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1. Impacts of Aerosol Loading in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Based on MERRA-2 Reanalysis Data

Author

Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Umesh Chandra Dumka, Sivasamy Kalamani Mugil, Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal, Rakesh K. Hooda, Alok Sagar Gautam, and Suresh Tiwari

Subjects
climate change, ecosystems, Hindu Kush Himalayan, aerosol optical depth, anthropogenic emission, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

The impacts of climate change have severely affected geosphere, biosphere and cryosphere ecosystems in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The impact has been accelerating further during the last few decades due to rapid increase in anthropogenic activities such as modernization, industrialization and urbanization, along with energy demands. In view of this, the present work attempts to examine aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the HKH region using the long-term homogeneous MERRA-2 reanalysis data from January, 1980 to December, 2020. The AOD trends are examined statistically with student’s t-test (t). Due to a vast landmass, fragile topography and harsh climatic conditions, we categorized the HKH region into three sub-regions, namely, the northwestern and Karakoram (HKH1), the Central (HKH2) and the southeastern Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau (HKH3). Among the sub-regions, the significant enhancement of AOD is observed at several potential sites in the HKH2 region, namely, Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun by 55.75 × 10−4 ± 3.76 × 10−4, 53.15 × 10−4 ± 3.94 × 10−4, 51.53 × 10−4 ± 4.99 × 10−4 and 39.16 × 10−4 ± 4.08 × 10−4 AOD year−1 (550 nm), respectively, with correlation coefficients (Rs) of 0.86 to 0.93. However, at a sub-regional scale, HKH1, HKH2 and HKH3 exhibit 23.33 × 10−4 ± 2.28 × 10−4, 32.20 × 10−4 ± 2.58 × 10−4 and 9.48 × 10−4 ± 1.21 × 10−4 AOD year−1, respectively. The estimated trends are statistically significant (t > 7.0) with R from 0.81 to 0.91. Seasonally, the present study also shows strong positive AOD trends at several potential sites located in the HKH2 region, such as Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun, with minimum 19.81 × 10−4 ± 3.38 × 10−4 to maximum 72.95 × 10−4 ± 4.89 × 10−4 AOD year−1 with statistical significance. In addition, there are also increasing AOD trends at all the high-altitude background sites in all seasons.

Published
2021
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2. Impact of Aerosol and Cloud on the Solar Energy Potential over the Central Gangetic Himalayan Region

Author

Umesh Chandra Dumka, Panagiotis G. Kosmopoulos, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, and Akriti Masoom

Subjects
aerosols, clouds, solar energy production, financial losses, central Gangetic Himalayan region, high altitude, Science
Abstract

We examine the impact of atmospheric aerosols and clouds on the surface solar radiation and solar energy at Nainital, a high-altitude remote location in the central Gangetic Himalayan region (CGHR). For this purpose, we exploited the synergy of remote-sensed data in terms of ground-based AERONET Sun Photometer and satellite observations from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), with radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations and 1 day forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Clouds and aerosols are one of the most common sources of solar irradiance attenuation and hence causing performance issues in the photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) plant installations. The outputs of RTM results presented with high accuracy under clear, cloudy sky and dust conditions for global horizontal (GHI) and beam horizontal irradiance (BHI). On an annual basis the total aerosol attenuation was found to be up to 105 kWh m−2 for the GHI and 266 kWh m−2 for BHI, respectively, while the cloud effect is much stronger with an attenuation of 245 and 271 kWh m−2 on GHI and BHI. The results of this study will support the Indian solar energy producers and electricity handling entities in order to quantify the energy and financial losses due to cloud and aerosol presence.

Published
2021
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6. A scoping review of studies on the health impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems

Author

Hajat, C, Stein, E, Shantikumar, S, Niaura, R, Ferrara, P, Polosa, R, Hajat C., Stein E., Shantikumar S., Niaura R., Ferrara P., Polosa R., Hajat, C, Stein, E, Shantikumar, S, Niaura, R, Ferrara, P, Polosa, R, Hajat C., Stein E., Shantikumar S., Niaura R., Ferrara P., and Polosa R.

Abstract

We conducted a scoping review of studies on health outcomes from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The objective was to identify, narratively synthesize, assess the strength and quality of evidence and critically appraise studies that have reported disease end points associated with the use of ENDS. We included published literature on the health impact of ENDS from 01/01/2015 until 01/02/2020 following the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar. The database search identified 755 studies, and other sources 265; 37 studies met final eligibility criteria. Levels of evidence included 24(65%) cross-sectional, one (2.7%) case–control and six (16%) case studies, four (11%) cohort studies, one (2.7%) randomized controlled trial (RCT) and one (2.7%) meta-analysis; 27(73%) studies reported only on harms, eight (22%) reported on benefits, two (2%) on benefits and harms. Quality ratings were poor in 20 (54%), fair in 9(24%) and good in 8(22%) of studies. In our review, ENDS was not shown to be causative for harmful cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes and shown to be beneficial for hypertensive patients. Switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes resulted in reduced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with no evidence of long-term deterioration in lung function. Mental Health, cancer and mortality were not adequately studied to form any consensus. Our review has not demonstrated ENDS to be causative of harmful CVD outcomes; furthermore switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was associated with improved hypertensive control and reduced exacerbations of COPD, with no evidence of increased asthma risk or long-term respiratory harm. Mental health, cancer and mortality outcomes have not been adequately studied to form a conclusion. Overall, the findings of our review did not provide evidence to counter the consensus held by many that ENDS use is safer than the risks posed from smoking cigarettes.

Published
2022

8. Evaluation of fractional clear sky over potential astronomical sites

Author

S. K. Mugil, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, H.-J. Song, Ram Sagar, E. J. L. Larson, Brijesh Kumar, and Umesh Chandra Dumka

Subjects
Physics, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Over potential, media_common.quotation_subject, Site testing, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

The estimation of the night-time cloud fraction (CF) is found to be one of the key parameters for evaluating the number of useful nights at an astronomical site. This work evaluates useful astronomical night-time observation over eight sites using a minimum threshold of CF from 21 years (2000–2020) of ground-based hourly visual and daily satellite data along with 41 years (1980–2020) of long-term hourly reanalysis data. The estimated number of photometric nights is underestimated by 8–24 per cent using the reanalysis data at Indian Astronomical Observatory-Hanle in comparison with the visual observations, while the estimated number of spectroscopic nights is 70–75 per cent per year and in good agreement with the visual observations. Among the astronomical sites, Paranal is found to be the best for astronomical observations, with 87 per cent spectroscopic nights per year. On the other hand, Hanle, Ali and Devasthal, located in the Himalayan region, exhibit an average of 68–78 per cent spectroscopic nights per year based on long-term reanalysis data, while Merak exhibits 61–68 per cent spectroscopic nights per year. Vertical profiles and global horizontal distributions for CF and related variable parameters are further compared among the sites. Global CF trends based on 41 years of reanalysis data show a decreasing tendency over most land regions and an increasing tendency over oceanic regions as well as over the Sahara desert, Middle East, and Indian subcontinent along the adjacent Tibetan Plateau. Such different CF trends between the ocean and land regions are thought to be the result of differential surface warming and water vapour changes associated with climate change.

Published
2021
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9. Silver linings in the dark clouds of COVID-19: Improvement of air quality over India and Delhi metropolitan area from measurements and WRF-CHIMERE model simulations

Author

Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, S. Verma, Umesh Chandra Dumka, Sarvan Kumar, and Sanhita Ghosh

Subjects
Pollution, Pollutant, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Metropolitan area, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Environmental science, Waste Management and Disposal, Air quality index, NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

The current study examines the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown (25th March until May 17, 2020) period in particulate matter (PM) concentrations and air pollutants (NOx, SO2, CO, NH3, and O3) at 63 stations located at Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana states within the Delhi-NCR, India. Large average reductions are recorded between the stations in each state such as PM10 (−46 to −58%), PM2.5 (−49 to −55%), NO2 (−27 to −58%), NO (−54% to −59%), CO (−4 to −44%), NH3 (−2 to −38%), while a slight increase is observed for O3 (+4 to +6%) during the lockdown period compared to same periods in previous years. Furthermore, PM and air pollutants are significantly reduced during lockdown compared to the respective period in previous years, while a significant increase in pollution levels is observed after the re-opening of economy. The meteorological changes were rather marginal between the examined periods in order to justify such large reductions in pollution levels, which are mostly attributed to traffic-related pollutants (NOx, CO and road-dust PM). The WRF-CHIMERE model simulations reveal a remarkable reduction in PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 levels over whole Indian subcontinent and mostly over urban areas, due to limitation in emissions from the traffic and industrial sectors. A PM2.5 reduction of −48% was simulated in Delhi in great consistency with measurements, rendering the model as a powerful tool for simulations of lower pollution levels during lockdown period.

Published
2021
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10. An overview of and issues with sky radiometer technology and SKYNET

Author

Vijay K. Soni, Masahiro Momoi, Boossarasiri Thana, Monica Campanelli, Akihiro Yamazaki, Nas Urt Tugjsurn, Natalia Kouremeti, Govindan Pandithurai, Sujung Go, Huizheng Che, Kazuma Aoki, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Hitoshi Irie, Sang Woo Kim, Makiko Hashimoto, Teruyuki Nakajima, Rei Kudo, Akiko Higurashi, Claire L. Ryder, Franco Marenco, Stelios Kazadzis, Pradeep Khatri, Akihiro Uchiyama, Victor Estellés, Dong Liu, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, and Jhoon Kim

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, photometry, media_common.quotation_subject, skynet network, SKYNET, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TA170-171, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Remote sensing, Aerosols, Radiometer, Dobson unit, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Diffuse sky radiation, Albedo, aerosol optical properties, Aerosol, AERONET, lcsh:Environmental engineering, sky radiometer, Atmosfera, Sky, Environmental science
Abstract

This paper is an overview of the progress in sky radiometer technology and the development of the network called SKYNET. It is found that the technology has produced useful on-site calibration methods, retrieval algorithms, and data analyses from sky radiometer observations of aerosol, cloud, water vapor, and ozone. A formula was proposed for estimating the accuracy of the sky radiometer calibration constant F0 using the improved Langley (IL) method, which was found to be a good approximation to observed monthly mean uncertainty in F0, around 0.5 % to 2.4 % at the Tokyo and Rome sites and smaller values of around 0.3 % to 0.5 % at the mountain sites at Mt. Saraswati and Davos. A new cross IL (XIL) method was also developed to correct an underestimation by the IL method in cases with large aerosol retrieval errors. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) in aerosol optical thickness (AOT) comparisons with other networks took values of less than 0.02 for λ≥500 nm and a larger value of about 0.03 for shorter wavelengths in city areas and smaller values of less than 0.01 in mountain comparisons. Accuracies of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution retrievals are affected by the propagation of errors in measurement, calibrations for direct solar and diffuse sky radiation, ground albedo, cloud screening, and the version of the analysis software called the Skyrad pack. SSA values from SKYNET were up to 0.07 larger than those from AERONET, and the major error sources were identified as an underestimation of solid viewing angle (SVA) and cloud contamination. Correction of these known error factors reduced the SSA difference to less than 0.03. Retrievals of other atmospheric constituents by the sky radiometer were also reviewed. Retrieval accuracies were found to be about 0.2 cm for precipitable water vapor amount and 13 DU (Dobson Unit) for column ozone amount. Retrieved cloud optical properties still showed large deviations from validation data, suggesting a need to study the causes of the differences. It is important that these recent studies on improvements presented in the present paper are introduced into the existing operational systems and future systems of the International SKYNET Data Center.

Published
2020
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11. Validation of estimated cloud fraction from MERRA-2 and AIRS data using ground based observation over IAO, Hanle

Author

Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Dorje Angchuk, Tushar P. Prabhu, Sonam Jorphail, G. C. Anupama, Aditya Narendra, and Bhuwan C. Bhatt

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Cloud fraction, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Continuous data, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, Sky, Homogeneous, Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Visual observation, Satellite, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract

We report for validation of cloud fraction estimated from high-resolution (hourly) data from MERRA-2 and AIRS instrument aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite during its ascending and descending orbits with hourly ground-based visual observation taken at Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle during 1997-2018. The study reveals 70% useful nights, equivalent to 254 spectroscopic nights in a year. A comparative study of cloud fraction was performed using homogeneous and continuous data spanning six years (2013-2018) from MERRA-2 and AIRS over IAO, Hanle and Merak sites in the Himalayan region, and several astronomical observatories located in Atacama desert in Chile, Canary islands in Spain, National Astronomical Observatory (NAO), Mexico, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii. The study reveals cloud fractions of 0.07-0.11 at 25% (1st Quartile) and 0.32-0.40 at 50% (median) at the Himalayan sites. On the other hand, the median cloud fractions are 0.06-0.13 at the Chilean sites, 0.16 at NAO, and 0.29 at Canary islands. The observed 25% of the cloud fraction at the Himalayan sites during the lowest three cloud-fractional months (October-December) are comparable with other sites located in Chile and Canary islands. The median cloud fraction at Hanle is slightly lower than Mauna Loa. The study further concluded that the percentage of useful nights obtained from the visual observation (70%) at IAO-Hanle is very close to the percentage of clear sky (68%) estimated from the MERRA-2 data.

Published
2020
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13. Knowledge about e-cigarettes and tobacco harm reduction among public health residents in europe

Author

Ferrara, P, Shantikumar, S, Verissimo, V, Ruiz-Montero, R, Masuet-Aumatell, C, Ramon-Torrell, J, Buckley, K, Costa, D, Prete, V, Ivankovic, D, Duarte Peixoto, V, Peremiquel-Trillas, P, Duque, M, Thomas, R, Vocanec, D, Ferrara P., Shantikumar S., Verissimo V. C., Ruiz-Montero R., Masuet-Aumatell C., Ramon-Torrell J. M., Buckley K., Costa D., Prete V. D., Ivankovic D., Duarte Peixoto V. R. F., Peremiquel-Trillas P., Duque M. P., Thomas R., Vocanec D., Ferrara, P, Shantikumar, S, Verissimo, V, Ruiz-Montero, R, Masuet-Aumatell, C, Ramon-Torrell, J, Buckley, K, Costa, D, Prete, V, Ivankovic, D, Duarte Peixoto, V, Peremiquel-Trillas, P, Duque, M, Thomas, R, Vocanec, D, Ferrara P., Shantikumar S., Verissimo V. C., Ruiz-Montero R., Masuet-Aumatell C., Ramon-Torrell J. M., Buckley K., Costa D., Prete V. D., Ivankovic D., Duarte Peixoto V. R. F., Peremiquel-Trillas P., Duque M. P., Thomas R., and Vocanec D.

Abstract

Introduction: Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and other tobacco-related products are becoming widely popular as alternatives to tobacco, little has been published on the knowledge of healthcare workers about their use. Thus, the aim of this study was to elicit the current knowledge and perceptions about e-cigarettes and tobacco harm reduction (THR) among medical residents in public health (MRPH). Material and Methods: A Europe-wide cross-sectional study was carried out amongst MRPH from the countries associated with the European Network of MRPH from April to October 2018 using an online questionnaire. Results: 256 MRPHs agreed to participate in the survey. Approximately half the participants were women (57.4%), with a median age of 30 years, and were mainly Italian (26.7%), Spanish (16.9%) and Portuguese (16.5%). Smoking prevalence was 12.9%. Overall, risk scores significantly differed for each investigated smoking product when compared with e-cigarettes; with tobacco cigarettes and snus perceived as more risky, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and non-NRT oral medications seen as less risky (p < 0.01 for all). Regarding the effects of nicotine on health, the vast majority of MRPHs associated nicotine with all smoking-related diseases. Knowledge of THR was low throughout the whole sample. Conclusions: European MRPH showed a suboptimal level of knowledge about e-cigarettes and THR. Training programs for public health and preventive medicine trainees should address this gap.

Published
2019

19. An overview and issues of the sky radiometer technology and SKYNET

Author

Franco Marenco, Vijay K. Soni, Monica Campanelli, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Teruyuki Nakajima, Jhoon Kim, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Stelios Kazadzis, Akiko Higurashi, Claire L. Ryder, Rei Kudo, Pradeep Khatri, Nas-Urt Tugjsurn, Hitoshi Irie, Natalia Kouremeti, Govindan Pandithurai, Masahiro Momoi, Dong Liu, Victor Estellés, Akihiro Uchiyama, Makiko Hashimoto, Huizheng Che, Kazuma Aoki, Sang Woo Kim, and Boossarasiri Thana

Subjects
Radiometer, business.industry, Sky, media_common.quotation_subject, SKYNET, Calibration, Environmental science, Cloud computing, business, Water vapor, Retrieval algorithm, Remote sensing, media_common
Abstract

This paper overviews the progress in the sky radiometer technology and development of the network called SKYNET. It is found that the technology has produced useful on-site calibration methods, retrieval algorithms, and data analyses from the sky radiometer observation of aerosol, cloud, water vapor and ozone. Increasing collaborations of users in the SKYNET community are becoming a useful platform for research and operation. The paper also presents issues of the technology for future development.

Published
2020

22. Impacts of Aerosol Loading in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Based on MERRA-2 Reanalysis Data

Author

Umesh Chandra Dumka, Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal, Rakesh K. Hooda, Suresh Tiwari, Alok Sagar Gautam, Sivasamy Kalamani Mugil, and Shantikumar S. Ningombam

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hindu kush, MathematicsofComputing_GENERAL, aerosol optical depth, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, Hindu Kush Himalayan, Aerosol, anthropogenic emission, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, climate change, Homogeneous, Meteorology. Climatology, Environmental science, QC851-999, ecosystems
Abstract

The impacts of climate change have severely affected geosphere, biosphere and cryosphere ecosystems in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The impact has been accelerating further during the last few decades due to rapid increase in anthropogenic activities such as modernization, industrialization and urbanization, along with energy demands. In view of this, the present work attempts to examine aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the HKH region using the long-term homogeneous MERRA-2 reanalysis data from January, 1980 to December, 2020. The AOD trends are examined statistically with student’s t-test (t). Due to a vast landmass, fragile topography and harsh climatic conditions, we categorized the HKH region into three sub-regions, namely, the northwestern and Karakoram (HKH1), the Central (HKH2) and the southeastern Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau (HKH3). Among the sub-regions, the significant enhancement of AOD is observed at several potential sites in the HKH2 region, namely, Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun by 55.75 × 10−4 ± 3.76 × 10−4, 53.15 × 10−4 ± 3.94 × 10−4, 51.53 × 10−4 ± 4.99 × 10−4 and 39.16 × 10−4 ± 4.08 × 10−4 AOD year−1 (550 nm), respectively, with correlation coefficients (Rs) of 0.86 to 0.93. However, at a sub-regional scale, HKH1, HKH2 and HKH3 exhibit 23.33 × 10−4 ± 2.28 × 10−4, 32.20 × 10−4 ± 2.58 × 10−4 and 9.48 × 10−4 ± 1.21 × 10−4 AOD year−1, respectively. The estimated trends are statistically significant (t &gt, 7.0) with R from 0.81 to 0.91. Seasonally, the present study also shows strong positive AOD trends at several potential sites located in the HKH2 region, such as Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun, with minimum 19.81 × 10−4 ± 3.38 × 10−4 to maximum 72.95 × 10−4 ± 4.89 × 10−4 AOD year−1 with statistical significance. In addition, there are also increasing AOD trends at all the high-altitude background sites in all seasons.

Published
2021
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26. An overview of and issues with sky radiometer technology and SKYNET

Author

Nakajima, Teruyuki, primary, Campanelli, Monica, additional, Che, Huizheng, additional, Estellés, Victor, additional, Irie, Hitoshi, additional, Kim, Sang-Woo, additional, Kim, Jhoon, additional, Liu, Dong, additional, Nishizawa, Tomoaki, additional, Pandithurai, Govindan, additional, Soni, Vijay Kumar, additional, Thana, Boossarasiri, additional, Tugjsurn, Nas-Urt, additional, Aoki, Kazuma, additional, Go, Sujung, additional, Hashimoto, Makiko, additional, Higurashi, Akiko, additional, Kazadzis, Stelios, additional, Khatri, Pradeep, additional, Kouremeti, Natalia, additional, Kudo, Rei, additional, Marenco, Franco, additional, Momoi, Masahiro, additional, Ningombam, Shantikumar S., additional, Ryder, Claire L., additional, Uchiyama, Akihiro, additional, and Yamazaki, Akihiro, additional

Published
2020
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28. Impact of Aerosol and Cloud on the Solar Energy Potential over the Central Gangetic Himalayan Region

Author

Panagiotis Kosmopoulos, Umesh Chandra Dumka, Akriti Masoom, and Shantikumar S. Ningombam

Subjects
Meteorology, business.industry, Science, aerosols, clouds, solar energy production, financial losses, central Gangetic Himalayan region, high altitude, aerosol optical depth, global horizontal irradiance, beam horizontal irradiance, Photovoltaic system, Solar energy, Solar irradiance, AERONET, Sun photometer, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Concentrated solar power, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, business
Abstract

We examine the impact of atmospheric aerosols and clouds on the surface solar radiation and solar energy at Nainital, a high-altitude remote location in the central Gangetic Himalayan region (CGHR). For this purpose, we exploited the synergy of remote-sensed data in terms of ground-based AERONET Sun Photometer and satellite observations from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), with radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations and 1 day forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Clouds and aerosols are one of the most common sources of solar irradiance attenuation and hence causing performance issues in the photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) plant installations. The outputs of RTM results presented with high accuracy under clear, cloudy sky and dust conditions for global horizontal (GHI) and beam horizontal irradiance (BHI). On an annual basis the total aerosol attenuation was found to be up to 105 kWh m−2 for the GHI and 266 kWh m−2 for BHI, respectively, while the cloud effect is much stronger with an attenuation of 245 and 271 kWh m−2 on GHI and BHI. The results of this study will support the Indian solar energy producers and electricity handling entities in order to quantify the energy and financial losses due to cloud and aerosol presence.

Published
2021
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29. Long-term (1995-2018) aerosol optical depth derived using ground based AERONET and SKYNET measurements from aerosol aged-background sites

Author

Victor Estellés, Monica Campanelli, Umesh Chandra Dumka, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, E. J. L. Larson, and Colwell Steve

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, SKYNET, Radiometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Aged-background, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Aerosol optical depth, Anthropogenic, Aerosol, AERONET, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Global distribution, Climatology, Environmental science, Satellite, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We examined long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) trends over 53 sites across the globe which comprise 49 sites from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and 4 sites from the Sky radiometer Network (SKYNET) during 1995–2018. Most of these sites are located in remote and isolated aged-background regions, and few are in urban/semi-urban sites having averaged AOD ∼0.1 at 500 nm. These selected sites have a global distribution including tropical, mid-latitudes, high-latitudes and Polar regions. Among them, there are 14 high-altitude stations (∼1028–5050 m amsl), including Himalayan and Polar regions. The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the AOD trends over the aged-background sites across the globe. We found that significant number of sites located in North-South America, Europe, Arctic and Australia have statistically significant and negative trends varied from −6.3x 10 − 3 to −1.0x 10 − 3 AOD year−1. The negative trends over these sites could be attributed to reduction in anthropogenic emission. Furthermore, there are mixed trends of positive as well as negative over Asian and southern oceanic regions including Antarctica. Some of the trends are weak and statistically non-significant, probably due to non-availability of long-term ground based data. However, the AOD trends over these regions show increasing tendency with statistically significant trends of 8.0x 10 − 4 to 4.7x 10 − 3 AOD year−1. The present study has also many important aspects on global and regional climate change at high-mountain and aged-background sites in particular, where the satellite based measurements are inaccurate and biased due to extremely low AOD.

Published
2019
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30. Optical and physical properties of aerosols during active fire events occurring in the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Implications for aerosol radiative forcing

Author

Hwan-Jin Song, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Umesh Chandra Dumka, and Atul Srivastava

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, AERONET, Aerosol, Atmosphere, Lidar, Brightness temperature, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Satellite, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The climatological characteristics of biomass burning over the western Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) are examined during the post-monsoon (October-November) season from 2001-2018 using the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) fire products. The intensity of the biomass burning are estimated from the fire pixels detected by the MODIS satellites in the form of fire counts, surface brightness temperature, and fire radiative power. Such biomass burning are mostly affected over Lahore and Patiala region of the western IGP. These fire products are examined along with optical and physical properties of aerosols and its radiative forcing estimated from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data. Due to non-availability of long-term aerosol data, the study was performed only at Lahore (AERONET) and Patiala (MODIS) of the western IGP region. The current study shows increasing trends of average brightness temperature by 16% year−1 over Patiala and 14% year−1 over Lahore, which enhances the aerosol optical depth (AOD) by 3%–7% year−1 over the study region. The sphericity of the fine-mode aerosols are rising from 23% to 61% during non-fire to fire events and the dominance of fine-mode aerosols are observed during the active fire events. Further, the absorptivity of AOD (at 440 nm) has enhanced from 0.07 to 0.14 during non-fire to fire events. Asymmetric parameter (AS) of fine-mode aerosol increases from 0.65 to 0.68 during non-fire to active fire events. The characteristics of elevated aerosol layers due to the active fire events are clearly distinguished from the non-fire events within 0-2 km above the surface as noticed from high aerosol extinction and attenuated back scatter coefficients, obtained from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Absorbing aerosols associated from biomass-burning contribute to the surface radiative forcing by -173.96 ± 47 W m−2 and atmospheric forcing by 123.57 ± 41 W m−2 over Lahore. The impact of the biomass-burning over Lahore has making the atmosphere more warming by 3.50 ± 1.14 K Day−1. The estimated heating rates (HR) in the atmosphere are rising during both fire and non-fire events by 3.79% and 3.44% per year, respectively.

Published
2020
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31. Effect of lower stratospheric temperature on total ozone column (TOC) during the ozone depletion and recovery phases

Author

Panditi Vemareddy, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, and Hwan-Jin Song

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Chlorofluorocarbon, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine, Northern Hemisphere, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ozone depletion, Latitude, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Linear regression, Environmental science, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Using the Solar Back-scatter Ultraviolet merged ozone data during 1980–2016, the recovery of total ozone column (TOC) is examined in 5° wide latitude bands from 65°S to 65°N across the globe. Since the variability of TOC is influenced by various natural and anthropogenic proxies, a multiple linear regression (MLR) is employed to remove the dynamic variability. Among the proxies, lower stratospheric temperature at ~100hPa plays a significant role in the dynamics of the TOC variability. The MLR model has significantly improved after including the lower stratospheric temperature along with other proxies and the standard deviation of the estimated TOC trend has significantly reduced about 35 to 43% in 50°N-65°N and 16 to 20% in 45°S-65°S after using the lower stratospheric temperature during both the depletion (1980–1996) and recovery (1997–2016) phases. Cooling of lower-middle stratospheric temperature are observed during the depletion phase with −0.09 °C to −0.02 °C year−1. However, during the recovery phase, the temperature at the lower stratosphere is warming. Due to weak signals, the estimated warming trends are not statistically significant. The TOC trends are examined by the increasing or decreasing emission of chlorofluorocarbon, indicated by Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) index. During the recovery phase, the EESC varies from 0.82±0.01 to 0.29±0.005 DU year−1 at 45–65°S using the lower stratospheric temperature. In the northern hemisphere, the recovery trends are weak and varied from 0.21±0.004 to 0.25±0.005 DU year−1 and these trends are statistically significant. This study suggests the importance of the lower stratospheric temperature to derive proper trends using the MLR model.

Published
2020
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33. Estimation of aerosol radiative forcing over an aged-background aerosol feature during advection and non-advection events using a ground-based data obtained from a Prede Skyradiometer observation

Author

Byung-Ju Sohn, S.P. Bagare, Hwan-Jin Song, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, and Pradeep Khatri

Subjects
Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Angstrom exponent, Radiometer, Lidar, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Single-scattering albedo, Advection, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, complex mixtures, Aerosol
Abstract

Estimation of aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) was performed using a radiative transfer model (Rstar6b) along with physical and optical parameters of aerosols obtained from sky radiometer observation over Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle, Ladakh, during 2008–2010 from dust, anthropogenic, and aged background observing conditions. ARF was estimated at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), in the atmosphere, and at the surface during the three observing conditions. During dust and anthropogenic events, average aerosol optical depth (AOD at 500 nm) went up to 0.24 from the aged background observing condition 0.04. Such enhancement of AOD is associated by the combination of desert-dust and anthropogenic aerosols transported from distant sources as noticed from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Such three types of aerosols are also identified from the observed properties of single scattering albedo (SSA), aerosol asymmetry (AS) parameter, and aerosol size distribution. The estimated ARFs at TOA, at the surface, and in atmosphere are − 3.73, − 6.82, and 3.40 Wm − 2 , respectively during the dust advection period. On the contrary, the respective ARFs during the aged background observing condition are − 1.50, − 2.22, and 0.70 Wm − 2 , respectively. A significant difference of spectral AOD is observed during dust, anthropogenic, and aged background observing conditions. Angstrom exponent (AE) decreases from 1.05 in the aged background observing condition to 0.40 in the dust event. A significant difference of coarse–fine mode volume distribution is also observed between the dust and the anthropogenic cases. Further, the study reveals high aerosols induced during the dust and the anthropogenic episodes caused warming at atmosphere and cooling at surface which collectively may affect the local atmospheric circulation.

Published
2015
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34. Aerosol radiative forcing over a high-altitude station Merak, in the trans-Himalayan region during advection of anthropogenic events from the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Author

Hwan-Jin Song, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, E. J. L. Larson, Byung-Ju Sohn, Atul Srivastava, and S.P. Bagare

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Angstrom exponent, Altitude, Advection, Aerosol radiative forcing, Climatology, Environmental science, respiratory system, Atmospheric forcing, Atmospheric sciences, complex mixtures, General Environmental Science, Aerosol
Abstract

Advection of anthropogenic aerosols from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and dust aerosols from distant deserts towards a high-altitude station Merak, in the trans-Himalayan region are reported during June eJuly 2011. In order to differentiate the advection event, aerosol optical properties were examined during aged background conditions at the site. During the aged background conditions, aerosol optical depth (AOD at 500 nm) and Angstrom exponent (a) at the station were ~0.06 and 1.36, respectively which were increased to 0.13 and 1.62, respectively during the advection event. Further, a strong signature of finemode aerosol volume size distribution, dominated by absorbing aerosols, was observed during the advection event. The average atmospheric forcing during the aged background condition was found to be 0.57 Wm

Published
2014
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35. Calibration of a Sky radiometer (Prede) using observations obtained from Hanle and Merak high-altitude stations in Ladakh

Author

Namgyal Dorjey, S.P. Bagare, Pradeep Khatri, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, Rajendra B. Singh, and Monica Campanelli

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Radiometer, Single-scattering albedo, media_common.quotation_subject, Irradiance, Single scattering albedo, Albedo, Aerosol optical depth, Wavelength, Sky, Calibration, Radiative transfer, Phase function, Environmental science, Sky radiometer, media_common, Remote sensing
Abstract

The present work was carried out to check the performance of a Prede Sky radiometer and the stability of the solar calibration constant (F0s) at two high altitude pristine stations, Hanle and Merak in Ladakh region during 2008 to 2012. Two procedures for F0s calculation were applied: one based on the normal Langley plot technique, the other based on a modified method that allows determining F0s from measurements of sky irradiance. The instrument measures sun/sky irradiance at five wavelengths in the visible and near infrared regions, and the data were processed using 4.2 version of the Skyrad.Pack software. The inputs of the software are solid view angles (SVA) at the five wavelengths and sky irradiances at different scattering angles normalized by the direct irradiances. Auxiliary sets of data such as surface albedo, atmospheric pressure, and total column ozone of the station are required to run the software. The software has two processing levels. In the first scheme, Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is retrieved along with single scattering albedo (SSA), phase function, and volume size distribution as the products of radiative transfer calculation. In the second scheme, AOD and the other parameters are calculated from Lambert-Beer law after estimating the F0s from the first scheme. On an average, the deviation of SVA during the last five year period was found to be stable with less than 1.0% from the SVA values set during installation. The estimated F0s from normal and improved Langley methods were quite agreed. The estimated F0s show temporal variation and the uncertainties of estimated F0s in the present study were within 2%. Further, uncertainties of AOD and SSA due to ±. 2% variation in the F0s were within 0.02 and 0.2, respectively. The estimated coefficients of variation (CV) of the determined F0s show a dependence on the observed AOD. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2014
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36. Characterization of aerosol optical properties over the high-altitude station Hanle, in the trans-Himalayan region

Author

Vijay P. Kanawade, Atul Srivastava, Shantikumar S. Ningombam, N. Sinha, E. J. L. Larson, S.P. Bagare, and Rajendra B. Singh

Subjects
Troposphere, Atmospheric Science, geography, Angstrom exponent, geography.geographical_feature_category, Climatology, Satellite data, Spring (hydrology), Mean value, Dominance (ecology), Environmental science, Effects of high altitude on humans, Aerosol
Abstract

Optical properties of aerosols over Hanle (4500 m amsl) in the western Himalayas were studied using skyradiometer observations during October 2007 to December 2010. Yearly mean value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm is 0.042 ± 0.002, which demonstrates the pristine environment of the station. Seasonal mean AODs at 500 nm during summer, autumn, winter, and spring are 0.044 ± 0.002, 0.031 ± 0.001, 0.031 ± 0.001, and 0.061 ± 0.002, respectively. The relatively high AOD during spring, associated with an elevated aerosol layer observed from space, supports the hypothesis of middle-upper tropospheric heating during pre-monsoon period. Seasonal mean values of Angstrom exponent (α) estimated from linear regression method varied from minimum 0.65 (spring) to maximum 1.02 (autumn). Dominance of coarse mode aerosols at the site is thus evident during spring. Analysis of AOD profiles obtained from satellite data and airmass back trajectories superimposed with fire-counts data indicated the presence of desert–dust at the altitudes of 5 to 7 km amsl during the episodes of high AOD and low α. These trajectories indicated airmasses mostly coming from different desert regions, e.g in north-west Asia and Iran in the Middle east. Further, arrival of airmasses from the densely populated and industrialized Punjab and Haryana regions from the north-west of India apparently explains the relative contribution of transported anthropogenic aerosols over the station.

Published
2014
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39. Microparticles: Induced Exosomes in Cardiovascular Pathology255Exosomes from human cardiac-resident progenitor cells are more cardioprotective than exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via a pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a-dependent mechanism256The human pericardial fluid is enriched with cardiovascular-expressed microRNAs and exosomes with therapeutic potential257Circulating microparticles of healthy origins protect against atherosclerotic vascular disease via microRNA transfer to endothelial progenitor cells

Author

Barile, L, primary, Beltrami, C, primary, Georgescu, A, primary, Cervio, E, additional, Lionetti, V, additional, Milano, G, additional, Ciullo, A, additional, Altomare, C, additional, Torre, T, additional, Demertzis, S, additional, Moccetti, T, additional, Mauri, P, additional, Vassalli, G, additional, Shantikumar, S, additional, Laftha, A, additional, Besnier, M, additional, Rajakaruna, C, additional, Shearn, A, additional, Angelini, GD, additional, Emanueli, C, additional, Alexandru, N, additional, Andrei, E, additional, Dragan, E, additional, Safciuc, F, additional, Daraban, AM, additional, and Badila, E, additional

Published
2016
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48. Poster session 2

Author

Perez-Pomares, J. M., primary, Ruiz-Villalba, A., additional, Ziogas, A., additional, Segovia, J. C., additional, Ehrbar, M., additional, Munoz-Chapuli, R., additional, De La Rosa, A., additional, Dominguez, J. N., additional, Hove-Madsen, L., additional, Sankova, B., additional, Sedmera, D., additional, Franco, D., additional, Aranega Jimenez, A., additional, Babaeva, G., additional, Chizh, N., additional, Galchenko, S., additional, Sandomirsky, B., additional, Schwarzl, M., additional, Seiler, S., additional, Steendijk, P., additional, Huber, S., additional, Maechler, H., additional, Truschnig-Wilders, M., additional, Pieske, B., additional, Post, H., additional, Simrick, S., additional, Kreutzer, R., additional, Rao, C., additional, Terracciano, C. M., additional, Kirchhof, P., additional, Fabritz, L., additional, Brand, T., additional, Theveniau-Ruissy, M., additional, Parisot, P., additional, Francou, A., additional, Saint-Michel, E., additional, Mesbah, K., additional, Kelly, R. G., additional, Wu, H.-T., additional, Sie, S.-S., additional, Chen, C.-Y., additional, Kuan, T.-C., additional, Lin, C. S., additional, Ismailoglu, Z., additional, Guven, M., additional, Yakici, A., additional, Ata, Y., additional, Ozcan, S., additional, Yildirim, E., additional, Ongen, Z., additional, Miroshnikova, V., additional, Demina, E., additional, Rodygina, T., additional, Kurjanov, P., additional, Denisenko, A., additional, Schwarzman, A., additional, Rubanenko, A., additional, Shchukin, Y., additional, Germanov, A., additional, Goldbergova, M., additional, Parenica, J., additional, Lipkova, J., additional, Pavek, N., additional, Kala, P., additional, Poloczek, M., additional, Vasku, A., additional, Parenicova, I., additional, Spinar, J., additional, Gambacciani, C., additional, Chiavacci, E., additional, Evangelista, M., additional, Vesentini, N., additional, Kusmic, C., additional, Pitto, L., additional, Chernova, A., additional, Nikulina, S. U. Y., additional, Arvanitis, D. A., additional, Mourouzis, I., additional, Pantos, C., additional, Kranias, E. G., additional, Cokkinos, D. V., additional, Sanoudou, D., additional, Vladimirskaya, T. E., additional, Shved, I. A., additional, Kryvorot, S. G., additional, Schirmer, I. M., additional, Appukuttan, A., additional, Pott, L., additional, Jaquet, K., additional, Ladilov, Y., additional, Archer, C. R., additional, Bootman, M. D., additional, Roderick, H. L., additional, Fusco, A., additional, Sorriento, D., additional, Santulli, G., additional, Trimarco, B., additional, Iaccarino, G., additional, Hagenmueller, M., additional, Riffel, J., additional, Bernhold, E., additional, Katus, H. A., additional, Hardt, S. E., additional, Maqsood, A., additional, Zi, M., additional, Prehar, S., additional, Neyses, L., additional, Ray, S., additional, Oceandy, D., additional, Khatami, N., additional, Wadowski, P., additional, Wagh, V., additional, Hescheler, J., additional, Sachinidis, A., additional, Mohl, W., additional, Chaudhry, B., additional, Burns, D., additional, Henderson, D. J., additional, Bax, N. A. M., additional, Van Marion, M. H., additional, Shah, B., additional, Goumans, M. J., additional, Bouten, C. V. C., additional, Van Der Schaft, D. W. J., additional, Van Oorschot, A. A. M., additional, Maas, S., additional, Braun, J., additional, Van Tuyn, J., additional, De Vries, A. A. F., additional, Gittenberger-De Groot, A. C., additional, Bageghni, S., additional, Drinkhill, M. J., additional, Batten, T. F. C., additional, Ainscough, J. F. X., additional, Onate, B., additional, Vilahur, G., additional, Ferrer-Lorente, R., additional, Ybarra, J., additional, Diez-Caballero, A., additional, Ballesta-Lopez, C., additional, Moscatiello, F., additional, Herrero, J., additional, Badimon, L., additional, Martin-Rendon, E., additional, Clifford, D. M., additional, Fisher, S. A., additional, Brusnkill, S. J., additional, Doree, C., additional, Mathur, A., additional, Clarke, M., additional, Watt, S. M., additional, Hernandez-Vera, R., additional, Kavanagh, D., additional, Yemm, A. I., additional, Frampton, J., additional, Kalia, N., additional, Terajima, Y., additional, Shimizu, T., additional, Tsuruyama, S., additional, Ishii, H., additional, Sekine, H., additional, Hagiwara, N., additional, Okano, T., additional, Vrijsen, K. R., additional, Chamuleau, S. A. J., additional, Sluijter, J. P. G., additional, Doevendans, P. F. M., additional, Madonna, R., additional, Delli Pizzi, S., additional, Di Donato, L., additional, Mariotti, A., additional, Di Carlo, L., additional, D'ugo, E., additional, Teberino, M. A., additional, Merla, A., additional, T, A., additional, De Caterina, R., additional, Kolker, L., additional, Ali, N. N., additional, Maclellan, K., additional, Moore, M., additional, Wheeler, J., additional, Harding, S. E., additional, Fleck, R. A., additional, Rowlinson, J. M., additional, Kraenkel, N., additional, Ascione, R., additional, Madeddu, P., additional, O'sullivan, J. F., additional, Leblond, A. L., additional, Kelly, G., additional, Kumar, A. H. S., additional, Metharom, P., additional, Buneker, C. K., additional, Alizadeh-Vikali, N., additional, Hynes, B. G., additional, O'connor, R., additional, Caplice, N. M., additional, Noseda, M., additional, De Smith, A. J., additional, Leja, T., additional, Rao, P. H., additional, Al-Beidh, F., additional, Abreu Pavia, M. S., additional, Blakemore, A. I., additional, Schneider, M. D., additional, Stathopoulou, K., additional, Cuello, F., additional, Ehler, E., additional, Haworth, R. S., additional, Avkiran, M., additional, Morawietz, H., additional, Eickholt, C., additional, Langbein, H., additional, Brux, M., additional, Goettsch, C., additional, Goettsch, W., additional, Arsov, A., additional, Brunssen, C., additional, Mazilu, L., additional, Parepa, I. R., additional, Suceveanu, A. I., additional, Suceveanu, A. P., additional, De Man, F. S., additional, Guignabert, C., additional, Tu, L., additional, Handoko, M. L., additional, Schalij, I., additional, Fadel, E., additional, Postmus, P. E., additional, Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., additional, Humbert, M., additional, Eddahibi, S., additional, Del Giudice, C., additional, Anastasio, A., additional, Fazal, L., additional, Azibani, F., additional, Bihry, N., additional, Merval, R., additional, Polidano, E., additional, Samuel, J.-L., additional, Delcayre, C., additional, Zhang, Y., additional, Mi, Y. M., additional, Ren, L. L., additional, Cheng, Y. P., additional, Guo, R., additional, Liu, Y., additional, Jiang, Y. N., additional, Kokkinos, A. D., additional, Tretjakovs, P., additional, Jurka, A., additional, Bormane, I., additional, Mikelsone, I., additional, Reihmane, D., additional, Elksne, K., additional, Krievina, G., additional, Verbovenko, J., additional, Bahs, G., additional, Lopez-Andres, N., additional, Rousseau, A., additional, Calvier, L., additional, Akhtar, R., additional, Labat, C., additional, Cruickshank, K., additional, Diez, J., additional, Zannad, F., additional, Lacolley, P., additional, Rossignol, P., additional, Hamesch, K., additional, Subramanian, P., additional, Li, X., additional, Thiemann, A., additional, Heyll, K., additional, Dembowsky, K., additional, Chevalier, E., additional, Weber, C., additional, Schober, A., additional, Yang, L., additional, Kim, G., additional, Gardner, B., additional, Earley, J., additional, Hofmann-Bowman, M., additional, Cheng, C.-F., additional, Lian, W.-S., additional, Lin, H., additional, Jinjolia, N. J., additional, Abuladze, G. A., additional, Tvalchrelidze, S. H. T., additional, Khamnagadaev, I., additional, Shkolnikova, M., additional, Kokov, L., additional, Miklashevich, I., additional, Drozdov, I., additional, Ilyich, I., additional, Bingen, B. O., additional, Askar, S. F. A., additional, Ypey, D. L., additional, Van Der Laarse, A., additional, Schalij, M. J., additional, Pijnappels, D. A., additional, Roney, C. H., additional, Ng, F. S., additional, Chowdhury, R. A., additional, Chang, E. T. Y., additional, Patel, P. M., additional, Lyon, A. R., additional, Siggers, J. H., additional, Peters, N. S., additional, Obergrussberger, A., additional, Stoelzle, S., additional, Bruggemann, A., additional, Haarmann, C., additional, George, M., additional, Fertig, N., additional, Moreira, D., additional, Souza, A., additional, Valente, P., additional, Kornej, J., additional, Reihardt, C., additional, Kosiuk, J., additional, Arya, A., additional, Hindricks, G., additional, Adams, V., additional, Husser, D., additional, Bollmann, A., additional, Camelliti, P., additional, Dudhia, J., additional, Dias, P., additional, Cartledge, J., additional, Connolly, D. J., additional, Nobles, M., additional, Sebastian, S., additional, Tinker, A., additional, Opel, A., additional, Daimi, H., additional, Haj Khelil, A., additional, Be Chibani, J., additional, Barana, A., additional, Amoros, I., additional, Gonzalez De La Fuente, M., additional, Caballero, R., additional, Aranega, A., additional, Kelly, A., additional, Bernus, O., additional, Kemi, O. J., additional, Myles, R. C., additional, Ghouri, I. A., additional, Burton, F. L., additional, Smith, G. L., additional, Del Lungo, M., additional, Sartiani, L., additional, Spinelli, V., additional, Baruscotti, M., additional, Difrancesco, D., additional, Mugelli, A., additional, Cerbai, E., additional, Thomas, A. M., additional, Aziz, Q., additional, Khambra, T., additional, Addlestone, J. M. A., additional, Cartwright, E. J., additional, Wilkinson, R., additional, Song, W., additional, Marston, S., additional, Jacquet, A., additional, Mougenot, N. M., additional, Lipskaia, A. J., additional, Paalberends, E. R., additional, Stam, K., additional, Van Dijk, S. J., additional, Van Slegtenhorst, M., additional, Dos Remedios, C., additional, Ten Cate, F. J., additional, Michels, M., additional, Niessen, H. W. M., additional, Stienen, G. J. M., additional, Van Der Velden, J., additional, Read, M. I., additional, Andreianova, A. A., additional, Harrison, J. C., additional, Goulton, C. S., additional, Kerr, D. S., additional, Sammut, I. A., additional, Wallner, M., additional, Von Lewinski, D., additional, Kindsvater, D., additional, Saes, M., additional, Morano, I., additional, Muegge, A., additional, Buyandelger, B., additional, Kostin, S., additional, Gunkel, S., additional, Vouffo, J., additional, Ng, K., additional, Chen, J., additional, Eilers, M., additional, Isaacson, R., additional, Milting, H., additional, Knoell, R., additional, Cattin, M.-E., additional, Crocini, C., additional, Schlossarek, S., additional, Maron, S., additional, Hansen, A., additional, Eschenhagen, T., additional, Carrier, L., additional, Bonne, G., additional, Coppini, R., additional, Ferrantini, C., additional, Olivotto, I., additional, Belardinelli, L., additional, Poggesi, C., additional, Leung, M. C., additional, Messer, A. E., additional, Copeland, O., additional, Marston, S. B., additional, Mills, A. M., additional, Collins, T., additional, O'gara, P., additional, Thum, T., additional, Regalla, K., additional, Macleod, K. T., additional, Prodromakis, T., additional, Chaudhry, U., additional, Darzi, A., additional, Yacoub, M. H., additional, Athanasiou, T., additional, Bogdanova, A., additional, Makhro, A., additional, Hoydal, M., additional, Stolen, T. O., additional, Johnssen, A. B., additional, Alves, M., additional, Catalucci, D., additional, Condorelli, G., additional, Koch, L. G., additional, Britton, S. L., additional, Wisloff, U., additional, Bito, V., additional, Claus, P., additional, Vermeulen, K., additional, Huysmans, C., additional, Ventura-Clapier, R., additional, Sipido, K. R., additional, Seliuk, M. N., additional, Burlaka, A. P., additional, Sidorik, E. P., additional, Khaitovych, N. V., additional, Kozachok, M. M., additional, Potaskalova, V. S., additional, Driesen, R. B., additional, Galan, D. T., additional, De Paulis, D., additional, Arnoux, T., additional, Schaller, S., additional, Pruss, R. M., additional, Poitz, D. M., additional, Augstein, A., additional, Braun-Dullaeus, R. C., additional, Schmeisser, A., additional, Strasser, R. H., additional, Micova, P., additional, Balkova, P., additional, Hlavackova, M., additional, Zurmanova, J., additional, Kasparova, D., additional, Kolar, F., additional, Neckar, J., additional, Novak, F., additional, Novakova, O., additional, Pollard, S., additional, Babba, M., additional, Hussain, A., additional, James, R., additional, Maddock, H., additional, Alshehri, A. S., additional, Baxter, G. F., additional, Dietel, B., additional, Altendorf, R., additional, Daniel, W. G., additional, Kollmar, R., additional, Garlichs, C. D., additional, Sirohi, R., additional, Roberts, N., additional, Lawrence, D., additional, Sheikh, A., additional, Kolvekar, S., additional, Yap, J., additional, Arend, M., additional, Walkinshaw, G., additional, Hausenloy, D. J., additional, Yellon, D. M., additional, Posa, A., additional, Szabo, R., additional, Szalai, Z., additional, Szablics, P., additional, Berko, M. A., additional, Orban, K., additional, Murlasits, Z. S., additional, Balogh, L., additional, Varga, C., additional, Ku, H. C., additional, Su, M. J., additional, Chreih, R.-M., additional, Ginghina, C., additional, Deleanu, D., additional, Ferreira, A. L. B. J., additional, Belal, A., additional, Ali, M. A., additional, Fan, X., additional, Holt, A., additional, Campbell, R., additional, Schulz, R., additional, Bonanad, C., additional, Bodi, V., additional, Sanchis, J., additional, Morales, J. M., additional, Marrachelli, V., additional, Nunez, J., additional, Forteza, M. J., additional, Chaustre, F., additional, Gomez, C., additional, Chorro, F. J., additional, Csont, T., additional, Fekete, V., additional, Murlasits, Z., additional, Aypar, E., additional, Bencsik, P., additional, Sarkozy, M., additional, Varga, Z. V., additional, Ferdinandy, P., additional, Duerr, G. D., additional, Zoerlein, M., additional, Dewald, D., additional, Mesenholl, B., additional, Schneider, P., additional, Ghanem, A., additional, Rittling, S., additional, Welz, A., additional, Dewald, O., additional, Becker, E., additional, Peigney, C., additional, Bouleti, C., additional, Galaup, A., additional, Monnot, C., additional, Ghaleh, B., additional, Germain, S., additional, Timmermans, A., additional, Ginion, A., additional, De Meester, C., additional, Sakamoto, K., additional, Vanoverschelde, J.-L., additional, Horman, S., additional, Beauloye, C., additional, Bertrand, L., additional, Maroz-Vadalazhskaya, N., additional, Drozd, E., additional, Kukharenko, L., additional, Russkich, I., additional, Krachak, D., additional, Seljun, Y., additional, Ostrovski, Y., additional, Martin, A.-C., additional, Le Bonniec, B., additional, Lecompte, T., additional, Dizier, B., additional, Emmerich, J., additional, Fischer, A.-M., additional, Samama, C.-M., additional, Godier, A., additional, Mogensen, S., additional, Furchtbauer, E. M., additional, Aalkjaer, C., additional, Choong, W. L., additional, Jovanovic, A., additional, Khan, F., additional, Daniel, J. M., additional, Dutzmann, J. M., additional, Widmer-Teske, R., additional, Guenduez, D., additional, Sedding, D., additional, Castro, M. M., additional, Cena, J. J. C., additional, Cho, W. J. C., additional, Goobie, G. G., additional, Walsh, M. P. W., additional, Schulz, R. S., additional, Dutzmann, J., additional, Preissner, K. T., additional, Sones, W., additional, Kotlikoff, M., additional, Serizawa, K., additional, Yogo, K., additional, Aizawa, K., additional, Hirata, M., additional, Tashiro, Y., additional, Ishizuka, N., additional, Varela, A., additional, Katsiboulas, M., additional, Tousoulis, D., additional, Papaioannou, T. G., additional, Vaina, S., additional, Davos, C. H., additional, Piperi, C., additional, Stefanadis, C., additional, Basdra, E. K., additional, Papavassiliou, A. 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G., additional, Zhou, W., additional, Suntharalingam, K., additional, Brand, N., additional, Vilar Compte, R., additional, Ying, L., additional, Bicknell, K., additional, Dannoura, A., additional, Dash, P., additional, Brooks, G., additional, Tsimafeyeu, I., additional, Tishova, Y., additional, Wynn, N., additional, Oyeyipo, I. P., additional, Olatunji, L. A., additional, Maegdefessel, L., additional, Azuma, J., additional, Toh, R., additional, Raaz, U., additional, Merk, D. R., additional, Deng, A., additional, Spin, J. M., additional, Tsao, P. S., additional, Tedeschi, L., additional, Taranta, M., additional, Naldi, I., additional, Grimaldi, S., additional, Cinti, C., additional, Bousquenaud, M., additional, Maskali, F., additional, Poussier, S., additional, Marie, P. Y., additional, Boutley, H., additional, Karcher, G., additional, Wagner, D. 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F., additional, Villar, A. V., additional, Perez-Moreno, A., additional, Gilabert, R., additional, and Ros, E., additional

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2012
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