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El proyecto consiste en dimensionar diferentes estructuras de pavimento flexible adaptando la metodología mecanístico-empírica a la práctica actual de diseño de pavimentos en Colombia, para poder determinar los módulos que están desarrollando los materiales granulares de base y sub-base en estas estructuras y a la vez establecer factores camión (factores de daño) para las estructuras evaluadas, que permitan establecer recomendaciones para garantizar que los diseños que se están realizando con metodologías convencionales sean más conservadores y consecuentes con el estado actual del conocimiento. The project consists of sizing different flexible pavement structures adapting the mechanistic-empirical methodology to the current practice of pavement design in Colombia, in order to determine the modules that are developing the granular base and sub-base materials in these structures and at the same time establish truck factors (damage factors) for the structures evaluated, which allow establishing recommendations to ensure that the designs that are being carried out with conventional methodologies are more conservative and consistent with the current state of knowledge. Ingeniero Civil Pregrado

Noise and whole-body vibration measurements were made in a Viking military vehicle to determine the variation that should be expected during repeat measures, the effect of speed (up to 60 km/h in 5 km/h increments), and during travel over different types of terrain (comprising concrete road, gravel track and rough cross-country). Measurements were made at various crew positions (including the driver and commander) in both the front and the rear cabs in the vehicles. Three translational axes of vibration were measured in each seat. Two speeds were investigated over road (35 km/h and 55–60 km/h) and gravel (20 km/h and 35 km/h) surfaces. The effect of varying speed of the vehicle on the measured noise and vibration magnitudes was also investigated. The highest sound pressure level (LAeq) of 104 dB(A) was measured at the commander’s standing position during travel over concrete road at 55 km/h. Higher noise levels occurred for a standing commander compared with when sitting on the seat. A maximum single axis frequency-weighted vibration magnitude of 1.0 m/s2 r.m.s. was measured on the driver’s seat during travel over track at 35 km/h. Higher vibration magnitudes occurred during travel over track compared with travel over road. Both noise and vibration exposure of crew within the Viking vehicle increased with increasing speed of the vehicle.

With solar tracking, it will become possible to generate more energy since the solar panel can maintain a perpendicular profile to the rays of the sun. Even though the initial cost of setting up the tracking system is considerably high, there are cheaper options that have been proposed over time. This research discuss the design and construction of a prototype for a solar tracking system that has a single axis of freedom. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used for sunlight detection. The control circuit is based on an ATMega328P microcontroller. It was programmed to detect sunlight via the LDRs before actuating the servo to position the solar panel. The solar panel is positioned where it is able to receive maximum light. As compared to other motors, the servo motors are able to maintain their torque at high speed. They are also more efficient with efficiencies in the range of 80-90%. Servos can supply roughly twice their rated torque for short periods. Through tracking, there will be increased exposure of the panel to the sun, making it have increased power output. The trackers can either be dual or single axis trackers. As a single tracking system is cheaper, less complex, and still achieves the required efficiency, so it was used.

The main problem in studying the feasibility of solar systems is the enormous gap between theory and experimental radiation intensity, so to get accurate results there is a need for studying energy production in the site of the system empirically. In this study, the energy production of both fixed PV panel system and the system with single-axis tracking were empirically evaluated in Medina, Saudi Arabia. The two systems had the same 270 Wp PV panel. The fixed system was tilted by 23.5 degrees, and the single-axis tracker was tilted by 26 degrees. Both systems had an azimuth angle of zero degrees. A closedloop three-points controller was used to control the tracker with 120 degrees rotation range. The two systems operated simultaneously in July, and the data were collected for 14 days. The empirical results showed that the tracker increased the generated energy by 48.5% during the testing period. As a comparing method, a modified ASHRAE model was used to estimate the increase in the panel's energy output with and without the single-axis tracker, and RMSE and MBE were calculated. It's been found that the experimental energy generation is 10%, 5% less than the estimation of the modified model for the fixed system and the tracking system, respectively. Finally, based on the analysis, it's been estimated that the singleaxis tracker will increase the generated energy by 22.5% yearly in Medina.

The article examines existing works considering the process of tearing of flax fibre, specifically fibrous matrix and linkages within it. In particular authors point out the necessity of taking into account the destruction of individual fibres during deformation and tearing process. The end result of this analysis is a multipart mechanical model allowing for various effects that may take place during the said process. This model is implemented in software and used to model the behaviour of several strands of fibre of varying quality. The results match the observed behaviour of actual samples with similar properties, which allows using the model presented to estimate the effect various properties of flax fibre have on its tensile strength.

Although some authors realized various measurement techniques and relevant standards in the experimental verification, the existing contributions still did not mention more complex automated workplaces with industrial robotic arm participation. To solve this, we provide a different view of the interconnection between individual devices (positioner, robot, etc.) controlled by third-party methods (Siemens products). Also, to obtain the necessary effectiveness, we tested and verified selected accuracy parameters for the participating device component (positioner). The proposed work tries to fulfill expectations for a precise welding technology (to ensure simultaneous movements of both the industrial robotic arm and positioner) to achieve higher quality and productivity. However, the components are from different manufacturers.

The algorithm of the turn of the spacecraft from an initial arbitrary angular position at an arbitrary angular rate to a solar-oriented attitude is investigated. Minimum essential equipment of the motion control system required for the purpose of ensuring maintenance of solar orientation is defined: a solar sensor, a single-axis angular-rate sensor, low-thrust liquid rocket engines. A solution of the problem of defining the spacecraft angular rate vector by the measurements of the deviation of the optical axis of the solar sensor from the sun vector and the single-axis angular-rate sensor is presented. The conditions under which control action on the rocket engines for the purpose of changing the value of the angular-rate vector for the Sun to get into the field of viewing of the solar sensor or for the spacecraft stabilization are defined. Mathematical modeling of the spacecraft attitude control system with the unknown initial state vector of motion is carried out. The results of mathematical modeling confirmed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of reducing propellant fuel consumption and high-speed performance. In comparison with the known methods of solving the problem of reducing angular speed (a lengthy process with the use of a magnetic system or a fast process with the use of a three-axis angular-rate sensor and rocket engines) the duration of the process of reducing angular speeds is the same as in normal operation, however, at the same time the problem of bringing spacecraft into the solar oriented attitude is solved.

This contribution reports on a yearlong spectral albedo measurement campaign performed in Roskilde, Denmark. Four albedo scenarios are monitored using three sensor types. The ground surfaces include green grass, dry grass, gravel, and snow – all of which have been monitored with albedometers based on spectroradiometers, silicon-pyranometers, and thermopile pyranometers. Implications of using the various albedo data sources/assumptions in bifacial PV modeling are assessed with the spectrally weighted bifacial energy gain (BEG). We find that BEG differs by as much as 3% using the three albedo sensors and can deviate by 7% from the ground truth when an incorrect static spectral albedo assumption is used. Finally, the spectral mismatch factor (SMM) is calculated to summarize rear plane of array (POA) spectral shifts. Our measurements show midday backside POA spectral shifts as high as 25% for Silicon bifacial PV devices mounted on single axis trackers above grass.

Las sondas magneticas (tambien conocidas como bobinas de punto B) son dispositivos electromagneticos utilizados para medir la variacion del campo magnetico en muchos rangos de frecuencia. La frecuencia del campo magnetico a medir se relaciona directamente con el metodo elegido para realizar la calibracion de la bobina de punto B. Este trabajo presenta una calibracion de bobina de punto B en un rango de frecuencia de 6.16 kHz a 36.63 kHz. Un inductor L (bobina de Helmholtz) se conecta en paralelo con un banco de condensadores variable C var para formar un circuito resonante LC var acoplado. El circuito LC var se alimenta con un oscilador de medio puente. La capacidad C var varia hasta que el circuito se encuentra en estado resonante a diferentes frecuencias. El circuito resonante produce oscilaciones sinusoidales en la frecuencia de banda mencionada. La sensibilidad se calcula utilizando el voltaje V out de la bobina de punto B y el voltaje V H medido desde las terminales de Helmholtz

Background/Objectives: The objectives of this study are as follows: • To throw light on the concepts of economic empowerment of women. • To know the reality of the economic empowerment of women in Al-Kamil Governorate and the obstacles it faces. • Providing practical recommendations based on the results of the study supports the vision and direction of the Kingdom of 2030 in terms of achieving the highest rates of economic sustainability. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Depends on the use of statistical analysis methods to identify and analyze the levels of economic empowerment of women in Al-Kamil Governorate. To achieve the above objectives, the present study is based on the following main hypothesis test: There are still obstacles to the economic empowerment of women in the province of Kamel. In this study, we relied on the use of descriptive and analytical descriptive methods to achieve research objectives. The required data were obtained by designing a questionnaire that represents the main source of data as it was distributed to the study population. This questionnaire consists of a single axis consisting of 15 paragraphs. Findings: Two of main findings of this study can be illustrated in the following points: • The results showed that there are obstacles to the economic empowerment of women in Al-Kamil Governorate. In contrast, there is a difference of views regarding the identification of obstacles and challenges facing women’s economic empowerment. • Based on the results of the analysis, women are still facing difficulties in accessing resources and do not have control over them, which impedes their economic empowerment. Women’s ownership of resources is necessary to achieve their economic empowerment. Improvements/Applications: Reflect the reality of the economic empowerment of women in the study community and the measures that must be taken to enhance the empowerment of women in the governorate. Keywords: Al Kamil Governorate, Empowering, Labor and SPSS

The main importance for this paper is that sixth year students can be used laptop and projector in presentation for their mini thesis though the light is off. As four 90W solar panel is connected in parallel, total power is 360W that is reliable for our loads. In this paper, the comparison between single axis and dual axis tracker radiation for Pyay District is expressed. Moreover, Ardunio program is applied for dual axis solar tracker. Myanmar is more suitable solar power to store energy in battery during sunny days as renewable. Dr. Zarchi San | Daw Pan Wint Hmone Htwe | Daw Kkhaing Wint "Solar Tracker in P.T.U E.P Department" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23468.pdf

The performance of solar photovoltaic systems can be improved if solar modules are kept perpendicular to the direction of solar radiation. Therefore, an accurate solar tracker system is important to continuously orientate solar modules to be always perpendicular to the solar radiation throughout the day. This paper presents the development and testing of a selfadjusting single-axis solar tracking system using two photovoltaic cells as photosensors. A prototype of the single-axis solar tracking system is built and tested based on continuous tracking method to the sun’s position throughout the day. An Arduino UNO microcontroller, a servo motor, and photovoltaic cells are selected as the components of the prototype. As this is an active tracking system, the orientation of the tracker receiver surface depends on the feedback received from the photosensors. Outdoor tests were carried out under clear skies at Kota Damansara, Malaysia (3.1467512 N, 101.5740615 E). The tracking inaccuracy is less than 5% with the maximum being 4.12%.

This work examined the effects of burst or pulsed flows on the cleaning of tank surfaces soiled by egg yolk, under alkaline conditions, using a single axis rotary spray head. Firstly, four cleaning approaches (continuous flow without pre-wetting, continuous flow with pre-wetting, pulsed flow with a shorter period, pulsed flow with a longer period) were tested on a pilot-scale tank to clean both uncooked and cooked fouling materials. The effects of temperature, flow rate and alkali concentration were investigated. The results show that pulsed flows improve cleaning behavior, where pulsing with a shorter period and higher frequency results in the most deposit removal at the same detergent consumption. The impact of pre-wetting is less significant under the investigated conditions. Some findings are consistent with earlier reports, stating that higher temperature and flow rate improve cleaning by reducing cleaning time. An optimal alkali concentration exists, which is in line with results reported by other researchers when investigating other protein soil types. The economic benefits by using pulsed flow cleaning were discussed. Then, scale-up tests confirmed that the enhancement of cleaning by using pulsed flow with short period and high frequency could also apply in an industry-scale tank.

This paper presents the mechanical design of a single axis solar tracking system, as well as the electronic design of a system that to record in real time the electric power delivered by the solar tracker and to evaluate its performance. The interface was developed in Labview and it compares the power supplied by the tracker with the power supplied by static solar panel of the same characteristics. The performance is initially simulated using Pv-Syst software, and later validated with the data obtained by the interface. As a result, the use of the solar tracker increases the power delivered by a minimum of 19%, and it can go as high as 47.84%, with an average in increase in power of 19.5% in the monthly energy production. This experimental result was compared with the simulation by Pv-Syst software and shows a difference of only 2.5%, thus validating the reliability of the simulation. This behavior pattern coincides with previous studies carried out for equatorial latitudes. Este artículo presenta el diseño mecánico de un seguimiento solar de un solo eje. sistema, así como el diseño electrónico de un sistema que grabar en tiempo real la potencia eléctrica entregada por el seguidor solar y evaluar su actuación. La interfaz fue desarrollada en Labview y compara el energía suministrada por el seguidor con la energía suministrada por el panel solar estático de las mismas características. El rendimiento se simula inicialmente con Pv-Syst software, y posteriormente validado con los datos obtenidos por la interfaz. Como un Como resultado, el uso del seguidor solar aumenta la potencia entregada por un mínimo del 19%, y puede llegar hasta el 47,84%, con un promedio en aumento de potencia del 19,5% en la producción de energía mensual. Esto El resultado experimental se comparó con la simulación del software Pv-Syst. y muestra una diferencia de solo 2.5%, validando así la confiabilidad del simulación. Este patrón de comportamiento coincide con estudios previos realizados para latitudes ecuatoriales.

In one experiment we examined the organizational structure of spatial memories for familiar environments, comparing it directly with that for unfamiliar environments. Participants in the familiar condition pointed from imagined perspectives towards objects in their own rooms and their performance was compared to that of matched controls in an unfamiliar condition who carried out the same task after studying the same rooms in immersive Virtual Reality. In both conditions, participants were faster and more accurate in pointing from imagined perspectives that were aligned with the geometry of the room (vs. not aligned), suggesting the presence of orientation-dependent representations. Whereas in the unfamiliar condition pointing performance was best along a single axis, performance in the familiar condition was about equal across all 4 orientations that were aligned with the geometric structure of the room. Moreover, performance in the familiar condition was influenced by the orientation from which participants started to preview the room prior to testing; in contrast, in the unfamiliar condition performance was not influenced by the orientation from which encoding started. This finding suggests that post-encoding situational factors (e.g., the starting orientation from which an environment is previewed) can prime the accessibility of information in well-established long-term spatial memories.

Previous studies demonstrated distinct neural correlates underpinning impaired self-regulation (dysregulation) between individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing controls (TDC). However, the impacts of dysregulation on white matter (WM) microstructural property in ASD and TDC remain unclear. Diffusion spectrum imaging was acquired in 59 ASD and 62 TDC boys. We investigated the relationship between participants’ dysregulation levels and microstructural property of 76 WM tracts in a multivariate analysis (canonical correlation analysis), across diagnostic groups. A single mode of brain-behavior co-variation was identified: participants were spread along a single axis linking diagnosis, dysregulation, diagnosis-by-dysregulation interaction, and intelligence to a specific WM property pattern. This mode corresponds to diagnosis-distinct correlates underpinning dysregulation, which showed higher generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) associated with less dysregulation in ASD but greater dysregulation in TDC, in the tracts connecting limbic and emotion regulation systems. Moreover, higher GFA of the tracts implicated in memory, attention, sensorimotor processing, and perception associated with less dysregulation in TDC but worse dysregulation in ASD. No shared WM correlates of dysregulation between ASD and TDC were identified. Corresponding to previous studies, we demonstrated that ASD and TDC have broad distinct white matter microstructural property underpinning self-regulation.

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) characterizes multivariate correlations that confine the global diversity of leaf functional traits onto a single axis of variation. Although LES is well established for traits of sun leaves, it is unclear how well LES characterizes the diversity of traits for shade leaves. Here, we evaluate LES using the sun and shade leaves of 75 woody species sampled at the extremes of a within-canopy light gradient in a subtropical forest. Shading significantly decreased the mean values of LMA and the rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration, but had no discernable effect on nitrogen and phosphorus content. Sun and shade leaves manifested the same relationships among Nmass, Pmass, Amass, and Rmass (i.e., the slopes of log–log scaling relations of LES traits did not differ between sun and shade leaves). However, the difference between the normalization constants of shade and sun leaves was correlated with functional trait plasticity. Although the generality of this finding should be evaluated further using larger datasets comprising more phylogenetically diverse taxa and biomes, these findings support a unified LES across shade as well as sun leaves.

Introduction. The rate of thawing of cryopreserved human iliac arteries allografts (CHIAA) directly affects the severeness of structural changes that occur during this process. Method. The experiment was performed on ten CHIAA. The 10% dimethylsulphoxide in 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution was used as the cryoprotectant; all CHIAA were cooled at a controlled rate and stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen (-194°C). Two thawing protocols were tested: (1) placing the CHIAA in a water bath at 37°C, and (2) the CHIAA were thawed in a controlled environment at 5°C. All samples underwent analysis under a scanning electron microscope. Testing of the mechanical properties of the CHIAA was evaluated on a custom-built single axis strain testing machine. Longitudinal and circumferential samples were prepared from each tested CHIAA. Results. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that all five CHIAA thawed during the thawing protocol 1 which showed significantly more damage to the subendothelial structures when compared to the samples thawed in protocol 2. Mechanical properties: Thawing protocol 1—longitudinal UTS 2,53±0,47 MPa at relative strain 1,27±0,12 and circumferential UTS 1,94±0,27 MPa at relative strain 1,33±0,09. Thawing protocol 2—longitudinal ultimate tensile strain (UTS) 2,42±0,34 MPa at relative strain 1,32±0,09 and circumferential UTS 1,98±0,26 MPa at relative strain 1,29±0,07. Comparing UTS showed no statistical difference between thawing methods. Conclusion. Despite the significant differences in structural changes of presented thawing protocols, the ultimate tensile strain showed no statistical difference between thawing methods.

This study investigates the use of single-input single-output and multi-input multi-output control strategies for performing single-axis vibration control tests. In particular, the work addresses the problem of high-level cross-axis responses during those tests. To compare the two control strategies, the study presents a test campaign carried out on an automotive component by exploiting two different test facilities: a single-axis shaker and a three-degree-of-freedom shaker table. The analysis points out the limitations of the single-input single-output control strategy. The coupling between the excitation system and the test specimen causes cross-axis excitations that compromise the test validity. In some cases, the cross-axis vibration level even exceeds the acceptable threshold of 14 dB. The multi-input multi-output control strategy instead, besides the feedback control of the main axis, allows the simultaneous vibration control along the two cross axes, thus, improving the quality of the single-axis test. Moreover, the work provides a detailed study followed by practical examples on how to better exploit the evident potential of the multi-input multi-output control strategy for definitely avoiding cross-axis vibration control problems.

The hydrogen bond is undoubtedly one of the most important non-covalent interactions. Among the several types of the hydrogen bonds, the CH–π interaction is a relatively new notion that is being recognised in chemistry and biology. Although the CH–π hydrogen bond and conventional hydrogen bonds share common features such as directionality, this weak interaction has played a secondary role in molecular recognition. In this study, we have devised a host–guest complex that is assembled solely by the CH–π hydrogen bonds. Multivalent interactions of a bowl-shaped hydrocarbon with its peripheral hydrogen atoms are made possible via CH–π hydrogen bonds by adopting a tubular hydrocarbon as a host for their enthalpy-driven complexation. Concyclic arrays of weak hydrogen bonds further allow dynamic rotational motions of the guest in the host. Solid-state analysis with crystallographic and spectroscopic methods reveal a single-axis rotation of the bowl in the tube.

The avian ribcage is derived relative to other amniotes, and is hypothesised to be constrained in its movements during ventilation. The double headed ribs form two articulations with the vertebrae, and are thought to rotate about a strict anatomical axis. However, this costovertebral joint constraint has not been demonstrated empirically and was not found in other taxa with double-headed ribs (i.e. crocodilians). Here we use X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to quantify rib rotation in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) during breathing. We demonstrate that, as predicted from anatomy, the ribs do rotate in a hinge-like manner about a single axis. There is also evidence for elliptical motion of the sternum, as has been reported in other taxa. The evolution of the avian ribcage is closely related to the co-evolution of ventilation and flight, and these results are important for how we model ventilation mechanics in living and fossil birds.

This study investigated the effects of using a single-axis force gauge for push/pull force measurement on kinetic/kinematic measures associated with the exertion and assessed agreement between forces recorded from two technologies (single-axis gauge, three-dimensional hand transducer) and various test conditions via intraclass correlations. Independent measures included exertion type (push, pull, turn), test condition (natural/cart alone, using force gauge at fast/slow/self-selected paces), and cart weight (light, heavy). Dependent measures included mean angles of force application, peak forces recorded from both technologies, and cart velocity. Excellent agreement was observed between technologies (ICC = 0.998). Likewise, peak forces using the single-axis gauge at the fast pace agreed best with the natural test condition (ICC = 0.631). Forces should be measured using a faster initial acceleration and sustained velocity than is prescribed by the current standard if they are to accurately approximate forces relative to existing push/pull guidelines. Future work should also develop recommendations for measuring turning forces.

Every person has different location of veins, some veins are easily detected because it is visible due to thin tissue, and the other are invisible. This different location of veins causes intravenous access procedures and the procreas of intravenous therapy become longer. Multi-distance vein projections aim to simplify the measurement process where the device and object do not have to be at a certain distance. Some research that has been done especially for real-time vein projection does not conduct how the characteristics of projection at different distances. In this paper, we propose a method for performing multi-distance real-time back-projection by using the intersection between camera and projector. This method equiped with an ultrasonic distance sensor to identify the projection characteristic in any distance. In its implementation, this method is able to project at a distance of 20-40 cm with a maximum projection error of 0.6 mm. The measurement angle tolerance between the object and the device is ±5 degrees with a maximum error of 0.7 mm.

In a tight host-guest complex assembled solely by nondirectional van der Waals forces, unique motions of the guest, such as solid-state inertial rotations, emerge. The regulation of dynamic motions is an important element to be explored for novel functions of such complexes, which may be seemingly difficult to achieve because of the nondirectionality of the assembling forces. A regulated, single-axis rotation was made possible by choosing an appropriate shape of the guest in the tubular host. Specifically, an ellipsoidal guest was made to stand along a cylinder axis of the host, which consequently resulted in single-axis rotations of the guest in the solid. The rotational frequency was considerably high for solid-state rotations but was suppressed to 10 GHz, which was 1/20 of the isotropic rotation of a spherical guest. In-depth kinetic analyses quantitatively revealed that the entropy cost was a determining factor that regulated the dynamics.

Background The functional range of motion (fROM) of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints during the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) has not yet been established. This study aimed to determine the fROM of all five digits and verify the accuracy and reproducibility of dynamic angle measurement using a single-axis electric goniometer (EG) during ADL movements of the hand. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. In EG suitability testing, we first confirmed the angles of a three-dimensional calibration device 10 times, and then compared EG readings with those determined by tomosynthesis images. Next, we determined the fROM of the MCP joints by evaluating all five digits of the dominant hands of 10 healthy adults performing 16 ADL. Intra-rater reproducibility of MCP joint data during task performance was assessed in two healthy adults. Results Static measurements of the triangular object showed variance to be within one degree in 39 of 40 trials. Differences between angles measured by the EG and those depicted by radiograph were a range of plus or minus five degrees in 88 of 96 digits. The fROM values for the thumb and index, middle, ring, and little fingers were −7.5 to 35.3, 10.6 to 67.8, 4.0 to 79.9, 3.0 to 83.9, and 2.9–91.4 degrees of flexion, respectively. Flexion angle in the fROM of the index finger was significantly smaller than those of the ring and little fingers. The flexion and extension angles of the thumb were significantly smaller than those of the four ulnar fingers. The intra-rater correlation coefficients of two participants were high at 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. Conclusions The method adopted in this study exhibited excellent accuracy and reproducibility and was therefore considered suitable for the real-time establishment of fROM flexion-extension angles of the MCP joints for all five digits. Our data are useful as a target arc of motion in the treatment of MCP joint disease or injury.

Objective: Human skin colour is influenced by three pigments: haemoglobin, carotenoids, and melanin. Carotenoids are abundant in fruits and vegetables, and when consumed accumulate in all layers of the skin, predominantly imparting yellowness (b*). This study investigated the effect of the manipulation of carotenoid-based skin colour, relative to the skin colour conferred by melanin on the perceptions of health amongst a group of Australian adults. Method: Fifty-seven participants (n = 4 male; mean age 27.9 ± 7.5 years) completed three computer-based experiments on 50 trial faces. In the first two experiments, face image colour was manipulated along one or two independent single carotenoid or melanin axes on each trial to ‘make the face appear as healthy as possible’. In the third trial, face colour was manipulated on both the carotenoid and melanin axes simultaneously. Results: For the single axis, participants significantly increased melanin colouration and added carotenoid colouration to facial images that were initially low in skin yellowness (b*). When carotenoid and melanin axes were simultaneously manipulated, carotenoid colouration was raised (ΔE = 3.15 ( SE ±0.19)) and melanin colouration was lowered (ΔE = −1.04 ( SE ±0.1)). Conclusions: Young Australian adults perceive facial skin colouration, associated with both carotenoid intake from fruit and vegetables and melanin due to sun exposure as conveying the appearance of health in young adults. However, carotenoid colouration was more important to health perception. Postprint

A robust incremental-quaternion-based algorithm is proposed in this paper to estimate the angle and the axis of a single-axis rotation whose rotation axis is invisible or inaccessible. We establish a model to estimate the rotation angle and axis according to the relationship between the incremental quaternion and the pair of rotating axis and angles. Moreover, the solutions for the model are detailedly described in this paper. This algorithm could achieve full range of rotation angle and all-attitude rotation axis measurements with high-computational efficiency. It has good performances in the rotation angle and axis estimation no matter whether the measured target is in dynamic or static movement, which solves the inaccurate rotating-axis attitude problem in other methods when the target is doing low-speed rotation. Using the designed measurement unit based on magnetic, angular rate, and gravity sensors, this algorithm eliminates the drift of measurement results caused by the integral error of the gyroscope. The effectiveness of this algorithm has been validated through a single-axis motion control platform by comparing with another two methods. Results show that the proposed algorithm provides a more accurate estimation of rotation angle and the axis of a single-axis rotation of high or low speed.

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit is pressurized at 0.29 atm, which creates a risk of decompression sickness (DCS). If higher mobility is acquired, higher inner pressure is allowed. We previously demonstrated a wider range of motion (ROM) with lower muscle force using an elastic glove pressurized at 0.65 atm compared with a nonelastic glove pressurized at 0.29 atm, which simulated the current U.S. EVA suit. Pressurization at 0.65 atm is the lowest pressure that avoids DCS without prebreathing. For larger joints, other restraint parts are needed to depress ballooning of the elastic material during pressurization. In the present study, we developed hard restraint parts for the knee joint covering the elastic garment for the lower limb, and compared the ROM and flexion force between a dual and single axis during pressurization at 0.65 atm. The joint motion and force required during flexing action were recorded. During flexion, the ROM was significantly larger and the peak force was significantly lower with the dual-than single-axis part. Thus, a dual axis of hard restraint part has higher mobility than a single axis during pressurization without a risk of DCS.

We and others recently developed rapid tilt-series acquisition methods for cryo-electron tomography on a Titan Krios G3i equipped with a single axis holder and a K-series direct electron detector and showed that one of these, the fast-incremental single exposure (FISE) method, significantly accelerates tilt-series acquisition when compared to traditional methods while preserving the quality of the images. Here, we characterize the behavior of our single axis holder in detail during a FISE experiment to optimally balance data quality with speed. We explain our methodology in detail so others can characterize their own stages, and conclude with recommendations for projects with different resolution goals.

Roundabouts became popular worldwide as a tool to reduce the number of car accidents and the EU encourages and promotes this technology as a solution to the problems of urban and extra-urban traffic. RAST (Roundabout Solar Tracking) systems are designed to exploit the available space in roundabouts, which are already equipped and monitored, in order to produce electricity with a photovoltaic single axis tracking system. The energy produced can be used directly by the surrounding facilities or stored and consumed later or channelled to nearby car charge points. The amount of energy that can be produced on a single roundabout is limited by the land size and is normally in the range 100-400 kWp, but the number of suitable roundabouts in cities is high. Therefore, RAST could make an important contribution to the energy production.