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Soybean pods are located at the nodes, where they are in the shadow, whereas cowpea pods are located outside of the leaves and are exposed to sunlight. To compare the effects of light quality on pod growth in soybean and cowpea, we measured the length of pods treated with white, blue, red or far-red light. In both species, pods elongated faster during the dark period than during the light period in all light treatments except red light treatment in cowpea. Red light significantly suppressed pod elongation in soybean during the dark and light periods. On the other hand, the elongation of cowpea pods treated with red light markedly promoted during the light period. These results suggested that the difference in the pod set sites between soybean and cowpea might account for the difference in their red light responses for pod growth.

The reaction of the hydroxy radical with thymidine and poly-hydroxy benzenes; i.e., catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, and pyrogallol, was studied by ESR spin trapping combined with the UV-A photolysis of hydrogen peroxide. The obtained relative reaction rates reasonably agreed with those previously obtained by pulse radiolysis. Electron distribution in the HOMO obtained by DFT calculations also supports the resulting order of reactivity of the polyphenols.

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) as a screening method is very simple and rapid to detect irradiated foods but various disadvantages (light induced fading of PSL signal or response to clean foods with minerals insensitive to PSL measurement). In this study the characteristics of radiation induced PSL for 10 kinds of pulses (Chinese Soybean and Adzuki bean, Pinto bean, Cowpea, Green gram, Canadian Blue pea and Soybean, American Black-eyed pea and Chickpea, Red Kidney Bean) were investigated. The screening-PSL (s-PSL) cumulate counts of pulses significantly increased with irradiation dose up to 3kGy. The s-PSL cumulate counts of irradiated pulses gradually decreased with increasing storage periods. The s-PSL cumulate counts of all pulse samples irradiated at a minimum dose of 0.5kGy exceeded considerably the upper screening threshold (5000 counts) regardless of storage period. Calibrated PSL (Cal-PSL) were obtained by re-irradiating the pulse samples with a gamma ray dose of 1kGy and the PSL ratios (s-PSL/Cal-PSL) were calculated for normalization of sensitivity of the pulse samples. The PSL ratio at each irradiation dose was almost similar regardless of kind of pulses.

The temperature dependences of the formation of negative ions from C 6 F 6− x Cl x , CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x , and NC 5 F 5− x Cl x ( x =1,2) were studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Cl − and the parent negative ion were produced. The ( M −Cl) − (M: parent molecule) was also observed for CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x and NC 5 F 5− x Cl x . The temperature dependence of the relative intensity, ( M −Cl) − /Cl − , suggested that the electron affinity of the fragment radicals decreases in the order, CF 3 C 6 F 4 >C 5 F 4 N>C 6 F 5 . On the other hand, the relative intensity, Cl − / M − , suggested that the electron affinity of the parent molecules decreases in the order, CF 3 C 6 F 5− x Cl x ⪢NC 5 F 5− x Cl x >C 6 F 6− x Cl x . Geometries of the parent anions were also calculated using with B3LYP/6-31+G method. The parent anions have an out-of-plane deformed structure and the extent of the deformation corresponds to that of the electron affinity for the parent molecule.

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from chlorinated phenols was studied. For all compounds, Cl− was produced and the intensity of the chloride ion increased with the increasing number of Cl atoms present in the molecule. For some of them, (M−HCl)−, (M−H)−, and M− (M: parent molecule) were also observed. The intensities of the fragment ions such as Cl− and (M−HCl)−, increased with the increasing temperature, though that of the parent anion decreased. There may be two mechanisms to produce (M−HCl)−. One is the HCl elimination of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom and the ortho-Cl atom. The other is the HCl elimination followed by the migration of the hydroxylic hydrogen atom to the ortho position for the 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenols. The branching ratio of [(M−HCl)−]/[Cl−] depends on the length of the HCl bond of the intermediate for the former mechanism.

The temperature dependence for the formation of negative ions from Cl2BrC-CBrCl2, FClBrC-CBrF2, and ClBr2C-CF3 was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Halide ions and halogen molecular anions were observed. The intensity ratios between the halide ions and halogen molecular anions were almost equal to F2BrC-CBrF2. Halogen molecular anions are produced from halogen atoms presented by each C atom: the four-center elimination. The temperature dependence of the ion intensity ratios, Br-/Cl- and Br2-/BrCl-, suggests that the strength of the bonding energy of the C-Cl relative to C-Br increases in the order of Cl2BrC-CBrCl2

This study was conducted to evaluate HbA1c and GA as clinical markers for glycemic variability under normal daily living conditions, not in a hospital setting, in patients with type 1 diabetes by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Twenty-one outpatients with type 1 diabetes (age 47.2 ± 16.6 years, with a mean duration of diabetes of 11.1 ± 7.0 years) underwent up to 72 h of the CGM. We analyzed the correlation between ten parameters [mean glucose, area under the curve (AUC) at 180/70 mg/dl, %High/Low, SD, J-index, %CV, high blood glucose index (HBGI)/low blood glucose index (LBGI), M-value, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and mean of daily differences (MODD)] and the levels of glycemic markers (HbA1c, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio). The average levels of HbA1c, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio were 7.9 ± 0.9 %, 25.6 ± 4.4 % and 3.4 ± 0.5, respectively. The Pearson univariate correlation analysis showed that both the levels of HbA1c and GA, but not the GA/HbA1c ratio, were closely related to the CGM-measured mean glucose, AUC at 180, %High, HBGI and the M value. The GA levels also positively correlated with the SD (R = 0.46, P = 0.035), J-index (R = 0.67, P = 3.5 × 10−3) and MAGE (R = 0.45, P = 0.042), while the HbA1c levels did not. In addition, the GA/HbA1c ratio correlated significantly with the glycemic variability, SD (R = 0.58, P = 5.7 × 10−3), J-index (R = 0.45, P = 0.039), M-value (R = 0.46, P = 0.035) and MAGE (R = 0.60, P = 4.3 × 10−3). In conclusion, GA and the GA/HbA1c ratio could therefore be useful clinical markers for the blood glucose level and glycemic variability in patients with type 1 diabetes.

application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, Furi, mimic gestures in theatricals, are based on daily movements. In this study, daily movements and mimic gestures of the movement of hands and arms were compared. Subjects were 10 adult females and 30 infants. This test involved four experimental gestures: (1) the pot is empty; (2) the pot is half full of water; (3) the pot is full of water; (4) the pot is covered, and the subject does not know how much water it contained. Each experiment had three phases: (1) transport empty (reaching), (2) grasping, and (3) transport loaded (pulling back). The results were as follows. For daily movements, when there was an increase in the volume of water, the time required was longer, especially in the second phase. When subjects could not estimate the volume of water, the time required in the first phase was longer. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the area covered by hand movements was smaller, and the hand tended to move in a straight line. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the trunk of the body rotated around the longitudinal axis. The proximal parts of the body tended to be fixed. Movements of the distal parts of the body were smaller in the real action than in the mimic action. For mimic gestures, when there was an increase in the volume of water, the time required was longer in the third phase. The area covered by movement of the hand and elbow was larger, and the hand tended to move in a curved line. The proximal parts of the body moved with the distal parts. When there was an increase in the volume of water, the trunk of the body leaned anteriorly. As for infants under 4 years, there is no significant differences the time and spaces of upper limb movements effected with object they estimate. The results indicated that the time required was in proportion to the volume of water in both mimic gestures and daily movements. However, in daily movements the time required in the second phase is larger, while in mimic gestures that in the third phase is larger. The area covered by hand movements is even larger. In mimic gestures of theatricals these characteristics were clearly seen. It can be said that actors "overact" or omit some of the daily movements, according to the dramatic requirements of the scenes.

The decay rates of ground-state atomic nitrogen in the presence of C2H4(ethene), Δ1,3-C4H6(1,3-butadiene), and C2H2(ethyne) were measured by using a pulse radiolysis-resonance absorption technique. It was found that the decay rates decrease drastically upon the addition of a small amount of I2, an efficient radical scavenger. This suggests that the decay of N(4S) in the absence of I2 is due to the reactions between the N(4S) and the free radicals. The rate constants for the reactions of N(4S)+C2H4, Δ1,3-C4H6, and C2H2 were estimated to be much less than 103 m3 mol−1 s−1. The rate constant for the N+I2→NI+I reaction was measured to be 2.4×104 m3 mol−1 s−1.

The temperature dependence of the rate constants for the reactions of ground-state atomic nitrogen with halogens were measured by means of a pulse radiolysis-resonance absorption technique. The rate constants for iodine and bromine were well expressed by the following Arrhenius expressions below 410 K: k(N+I2)=1.1×106 exp(−1170/T); k(N+Br2)=1.1×105 exp(−1490/T), in units of m3 mol−1 s−1. The rate constant for the reaction with chlorine was found to be 1.1×103 m3 mol−1 s−1 at 411 K. Below this temperature, the rate constants for N+Cl2 were too small to be measured. The preexponential factors for the I2 and Br2 reactions were found to be much smaller than the semiempirically calculated ones. These small preexponential factors suggest that the reactions between N(4S) and halogens proceed via nonadiabatic routes.