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Shorea leprosula Miq is a Dipterocarps forest plantation that has the prospect of being developed because it is a fast-growing species with high economic value. Given its commercial importance, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of slope class and slope direction on growth. Data were collected using the census method on S.leprosula stands with a spacing of 2m x 2m and 4m x 8m. The direction of the slope is determined based on the configuration of the slope according to the cardinal directions, while the slope of the land is determined based on the classification of the slope class of the land. The results showed that the slope class, slope direction, and the interaction between factors had a significant effect on the growth of S.leprosula. The interaction between the slope class and the direction of the slope produces the highest average annual increment of diameter in the flat slope class with the direction of the slope facing north, which is 1.79 m / year while the highest annual increment of the total average height is in the very steep slope class with to the slope facing to the north at 0.82 m / year.

Combo nursery technique is a technique where seedlings/cuttings of Shorea leprosula , Gliricidia sepium , and Brachiaria decumbens grass were planted in one polybag to support mining reclamation. To reduce competition effects among the three species, optimum media and size of polybag need to be investigated. The objective of this experiment is to analyse the effect of size of polybag and media composition on the growth of S. leprosula , G. sepium , and B. decumbens grass in the combo nursery technique. The experiment used Randomised Complete Design in Factorial with two factors, i.e. media compositions (soil : compost (2 : 1, v/v), (1 : 1, v/v), (1 : 2, v/v), and soil : compost : rice husk (7:3:1, v/v/v); and size of polybag (15 x 20 cm, 20 x 20 cm, dan 25 x 25 cm). Each treatment had four replications, and each replication consisted of four polybags. The results showed no significant interaction effects between the composition of media and the size of polybag; however, media compositions of soil: compost (1:1) and (1:2), and the sizes of polybag 20 x 20 cm and 25 x 25 cm significantly eliminated competition and significantly increased the growth of S. leprosula and the number of tiller of B. decumbens grass. Keywords: Brachiaria decumbens , Gliricidia sepium , mining reclamation, nursery, Shorea leprosula

Premise Leaf phenology is an essential developmental process in trees and an important component in understanding climate change. However, little is known about the regulation of leaf phenology in tropical trees. Methods To understand the regulation by temperature of leaf phenology in tropical trees, we performed daily observations of leaf production under rainfall‐independent conditions using saplings of Shorea leprosula and Neobalanocarpus heimii, both species of Dipterocarpaceae, a dominant tree family of Southeast Asia. We analyzed the time‐series data obtained using empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) and conducted growth chamber experiments. Results Leaf production by dipterocarps fluctuated in the absence of fluctuation in rainfall, and the peaks of leaf production were more frequent than those of day length, suggesting that leaf production cannot be fully explained by these environmental factors, although they have been proposed as regulators of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. Instead, EDM suggested a causal relationship between temperature and leaf production in dipterocarps. Leaf production by N. heimii saplings in chambers significantly increased when temperature was increased after long‐term low‐temperature treatment. This increase in leaf production was observed even when only nighttime temperature was elevated, suggesting that the effect of temperature on development is not mediated by photosynthesis. Conclusions Because seasonal variation in temperature in the tropics is small, effects on leaf phenology have been overlooked. However, our results suggest that temperature is a regulator of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. This information will contribute to better understanding of the effects of climate change in the tropics.

High productivity fast growing species plantation establishment such as the line planting of red meranti (i.e Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia ) with intensive silviculture is one potential solution to improve wood supply for industries in Indonesia. However, the information of anatomical properties and wood properties of these two species related to the influence of the line planting system and tree growth rate is limited. This paper studies the anatomical features, wood cell proportions, fiber dimensions and physical properties of wood in radial variation in relation to the line planting effect and tree growth rate. Wood of the trees grown in the line planting system showed higher proportion of vessel element compared to those of wood from natural forest. The vessel diameter of wood from the line planting was also larger than that of in wood from natural forest. The specific gravity of wood from Shorea parvifolia grown on the line planting was higher than that of wood grown in natural forest. The variation of specific gravity on wood portion near to the pith of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia trees grown on the line planting was related to the variation of the cell wall thickness. The bigger diameter of trees grown or the faster growth rate in the line of planting at the same age shows the greater vessel diameter in wood of Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia and greater specific gravity of Shorea parvifolia wood.

Selective Cutting and Line Planting (TPTJ) silvicultural systems and Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting (TPTI) are two of the five silvicultural systems that have been determined by the Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. P.11 / Menhut-II / 2009 juncto P.65 / Menhut-II / 2014 concerning silvicultural systems in the area of timber forest product utilization permits (IUPHHK) in production forests. Three other silvicultural systems based on the regulation are the Gap Logging silviculture system, the Fully Made Rejuvenation System, and the Multi Silviculture System. This study aims to examine the implementation of the TPTJ and TPTI systems in the PT Intracawood Manufacturing (PT Intraca) area, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The methodology of this research is through the approach of growth analysis, comparison of stand increment, observation of environmental conditions, interviews and literature study. Based on the field research, it was found that the diameter increments of Shorea leprosula, Shorea dasyphila, and Shorea parvifolia were greater in the TPTJ system compared to TPTI. However, the TPTI silviculture system at PT Intraca is easier to apply in the field than the TPTJ silviculture system. The TPTJ system has become less effective because planting in the TPTJ system has been carried out by making a 3-meter wide track with a length of approximately 1 km in a plot and if there is potential for the wood to become ineffective. In the area of PT Intraca, to improve the effectiveness of the TPTJ system a mosaic system is used where the planting path is made only in areas with less potential and representative for planting. The types of plants planted in the TPTJ system are far superior, perspective, and are faster than the types of plants in the TPTI system. Planting/enrichment in the TPTI system is easier because it does not need to make a planting path. Planting with seedlings from the extraction is only a transfer from the growth of tillers from areas with an excessive potential for tillers.

A b s t r a c t Information on calorific value is very important factor in fuel evaluation. The objective of the study was to investigate the calorific values of the leaves of five (5) selected trees species of dipterocarp in Piah Forest Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. The species are Hopea sp., Shorea parvifolia, Shorea leprosula, Shorea macroptera and Dipterocarpus sp. The calorific values were determined using the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter. The difference of calorific value between the five species were also examined. It was found that, the mean calorific value for the dipterocarp species were within the range of 4041.28 Cal g -1 to 4820.78 Cal g -1 . The leaves of the Shorea macroptera contain higher calorific value compared to other four species. The findings will be useful in the preparation of forest fire management plan, and also in the development of bioenergy project of wood-based biomass from forest species.

Humans have interacted with trees for millennia and the strength of such interactions determines the long-term social values of trees and forests. Such ecocultural linkages could be important to promote during reforestation efforts, potentially helping to turn the tide on the current rapid extinction of cultural and biological diversity. In addition, predicting the fate of ecoculturally important species to changing climates may help guide tree species selection best-suited to future climates. We assessed the vulnerability of four ecoculturally important tree species native to Southeast Asia to an extreme drought: Koompassia excelsa, Nephelium lappaceum, Shorea fallax and Shorea leprosula. These species provide distinct and unique products, and Koompassia excelsa is well-represented in local mythological stories and considered a Cultural Keystone Species (CKS). We used two complementary approaches: 1) an experimental common garden and 2) naturally occurring wild trees growing in a secondary forest and compared the performance of trees before, after, and during the 2016 El Nino event with record breaking low precipitation and high temperatures. We found that mortality of the CKS K. excelsa in the common garden, along with mortality and growth of wild trees were unaffected by the El Nino drought. In contrast, young trees of N. lappaceum and S. fallax planted in the common garden had mortality 4 and 3 times higher, respectively, during the El Nino drought compared to normal years. Growth rate of S. fallax in the wild was also significantly lower during the El Nino drought and this effect was particularly pronounced in highly disturbed forests. Our results demonstrate that the impact of extreme climatic events, that are predicted to become more common with climate change, on culturally important tree species is species specific. Management of such species may thus need species specific measures to maintain viable populations and hence provide the basic physical settings for human-nature interactions and associated cultural identities to persist. In this context, our findings that cultural keystone species such as K. excelsa could be drought tolerant is noteworthy, as investing on such species could prove to be beneficial for both local cultures and conservation of native ecosystems and biodiversity.

Forest and land fires become serious problems in Indonesia that could not be well managed until today. This is then the reasons why there is so many activties being conducted in order to find the best solution including fire suppression method. Until today the suppresion methods mostly using water rather than other sources, which actually is not so effective and efficient. The research is proposed to make sure that Gel Pack Extinguishing Agent (GPEA) could be used for fire suppression. Three different fuels used were Pinus merkusii, Shorea leprosula, and Dicranopteris linearis at different of 55g, 65g, 75g, dan 85g. The results of research shown that GPEA with 5 small box per litter of water was the best dosage. The fastes suppression time based on the three fuels was Dicranopteris linearis, and the lowest was Pinus merkusii.Keywords: fuels, forest and land fires, Gel, suppresion methode, dosage

Tirkaamiana MT, Partasasmita R. Kamarubayana L. 2019. Growth patterns of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata in Borneo’s forest managed with Selective Cutting with Line Replanting System. Biodiversitas 20: 1160-1165. Dryobalanops lanceolata is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae, which indigenous of Borneo. It is found in at least five protected areas (Kabilli-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Danum Valley Conservation Area, Ulu Temburong, Lambir, and Gunung Mulu National Parks), but is threatened elsewhere due to habitat loss. The demand for its timber is very high, so it requires conservation efforts while at the same time maintaining its productivity to meet the timber demand. One of the efforts to increase productivity of production forest in Indonesia is implementing Selective Logging with Line Replanting System (TPTJ). In this system superior species are planted in the planting lines. This study aimed to determine the growth of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata planted in different planting line widths. Data of diameter increment of S. leprosula and D. lanceolata were obtained by observing 4 permanent sample plots (PUP) at concession areas of PT Balikpapan Forest Industries in Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results showed that the average diameter increment of S. leprosula and D. lanceolata at the planting line width of 3 meters was 1.47cm/yr and 0.74 cm/yr respectively, and at the planting line width of 6 meters was 2.08 cm/yr and 1.14 cm/yr respectively. The differences in planting line width had very significant effect on the growth and diameter increment of S. leprosula, presumably due to the increase of light intensity to optimal level which accelerates stomata opening and transpiration rate, thus affecting the rate of photosynthesis.

Failure in degraded forest rehabilitation was caused by using chosen species without pay attantion on site characterictics. Species selection by looking at site limiting factor, will increase success in degraded forest rehabilitation. This research aims to study the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on growth of Shorea leprosula Miq , Shorea palembanica Miq , dan Shorea mecisopteryx. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with mean annual increment (MAI) of height and diameter as dependent variable and soil properties as independent variable . The results showed that growth increment of S.palembanica was the most species that influnced by soil perperties with R 2 a djusted value for MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t repectively, 0.946 and 0.674 whereas others two Shorea have R 2 a djusted value < 0.5. The research also showed that available P content was the limiting factor of the three species . T here wa s a difference of each species in respond to the available P content. MAI- height on S . mecisopteryx and MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t on S . pelambanica will increase in line with decreasing available P content w hile S . leprosula require d P available increasing in order to increas e of MAI-diameter . This indicates that each species have specific response on certain soil properties content .

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Conversion of wood waste into bio-oil with low temperature pyrolysis method has been successfully carried out using tubular transport reactors. Pyrolysis carried out at temperatures of 250-300°C without using N2 gas. Bio-oil purified by a fractionation distillation method to remove water and light fraction compounds. The materials obtained from different types of wood waste, namely: Randu wood (Ceiba pentandra), Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), Coconut wood (Cocos nucifera), Bangkirei wood (Shorea laevis Ridl), Kruing wood (Dipterocarpus) and Meranti wood (Shorea leprosula). Bio-oil products are analyzed for their properties and characteristics, namely the nature of density, acidity, high heat value (HHV), and elements contained in bio-oil such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur content based on SNI procedures, while bio-oil chemical compositions are investigated using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The maximum yield of bio-oil products occurs at 300°C by 40%. Bio-oil purification by fractional distillation method can produce purity of 16-31% wt. The characterization results of the chemical content of bio-oil showed that bio-oil of methyl formate, 2,6-dimetoxy phenol, 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene, levoglucosan, 2,4-hexadienedioic acid and 1,2- benzenediol.

Logging activities have an impact on changes in composition and standing structure, tree species distribution, community similarity and species diversity. This study aims to determine the diversity of structures and standing composition of logged-over forests. The results show that the composition and structure of the stands are ecologically different, which is indicated by the low type of species equality index. The types of stands at the level of seedlings, stakes, columns and trees from each location are almost all different. But there are some of the same types encountered dominating on the locations of 2005, 2010 and 2015 such as Shorea leprosula, Dipterocarpus borneensis, Shorea laevis, Litsea sp. The stand density at the 2005 block location is higher than the two sites in 2010 and 2015, while the location of 2015 is the location with the lowest stand density.

This study demonstrated that the cambial activities of three selected Shorea species with different stem diameters growing in a tropical rainforest in Malaysia responded differently to climatic factors. We investigated the cambial activities in Shorea leprosula, Shorea acuminata, and Shorea parvifolia trees with different stem diameters at breast height growing in a natural lowland dipterocarp rainforest in Malaysia. We collected and analyzed samples from the main trunks of selected trees in monthly intervals from March 2013 to April 2014. The cambium of the three Shorea species showed periods of active and less active growth in the humid forest. Selected trees with different stem diameters of the same and different species showed variation in rhythms of cambial activity (changes in the numbers of cambial and enlarging cell layers) at site with similar growing conditions. Monthly mean relative humidity and monthly mean vapour pressure deficit were important factors influencing the number of cambial cells of S. acuminata with larger stem diameter, and those of S. parvifolia with different stem diameters. Active cambium were detected in months with high relative humidity and low vapour pressure deficit in those trees. Total monthly precipitation had significant positive correlation with the cambial cells activities of S. parvifolia with different stem diameters, but no correlation with those of the other two species. The cambium of S. leprosula with smaller and larger stem diameters were found active throughout the year. We concluded that the three Shorea species examined with different stem diameters have different growth strategies and thus react differently to climatic factors.

Pieces of red meranti wood (Shorea leprosula) were soaked in horizontal and vertical positions in sea water for 9 weeks. Two species of bivalves settled on the wood: Bankia campanellata (Moll & Roch) and Martesia striata (Linné). Average densities of settling larvae were 125 ind. 100 cm-2 on horizontal wood, and 95 ind. 100 cm-2 on vertical wood, indicating a tendency to settle on the top side of the wood. The number of larvae settling on wood immersed at the surface was not significantly different from wood at 1.25 m depth.

In a unique phenomenon restricted to the ever wet forests of Southeast Asia, hundreds of species from dozens of plant families reproduce synchronously at irregular, multi-year intervals. The proximate environmental cues that synchronize these general flowering events have not been evaluated systematically because there have been no long-term, high temporal resolution, species-level records from the region. We present 13 years of weekly flowering records for five Shorea species as well as daily temperature and rainfall records from the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. We constructed models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between flowering and cool temperature, drought, and additive and synergistic effects of cool temperature and drought for each species. Model parameters include periods of time for floral cue accumulation and flower development and temperature and/or rainfall thresholds required for floral initiation. Parameters estimated using flowering observations from 2001 to 2011 were used to forecast flowering for 2011–2014. We show that drought and cool temperatures acting synergistically best explain the timing of flowering events for all Shorea species in the section Mutica and forecast the largest general flowering event accurately. Periods estimated for signal accumulation ranged from 54 to 90 days among species. Periods estimated for flowers to develop ranged between 43 and 96 days and closely followed the interspecific sequence of flowering in the Shorea species. Drought and temperature thresholds also varied among species, with Shorea maxwelliana requiring the most severe drought and Shorea leprosula the lowest temperatures. Synthesis. Our results indicate that cool temperatures and low rainfall occurring on seasonal time-scales of about 2–3 months rather than brief cold snaps or brief droughts best explain general flowering in Shorea species at the Pasoh Forest Reserve. Low rainfall is equally likely in winter (December–February) and summer (July–August) and cool temperatures are most likely in winter at Pasoh, which explains why general flowering events are restricted to spring and fall, with more frequent and stronger flowering in spring. In addition, species-specific sensitivity to environmental cues suggests that future climate change will have differential impacts on the frequency of reproduction, with potential consequences for regeneration of these dominant species of lowland tropical forests.

The research objectives were to analyzed/ estimated the carbon stock in the different age of S.leprosula stand and increased of carbon stock along with the stand age increased, to analyzed CO2 absorption inside meranti stand. on intensive silviculture area. This result of research showed that total carbon stock were produced from S. leprosula stand with 0,067(D)2,859, at the age of 6, 8 and 10 years old each were 7,63 ton/ha, 47,10 ton/ha and 74,89 ton/ha. The tendency explained that the total carbon stock were increased along with the age increment. Its average was 16,82 ton/ha/year. That estimated showed that Meranti forest at 6, 8 and 10 years old could adsorb CO2 each 28,01 ton/ha, 172,83 ton/ha and 274,86 ton/ha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis besarnya cadangan karbon yang tersimpan pada tegakan meranti yang berbeda umurnya dan besarnya peningkatan cadangan karbon dengan adanya pertambahan umur tegakan meranti, banyaknya CO2 yang terserap oleh tegakan meranti di hutan alam pada area silin. Pengukuran biomassa pohon Shorea leprosula dilakukan melalui pengukuran diameter pada tegakan yang berumur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun lalu dikonversikan dengan memakai alometrik 0,067(D)2,859 .Hasil penelitian menunjukkan cadangan karbon total yang dihasilkan dari tegakan Shorea leprosula dengan menggunakan alometrik 0,067 (D)2,859, diperoleh pada tegakan meranti umur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun masing-masing sebesar 7,63 ton/ha, 47,10 ton/ha dan 74,89 ton/ha. Kecenderungannya cadangan karbon total meningkat seiring bertambahnya umur. Peningkatan cadangan karbon yang didapatkan dengan adanya pertambahan umur tegakan meranti rata-rata sebesar 16,82 ton/ha per tahun. Hutan meranti berumur 6, 8 dan 10 tahun diduga dapat menyerap gas CO2 berturut-turut sebanyak 28,01 ton/ha, 172,83 ton/ha dan 274,86 ton/ha.

Shorea leprosula Miq is one of major tropical timber within the dipterocarp family and known as red meranti in global trade. The species has been subjected to intensive timber extraction due to their high economic value and natural abundance in primary tropical forest. Timber supply of this species has been known to only from natural forests and none have been reported from commercial plantation. Thus, population decline, habitat contraction and local extinction become the major issues related to the species. This research was conducted to determine the natural regeneration potential of S. leprosula in 20-years-old man-made hilly dipterocarp forest. The research was located at Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF), a 250 Ha-mixed dipterocarp forest established since 1997 in Bogor-West Java as landscape restoration together with native biodiversity conservation program. Five S. leprosula plots were chosen consisting from different spacing distance of 2 m x 2 m, 3 m x 3 m, and 4 m x 4 m. Result showed that each plot has been experiencing different total number of fruiting times, ranging from 1-3 times, with total numbers of natural juvenile reached 652 stocks. Among them, seedling were the most stocks available at GDRF, with the most dominant occupied at height class of 11 cm – 33 cm and 34 cm – 55 cm. Natural stocks were absent from 2 observed plots due to high human alteration at those area. Canopy openness, altitude and human intervention/disturbance are among the factors that affecting the regeneration potential at GDRF.

Oil palm is a very common commodity in rural communities of Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the farming activities in these areas create a high multiplier effect and increase welfare. However, the expansion of oil palm areas puts pressure on forests and resources. The research was carried out through a survey using the developmental research method. Efforts to implement sustainable development in the plantation sector need to be carried out to develop palm in the second cycle. One of the efforts is to implement agroforestry by planting forestry plants between oil palm trees, namely meranti trees (Shorea leprosula Miq). The model for the development of meranti is a monoculture palm plantation that is integrated with meranti trees. This has ecological, economic, and social benefits, following the basic concepts of environmental management. Planting copper meranti between palm trees has multiple benefits for the community, such as wood production. Planting copper meranti between oil palm trees has multiple benefits for the community, timber production as additional income for farmer families.

A proposed soil quality index named Tropical Soil Quality Index 2 (TSQI2) was developed in this study using statistical analysed data of selected properties (physical, chemical and biological) of composite soil samples collected from natural, secondary and rehabilitated forests of Chikus and Tapah Hill Forest Reserves, Perak, Malaysia. Results of soil evaluation using TSQI2 showed higher values for planted forest in Chikus Forest Reserve compared to those of the rehabilitated forest in Tapah Hill Forest Reserve. Likewise, rehabilitated forest of Tapah Hill Forest Reserve had slightly higher index value compared to that of the secondary forest. The higher index for rehabilitated Chikus Forest Reserve compared to that of the natural forest was due to high MBC/MBN ratio values. The reason for this condition was the lower amount of microbial biomass nitrogen as compared to microbial biomass carbon. Plant growth performance of dominant trees species showed that Shorea leprosula was high in natural forests, followed by rehabilitated forest of Tapah Hill Forest Reserve. The newly proposed TSQI2 (which had been validated using actual data) is suitable for determining the quality of natural and rehabilitated forests in tropical regions.

Phyllosphere fungi show high species diversity and fulfill important ecological functions not only in natural forests but also in plantations. We sought to estimate the species diversity and community structure of phyllosphere fungi from tropical tree plantation plots in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We conducted a massively parallel amplicon sequencing analysis of fungi collected from the leaves of Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae), an ecologically and commercially important tree species. Phyllosphere fungal compositions and spatial variability were investigated for 31 S. leprosula trees across four plots within a plantation stand. In total, 488 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were recognized in 153,194 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer reads at 95% OTU identity level. Rare OTUs accounted for the majority of fungal diversity detected in the study site; 200 OTUs (41%) comprised fewer than 10 reads and 465 OTUs (95%) were found in fewer than half of the samples. Fungal OTU compositions of S. leprosula trees were differentiated within a narrow area of the plantation and even between plots that were separated by 15 m. These findings indicate that highly diverse fungal OTUs form spatially structured communities even within a tropical plantation stand of single tree species.

The rubber agroforestry experiments in Jambi started with the theory of change that productive clonal rubber could be economically used in low-labour intensity rubber agroforests, allowing selective retention of forest species or planted fruit trees in interrows. At the end of what was expected to be a 25-year production cycle we revisited the farmers (or their next generation), recorded what had happened to the plot and registered farmer plans for a way forward. Qualitatively, the results showed a wide range of directions of actual change. The envisaged plots, with full-grown tapped rubber in a secondary forest setting did occur – but as exception rather than rule. Some plots had early on been converted to oil palm when white root rot disease killed many of the rubber trees. Others were in a gradual transition to oil palm, already interplanted, or depended on natural regeneration of rubber within the plot for the trees currently being tapped. Some plots had been completely destroyed as the land was sold to a local coal-mine developer. Overall tapping frequency was low, as farmgate rubber prices have in recent years been low and farmers had other options (including participating in small-scale gold mining). Farmer experience with the various clones tested led to mixed opinions on which (if any) of the clones introduced were superior to what farmers used in the past (and what still regenerates in the landscape). GT1, a robust clone, was seen as hardly more productive as local germplasm, the PB260 and BPM1 clone were productive, but especially PB260 clone sensitive to white root rot disease. The quality of rubber wood was a concern for some farmers. The most successful intervention, from farmers’ as well as environmental perspective, has probably been the interplanting of meranti (Shorea leprosula) or tembesu (Fagraea fragrans) trees in young rubber stands, with good prospects for generating substantial income.

Fungal endophytes are fungi that lives within plant tissues without causing apparent disease. It is also suggested that these fungi have ability to enhance plant growth and plant resistancy against pest and disease. This research is a preliminary study about root fungal endophytes in dipterocarp since there are lack research concerning about this study focus. We examined root fungal endophyte isolated from seedling of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanica taken from Dramaga Experimental Forest, Bogor. Furthermore, we also tried to find out the fungal potential ability to solubilize phosphate and suppres fungal pathogen by in vitro assay. Surface sterilization method was used to isolated fungal endophytes from root tissues. Trichoderma spirale, Velsalceae sp., Melanconiela ellisii, Chaetosphaeria callimorpha, and Trichoderma asperellum were isolated during this study. These fungi appear to have specific association between fungal species and host plant, but no evidence of fungal order-level specificiation in S. leprosula and S. selanica. In vitro test also suggested that root fungal endophyte Trichoderma spirale and Melanconiella elisii have potential ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. In addition, this result also present that root fungal endophyte T. spirale and T. asperellum have the potential to inhibit pathogen fungi Fusarium sp.

Genetic diversity value of offspring might indicate a reproductive success in a forest. Aim in this study was to access genetic diversity values of offspring of Shorea leprosula from different forest types. Leaf samples were collected from six population i.e. a plantation from Carita, and five natural forests from Gunung Bunga A and B, SBK, ITCI and Gunung Lumut. Using four microsatellite markers, the results showed that SBK population maintained high value of genetic diversity. Values of expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged between 0.717 (Carita) and 0.836 (SBK). Values of coefficient inbreeding (F) were insignificant deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, but the value was significant in SBK population. PCA analysis demonstrated a cluster among Gunung Bunga A, SBK, ITCI, and Gunung Lumut. Amova showed that different province significantly contributed 1% to the value of genetic diversity of S. leprosula.

Shorea leprosula Miq is a species from Dipterocarp family with high economic value but has complex problems in seeds availability and storage. S. leprosula stand in Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF), Bogor-West Java has been flowering for several times that makes these stand to have potential to be developed as seed stand. This research was aimed to assess the potential of Gunung Dahu Research Forest as source-identified seed stand for S. leprosula. Assessment was carried outin plot number 1, 2, 5, 7 and 21A by developing a scoring technique to several criteria, those were: total amount of seed trees, stand’s quality, flowering and fruits quality, stand’s health, trees parentage, accessibility, and stand’s security. Only those of plots having 94 points or above would be accepted as seed stand and that designated plot number 2, 5, and 21A with total score 131; 131.5; and 96.5 points accepted as seed stands while plot number 1 and 7 were failed to fulfil the criteria. Among those of accepted plots, plot number 5 has higher potential as seed stand because it has fewer disturbances than plot number 2.

Vegetative propagation plays an important role to support Shorea leprosula’s clonal forestry development. This study aimed to determine the effect of mother trees and cuttings material position of S. leprosula shoot cuttings growth at 4 months of age. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used as the experimental design, which consists of two factors, i.e. cuttings material position (4 level) and mother trees (10 mother trees). The results showed that the interaction between mother trees and cuttings material position significantly affected the growth of height and the number of the leaf. The best interactions in height of growth values ranged from 7.83 to 8.83 cm and the best number of leaves ranged from 3.6 to 4.5 sheets. The single factor of the cuttings material position and mother trees significantly affected the rooting percentage, the number of the root, and the length of the root. The cuttings material position at 20 cm, 40 cm, and 60 cm found to be the best rooting percentage (84 to 88%), the cuttings material position at 40 cm and 60 cm found to be the best number of the root (4.04 to 4.43 pieces) and the best length of the root (10.23 to 10.93 cm).

Shorea leprosula belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family, a dominant family in Indonesia’s rainforest. The population of this species has been depleted due to extensive logging, high rates of deforestation and forest degradation in the past several decades. However, the current status of the species’ range and distribution remains unknown. This research project aims to understand and predict the distribution of S. leprosula in Kalimantan using species distribution models (SDMs). This study used presence records and presence-absence records from field surveys and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. Two modelling methods, MaxEnt and generalized linear models (GLMs), were used to predict species distribution. Prediction maps varied with modelling methods and different datasets, producing different emphases on areas suitable for S. leprosula. Even though the descriptive and predictive capabilities of the models are considered modest, the models provide useful insights about environmental factors that affect the distribution pattern of S. leprosula. Given the limitations of species records used in this study, the model outputs also need to be cautiously interpreted to avoid prediction biases. This research project also highlights some issues that arise in using small sample sizes in developing the model. Despite its limitations, the prediction maps generated by the models can give some hints to identify the areas with high possibility of the presence of S. leprosula in Kalimantan. In addition, this research project also provides some important information on how to improve model predictions for future development to support species conservation in Indonesia’s rainforests.

This study investigated the roundwood production and profit sharing for Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana in case of PT Inhutani I Bukit Bangkirai, Balikpapan. Five research aims pursued in order to better understand the economic valuation of Shorea tree species, are: 1) analyse the increments of woody; 2) identify the age of trees reached the highest increments of woody; 3) measure the highest value of mean annual increments (MAI); 4) examine the nominal rate of return ( i ) for roundwood production; 5) examine the profit sharing between the management of PT Inhutani I Bukit Bangkirai and investors. Additionally, the policy of profit sharing has been determined by the proportion of 55% for investors and 45% for the management.The results demonstrated that: 1) the wood potential of Shorea leprosula reached the highest value at the age of 40 years by producing 7.78 m 3 ha -1 year -1 , and Shorea smithiana reached the highest value at the age of 50 years by producing 333.34 m 3 ha -1 year -1 ; 2) the highest value of MAI for Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana are 7.78 and 6.67 m 3 ha -1 year -1 respectively; 3) the nominal rate of return ( i ) of Shorea leprosula is 7.8% for investors and 8.3% for the management, and Shorea smithiana is 6.3% for investors and 6.7% the management. Overall, this research found that the economic value of Shorea leprosula and Shorea smithiana provide the nominal rate of return ( i ), which is higher than minimum acceptable rate of return (MAR).