadnih materijala. Po uzoru na to, izrađeni su posebni pogoni za recikliranje otpadnih automobila. Sukladno navednom, u radu je elaboriran proces recikliranja otpadnih vozila u reciklažnom postrojenju C.I.O.S.–a, vodećoj tvrtki za reciklažu vozila u Republici Hrvatskoj., This thesis describes the development of the car throughout history, a growing increase in the number of cars, the types and parts of the car, their composition and the process of recycling waste car in recycling plant. Since the research has shown an increasing „trend“ in the accumulation of industrial waste, while increasing depletion of natural sources of raw materials, tehnical profession explores the alternative possibilities for finding a secondary source of raw materials, through the improving of tehnology procedures that would enable recycling of scarce industrial raw materials from waste material. Following the example of this, special facillities for the recycling of waste cars have been made. Accordingly, the work elaborates the process of recycling scrap vehicles in recycling facilities of C.I.O.S., the leading company for the recycling of vehicles in Republic of Croatia.

Jedan od većih problema današnjeg društva je rastuća potrošnja prirodnih resursa te sve veće količine otpada koje moramo zbrinuti, a nažalost završavaju na deponijima. Više desetaka tona lampiona bude prikupljeno samo par dana nakon 1. studenog. Plastika od kućišta, parafin te željezni poklopci nakon uporabe se mogu reciklirati čime će se uštedjeti na prostoru odlagališta, smanjiti potencijalno štetan utjecaj plastike i parafina na okoliš, a također će se štedjeti prirodni resursi. Prilikom recikliranja lampiona najvažnije je postići raščin. Nakon postizanja raščina na temelju razlike gustoće plastika i parafin se razdvajaju. Tako izdvojeni parafin i plastika mogu se koristiti za ponovnu uporabu kod izrade svijeća i punjenja lampiona., One of the major problems of today's society is the growing consumption of natural resources and the increasing amount of waste that must be disposed in landfills. Dozens of tons of grave lanterns are collected only a few days after November 1. The plastic casing, paraffin and iron lids after use can be recycled, which will save landfill space, reduce the potentially harmful impact of plastic and paraffin on the environment and will also save natural resources. Most important when recycling lanterns is to achieve disunion. After reaching disunion based on the difference in density, plastics and paraffin are separated. According to this, paraffin and plastic can be used for remaking candles and filling lanterns.

Velike tvrtke čija postrojenja ili djelatnost su izvor onečišćenja moraju zadovoljavati određene standarde zaštite okoliša da bi bile konkurentne na tržištu. Termoelektrane na ugljen poput TE Plomin smatraju se značajnim onečišćivaćem zbog emisije onečišćujućih tvari (SO2, NOx, CO2 i krute čestice). Cjelovito upravljanje zaštitom okoliša omogućava da okoliš zadrži svoju kvalitetu te da se očuvaju ukupni resursi za buduće generacije (održivi razvoj). U diplomskom radu se analizira Direktiva o industrijskim emisijama (2010/75/EU) koja je implementirana u relevantne hrvatske propise, te se razmatra usklađenost postrojenja TE Plomin sa zahtjevima Direktive. Direktiva propisuje granične vrijednosti emisija s kojima su uspoređene emisije SO2, NOx i krutih čestica iz TE Plomin u 2012., 2013. i 2014. godini. Na temelju rezultata dan je prijedlog usklađenja TE Plomin sa zahtjevima Direktive, što je preduvjet za ishođenje okolišne dozvole., Large companies whose facilities or activities are the source of pollution must fulfill certain standards of enviromental protection so they could be market competitive. Coalfired thermal power plants, such as TE Plomin, are considered to be a significant source of pollution because of the emission of pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO2 and solid particles). Integrated environmental management helps maintaining enviromental quality and preserving resources for future generations (sustainable development). This master thesis analyzes Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU), which is implemented in Croatian environmental legislation, and impact of its provisions on TE Plomin. IED provides emission limit values that have been compared to SO2, NOx and solid particles emissions in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Based on the results, a proposal for the measures enabling TE Plomin to comply with the Directive regulations has been given.