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1. Should workers be physically active after work? Associations of leisure-time physical activity with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality across occupational physical activity levels—An individual participant data meta-analysis

Author

Cillekens, Bart, Coenen, Pieter, Huysmans, Maaike A., Holtermann, Andreas, Troiano, Richard P., Mork, Paul Jarle, Krokstad, Steinar, Clays, Els, De Bacquer, Dirk, Aadahl, Mette, Kårhus, Line Lund, Sjøl, Anette, Bo Andersen, Lars, Kauhanen, Jussi, Voutilainen, Ari, Pulsford, Richard, Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Goldbourt, Uri, Peters, Annette, Thorand, Barbara, Rosengren, Annika, Björck, Lena, Sprow, Kyle, Franzon, Kristin, Rodriguez-Barranco, Miguel, Luján-Barroso, Leila, Alfredsson, Lars, Bahls, Martin, Ittermann, Till, Wanner, Miriam, Bopp, Matthias, Marott, Jacob Louis, Schnohr, Peter, Nordestgaarda, Børge G., Dalene, Knut Eirik, Ekelund, Ulf, Clausen, Johan, Jensen, Magnus T., Petersen, Christina Bjørk, Krause, Niklas, Twisk, Jos, van Mechelen, Willem, and van der Beek, Allard J.

Published
2024
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5. Sedentary work and risk of venous thromboembolism

Author

Johannesen, Camilla Ditlev Lindhardt, Flachs, Esben Meulengracht, Ebbehøj, Niels E, Marott, Jacob Louis, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Schnohr, Peter, and Bonde, Jens Peter E

Published
2020

6. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022:a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author

Phelps, Nowell H., Singleton, Rosie K., Zhou, Bin, Heap, Rachel A., Mishra, Anu, Bennett, James E., Paciorek, Christopher J., Lhoste, Victor PF, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Stevens, Gretchen A., Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Baker, Jennifer L., Aarestrup, Julie, Afzal, Shoaib, Allin, Kristine, Andersen, Lars Bo, Ängquist, Lars, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bojesen, Stig E., Christensen, Kaare, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dantoft, Thomas M., Eriksen, Louise, Giwercman, Aleksander, Halkjær, Jytte, Jørgensen, Torben, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Liu, Jing, Liu, Liping, Madsen, Anja L., Michaelsen, Kim F., Møllehave, Line T., Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Osler, Merete, Overvad, Kim, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schramm, Stine, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolstrup, Janne S., Wang, Qian, Wang, Ying Wei, Yang, Yang, Phelps, Nowell H., Singleton, Rosie K., Zhou, Bin, Heap, Rachel A., Mishra, Anu, Bennett, James E., Paciorek, Christopher J., Lhoste, Victor PF, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Stevens, Gretchen A., Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Baker, Jennifer L., Aarestrup, Julie, Afzal, Shoaib, Allin, Kristine, Andersen, Lars Bo, Ängquist, Lars, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bojesen, Stig E., Christensen, Kaare, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dantoft, Thomas M., Eriksen, Louise, Giwercman, Aleksander, Halkjær, Jytte, Jørgensen, Torben, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Liu, Jing, Liu, Liping, Madsen, Anja L., Michaelsen, Kim F., Møllehave, Line T., Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Osler, Merete, Overvad, Kim, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schramm, Stine, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolstrup, Janne S., Wang, Qian, Wang, Ying Wei, and Yang, Yang

Abstract

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and a

Published
2024

7. Aortic Root Dimension Using Transthoracic Echocardiography:Results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Pedersen, Maria W., Duch, Kirsten, Lindgren, Filip L., Lundgren, Nils L.O., Tayal, Bhupendar, Hagendorff, Andreas, Jensen, Gorm B., Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Høst, Nis, Kragholm, Kristian, Andersen, Niels H., Søgaard, Peter, Pedersen, Maria W., Duch, Kirsten, Lindgren, Filip L., Lundgren, Nils L.O., Tayal, Bhupendar, Hagendorff, Andreas, Jensen, Gorm B., Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Høst, Nis, Kragholm, Kristian, Andersen, Niels H., and Søgaard, Peter

Abstract

Findings regarding the relation between aortic size and risk factors are heterogeneous. This study aimed to generate new insights from a population-based adult cohort on aortic root dimensions and their association with age, anthropometric measures, and cardiac risk factors and evaluate the incidence of acute aortic events. Participants from the fifth examination round of the Copenhagen City Heart study (aged 20 to 98 years) with applicable echocardiograms and no history of aortic disease or valve surgery were included. Aorta diameter was assessed at the annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and the tubular part of the ascending aorta. The study population comprised 1,796 men and 2,316 women; mean age: 56.4 ± 17.0 and 56.9 ± 18.1 years, respectively. Men had larger aortic root diameters than women regardless of height indexing (p <0.01). Age, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and smoking were positively correlated with aortic sinus diameter in the crude and gender-adjusted analyses. However, after full adjustment, only height, weight, and diastolic blood pressure remained significantly positively correlated with aortic sinus diameter (p <0.001). For systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, the correlation was inverse (p <0.001). During follow-up (median 5.4 [quartile 1 to quartile 3 4.5 to 6.3] years), the incidence rate of first-time acute aortic events was 13.6 (confidence interval 4.4 to 42.2) per 100,000 person-years. In conclusion, beyond anthropometric measures, age, and gender, diastolic blood pressure was the only cardiac risk factor that was independently correlated with aortic root dimensions. The number of aortic events during follow-up was low.

Published
2024

8. Normal Values for Left Atrial Strain, Volume and Function Derived from Three-Dimensional Echocardiography:the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Yafasov, Marat, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Lindgren, Filip Lyng, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Søgaard, Peter, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Yafasov, Marat, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Lindgren, Filip Lyng, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Søgaard, Peter, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims 3D echocardiographic (3DE) assessment of the left atrium (LA) is a new modality of potential clinical value. Age- and sex-based normative values are needed to benchmark these parameters for clinical use. Methods and results Of 4466 participants in the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the general population, 2082 participants underwent 3DE of the LA. Healthy participants were included to establish normative values for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE. The effects of age and sex were also evaluated. After excluding participants with comorbidities, 979 healthy participants (median age 44 years, 39.6% males) remained. The median and limits of normality (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) for functional and volumetric measures were as follows: LA reservoir strain (LASr) 30.8% (18.4–44.2%), LA conduit strain (LAScd) 19.1% (6.8–32.0%), LA contractile strain 11.7% (4.3–22.2%), total LA emptying fraction (LAEF) 61.4% (47.8–71.0%), passive LAEF 37.7% (17.4–53.9%), active LAEF 37.4% (22.2–52.5%), LA minimum volume index (LAVimin) 10.2 (5.9–18.5) mL/m2, and LA maximum volume index (LAVimax) 26.8 (16.5–40.1) mL/m2. All parameters changed significantly with increasing age (P value for all <0.001). Significant sex-specific differences were observed for all parameters except active LAEF and LAVimax. Sex significantly modified the association between age and LASr (P for interaction < 0.001), LAScd (P for interaction < 0.001), LAVimin (P for interaction = 0.037), and total LAEF (P for interaction = 0.034) such that these parameters deteriorated faster with age in females than males. Conclusion We present age- and sex-specific reference material including limits of normality for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE., BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) assessment of the left atrium (LA) is a new modality of potential clinical value. Age- and sex-based normative values are needed to benchmark these parameters for clinical use.METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 4466 participants in the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the general population, 2,082 participants underwent 3DE of the LA. Healthy participants were included to establish normative values for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE. The effects of age and sex were also evaluated. After excluding participants with comorbidities, 979 healthy participants (median age 44 years, 39.6% males) remained. The median and limits of normality (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) for functional and volumetric measures were: LA reservoir strain (LASr) 30.8% (18.4-44.2%), LA conduit strain (LAScd) 19.1% (6.8-32.0%), LA contractile strain (LASct) 11.7% (4.3-22.2%) total LA emptying fraction (LAEF) 61.4% (47.8-71.0%), passive LAEF 37.7% (17.4-53.9%), active LAEF 37.4% (22.2-52.5%), LA minimum volume index (LAVimin) 10.2 (5.9-18.5) ml/m2, LA maximum volume index (LAVimax) 26.8 (16.5-40.1) ml/m2. All parameters changed significantly with increasing age (p value for all <0.001). Significant sex-specific differences were observed for all parameters except active LAEF and LAVimax. Sex significantly modified the association between age and LASr (p for interaction < 0.001), LAScd (p for interaction < 0.001), LAVimin (p for interaction = 0.037) and total LAEF (p for interaction = 0.034) such that these parameters deteriorated faster with age in females than males.CONCLUSION: We present age- and sex specific reference material including limits of normality for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE.

Published
2024

9. Even mild mitral regurgitation is associated with incident atrial fibrillation in the general population

Author

Yafasov, Marat, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Shabib, Ali, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Magnus T, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Yafasov, Marat, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Shabib, Ali, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Magnus T, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims Mitral regurgitation (MR) can be difficult to quantify. We sought to investigate whether the MR jet area to left atrial (LA) area ratio (MR/LA ratio) method for quantifying MRs can be used to predict incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general population. Methods and results The study included 4466 participants from the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective general population study, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. MR jet area was measured and indexed to LA area. The endpoint was incident AF. MR was quantified in 4042 participants (mean age: 57 years, 43% men). Of these, 198 (4.9%) developed AF during a median follow-up period of 5.3 years (interquartile range: 4.4–6.1 years). MR was present in 1938 participants (48%) including 1593 (39%) trace/mild MRs (MR/LA ratio ≤ 20% and ≤4 cm2). In unadjusted analysis, MR/LA ratio was associated with incident AF [HR: 1.06 (1.00–1.13), P = 0.042 per 5% increase] but not after adjusting for CHARGE-AF score. However, the association was modified by age (P for interaction = 0.034), such that MR/LA ratio was associated with AF only in participants ≤ 73 years. In these participants, MR/LA ratio ‘was’ independently associated with AF after adjusting for CHARGE-AF score [HR: 1.14 (1.06–1.24), P = 0.001, per 5% increase]. This finding persisted when restricting the analysis to participants without moderate or severe MR and normal LA size [HR: 1.35 (1.09–1.68), P = 0.005, per 5% increase]. Conclusion MR, including even trace regurgitations quantified by MR/LA ratio, is independently associated with incident AF in individuals ≤ 73 years of age., Aims Mitral regurgitation (MR) can be difficult to quantify. We sought to investigate whether the MR jet area to left atrial (LA) area ratio (MR/LA ratio) method for quantifying MRs can be used to predict incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general population. Methods and results The study included 4466 participants from the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective general population study, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography. MR jet area was measured and indexed to LA area. The endpoint was incident AF. MR was quantified in 4042 participants (mean age: 57 years, 43% men). Of these, 198 (4.9%) developed AF during a median follow-up period of 5.3 years (interquartile range: 4.4–6.1 years). MR was present in 1938 participants (48%) including 1593 (39%) trace/mild MRs (MR/LA ratio ≤ 20% and ≤4 cm2). In unadjusted analysis, MR/LA ratio was associated with incident AF [HR: 1.06 (1.00–1.13), P = 0.042 per 5% increase] but not after adjusting for CHARGE-AF score. However, the association was modified by age (P for interaction = 0.034), such that MR/LA ratio was associated with AF only in participants ≤ 73 years. In these participants, MR/LA ratio ‘was’ independently associated with AF after adjusting for CHARGE-AF score [HR: 1.14 (1.06–1.24), P = 0.001, per 5% increase]. This finding persisted when restricting the analysis to participants without moderate or severe MR and normal LA size [HR: 1.35 (1.09–1.68), P = 0.005, per 5% increase]. Conclusion MR, including even trace regurgitations quantified by MR/LA ratio, is independently associated with incident AF in individuals ≤ 73 years of ag

Published
2024

10. Right ventricular free wall and four-chamber longitudinal strain in relation to incident heart failure in the general population

Author

Espersen, Caroline, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Hauser, Raphael, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Espersen, Caroline, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Hauser, Raphael, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims Right ventricular free wall (RVFWLS) and four-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4CLS) are associated with adverse events in various patient populations including patients with heart failure (HF). We sought to investigate the prognostic value of RVFWLS and RV4CLS for the development of incident HF in participants from the general population. Methods Participants from the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study (2011–2015) without known chronic ischaemic heart disease or HF and results at baseline were included. RVFWLS and RV4CLS were obtained using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography from the right ventricular (RV)-focused apical four-chamber view. The primary endpoint was incident HF. Among 2740 participants (mean age 54 ± 17 years, 42% male), 43 (1.6%) developed HF during a median follow-up of 5.5 years (IQR 4.5–6.3). Both RVFWLS and RV4CLS were associated with an increased risk of incident HF during follow-up independent of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), (HR 1.06, 95%CI 1.00–1.11, P = 0.034, per 1% absolute decrease and HR 1.14, 95%CI 1.05–1.23, P = 0.001, per 1% absolute decrease, respectively). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) modified the association between RV4CLS and incident HF (P for interaction = 0.016) such that RV4CLS was only of prognostic importance among those with LVEF < 55% (HR 1.21, 95%CI 1.11–1.33, P < 0.001 vs. HR 0.94, 95%CI 0.80–1.10, P = 0.43 in patients with LVEF ≥ 55%). Conclusion In participants from the general population, both RVFWLS and RV4CLS were associated with a greater risk of incident HF independent of important baseline characteristics and TAPSE, and LVEF modified the relationship between RV4CLS and incident HF.

Published
2024

11. Association between myocardial work indices and cardiovascular events according to hypertension in the general population

Author

Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Marott, Jacob Louis, Søgaard, Peter, Gislason, Gunnar, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Aalen, John Moene, Smiseth, Otto Armin, Remme, Espen Wattenberg, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Marott, Jacob Louis, Søgaard, Peter, Gislason, Gunnar, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Aalen, John Moene, Smiseth, Otto Armin, Remme, Espen Wattenberg, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims Pressure-strain loop (PSL) analysis is a novel echocardiographic tool capable of assessing myocardial work non-invasively. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prognostic value of myocardial work indices in the general population. Methods and results This was a prospective community-based cohort study (n = 4466). PSL analyses were performed to acquire global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work, and global work efficiency (GWE). The endpoint was a composite of heart failure or cardiovascular death (HF/CVD). Survival analysis was applied. A total of 3932 participants were included in this analysis (median age: 58 years, 43% men). Of these, 124 (3%) experienced the outcome during a median follow-up period of 3.5 years [interquartile range (IQR): 2.6–4.4 years]. Hypertension significantly modified the association between all work indices and outcome (P for interaction < 0.05), such that work indices posed a higher risk of outcome in non-hypertensive than in hypertensive participants. After adjusting for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)-HF risk variables, all work indices predicted outcome in non-hypertensive participants, but only GWI, GCW, and GWE predicted outcome in hypertensive participants [GWI: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12 (1.07–1.16), per 100 mmHg% decrease; GCW: HR = 1.12 (1.08–1.17), per 100 mmHg% decrease; GWE: HR = 1.08 (1.04–1.12), per 1% decrease]. Only GWE significantly increased C-statistics when added to ARIC-HF risk variables in hypertensive participants (C-stat 0.865 vs. 0.877, P for increment = 0.003). Conclusion Hypertension modifies the association between myocardial work indices and HF/CVD in the general population. All work indices are associated with outcome in normotensive participants. GWI, GCW, and GWE are independently associated with outcome in hypertension, but only GWE improves risk prediction., AIMS: Pressure-strain loop (PSL) analysis is a novel echocardiographic tool capable of assessing myocardial work non-invasively. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prognostic value of myocardial work indices in the general population.METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a prospective community-based cohort study (n = 4466). PSL analyses were performed to acquire global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work, and global work efficiency (GWE). The endpoint was a composite of heart failure or cardiovascular death (HF/CVD). Survival analysis was applied. A total of 3932 participants were included in this analysis (median age: 58 years, 43% men). Of these, 124 (3%) experienced the outcome during a median follow-up period of 3.5 years [interquartile range (IQR): 2.6-4.4 years]. Hypertension significantly modified the association between all work indices and outcome (P for interaction < 0.05), such that work indices posed a higher risk of outcome in non-hypertensive than in hypertensive participants. After adjusting for Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)-HF risk variables, all work indices predicted outcome in non-hypertensive participants, but only GWI, GCW, and GWE predicted outcome in hypertensive participants [GWI: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12 (1.07-1.16), per 100 mmHg% decrease; GCW: HR = 1.12 (1.08-1.17), per 100 mmHg% decrease; GWE: HR = 1.08 (1.04-1.12), per 1% decrease]. Only GWE significantly increased C-statistics when added to ARIC-HF risk variables in hypertensive participants (C-stat 0.865 vs. 0.877, P for increment = 0.003).CONCLUSION: Hypertension modifies the association between myocardial work indices and HF/CVD in the general population. All work indices are associated with outcome in normotensive participants. GWI, GCW, and GWE are independently associated with outcome in hypertension, but only GWE improves risk prediction.

Published
2024

18. Normal Values for Myocardial Work Indices Derived From Pressure-Strain Loop Analyses: From the CCHS

Author

Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Sengeløv, Morten, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Marott, Jacob Louis, Søgaard, Peter, Gislason, Gunnar, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Aalen, John Moene, Remme, Espen Wattenberg, Smiseth, Otto Armin, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Published
2022
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20. Normal values for left atrial strain, volume, and function derived from 3D echocardiography: the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

Author

Yafasov, Marat, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Lindgren, Filip Lyng, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Søgaard, Peter, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Subjects
REFERENCE values, PEARSON correlation (Statistics), LEFT heart atrium, RESEARCH funding, BENCHMARKING (Management), SEX distribution, KRUSKAL-Wallis Test, AGE distribution, CHI-squared test, MULTIVARIATE analysis, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, LONGITUDINAL method, DISEASES, DATA analysis software, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, REGRESSION analysis
Abstract

Aims 3D echocardiographic (3DE) assessment of the left atrium (LA) is a new modality of potential clinical value. Age- and sex-based normative values are needed to benchmark these parameters for clinical use. Methods and results Of 4466 participants in the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the general population, 2082 participants underwent 3DE of the LA. Healthy participants were included to establish normative values for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE. The effects of age and sex were also evaluated. After excluding participants with comorbidities, 979 healthy participants (median age 44 years, 39.6% males) remained. The median and limits of normality (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) for functional and volumetric measures were as follows: LA reservoir strain (LASr) 30.8% (18.4–44.2%), LA conduit strain (LAScd) 19.1% (6.8–32.0%), LA contractile strain 11.7% (4.3–22.2%), total LA emptying fraction (LAEF) 61.4% (47.8–71.0%), passive LAEF 37.7% (17.4–53.9%), active LAEF 37.4% (22.2–52.5%), LA minimum volume index (LAVimin) 10.2 (5.9–18.5) mL/m2, and LA maximum volume index (LAVimax) 26.8 (16.5–40.1) mL/m2. All parameters changed significantly with increasing age (P value for all <0.001). Significant sex-specific differences were observed for all parameters except active LAEF and LAVimax. Sex significantly modified the association between age and LASr (P for interaction < 0.001), LAScd (P for interaction < 0.001), LAVimin (P for interaction = 0.037), and total LAEF (P for interaction = 0.034) such that these parameters deteriorated faster with age in females than males. Conclusion We present age- and sex-specific reference material including limits of normality for LA strain, volume, and function by 3DE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Even mild mitral regurgitation is associated with incident atrial fibrillation in the general population

Author

Yafasov, Marat, primary, Olsen, Flemming Javier, additional, Shabib, Ali, additional, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, additional, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, additional, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, additional, Jensen, Magnus T, additional, Jensen, Gorm Boje, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Møgelvang, Rasmus, additional, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor, additional

Published
2023
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23. Association between myocardial work indices and cardiovascular events according to hypertension in the general population

Author

Olsen, Flemming Javier, primary, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, additional, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, additional, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, additional, Jensen, Gorm Boje, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Marott, Jacob Louis, additional, Søgaard, Peter, additional, Gislason, Gunnar, additional, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, additional, Møgelvang, Rasmus, additional, Aalen, John Moene, additional, Smiseth, Otto Armin, additional, Remme, Espen Wattenberg, additional, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor, additional

Published
2023
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28. Link between myocardial deformation phenotyping using longitudinal and circumferential strain and risk of incident heart failure and cardiovascular death

Author

Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, primary, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, additional, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, additional, Sengeløv, Morten, additional, Olsen, Flemming Javier, additional, Jensen, Gorm Boje, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Shah, Amil, additional, Claggett, Brian Lee, additional, Solomon, Scott D, additional, Møgelvang, Rasmus, additional, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor, additional

Published
2023
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29. Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Author

Mishra, Anu, Zhou, Bin, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Baker, Jennifer Lyn, Afzal, Shoaib, Allin, Kristine, Andersen, Lars Bo, Ängquist, Lars, Jørgensen, Maja Bæksgaard, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bojesen, Stig Egil, Christensen, Kaare, Damsgaard, Camilla Trab, Dantoft, Thomas M, Eliasen, Marie, Eriksen, Louise, Halkjær, Jytte, Giwercman, Aleksander, Jørgensen, Torben, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Madsen, Anja Lykke, Michaelsen, Kim F., Møllehave, Line Tang, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Nordestgaard, Børge, Osler, Merete, Overvad, Kim, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schramm, Stine, Sodemann, Morten, Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Tjønneland, Anne, Tolstrup, Janne S, Wang, Qian, Mishra, Anu, Zhou, Bin, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Baker, Jennifer Lyn, Afzal, Shoaib, Allin, Kristine, Andersen, Lars Bo, Ängquist, Lars, Jørgensen, Maja Bæksgaard, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bojesen, Stig Egil, Christensen, Kaare, Damsgaard, Camilla Trab, Dantoft, Thomas M, Eliasen, Marie, Eriksen, Louise, Halkjær, Jytte, Giwercman, Aleksander, Jørgensen, Torben, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Madsen, Anja Lykke, Michaelsen, Kim F., Møllehave, Line Tang, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Nordestgaard, Børge, Osler, Merete, Overvad, Kim, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schramm, Stine, Sodemann, Morten, Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Tjønneland, Anne, Tolstrup, Janne S, and Wang, Qian

Abstract

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.

Published
2023

30. Impact of echocardiographic analyses of valvular event timing on myocardial work indices

Author

Olsen, Flemming Javier, Bjerregaard, Caroline Lokke, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Hojbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Modin, Daniel, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Sogaard, Peter, Gislason, Gunnar, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, Mogelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sorensen, Tor, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Bjerregaard, Caroline Lokke, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Hojbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Modin, Daniel, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Sogaard, Peter, Gislason, Gunnar, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, Mogelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sorensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims Valvular event timing is an integral part of echocardiographic pressure-strain loop (PSL) analyses. The impact that different event timing modalities may have on myocardial work indices is unknown. Methods and results A methodological study was performed on 200 subjects, including 50 healthy subjects, 50 with aortic valve sclerosis, 50 with atrial fibrillation, and 50 with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Valvular event timing was estimated by visual assessment, spectral Doppler, and colour tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) M-mode. These valvular event timings were added to the same PSL analyses sequentially to acquire myocardial work indices, including global work index (GWI). For the 200 participants, the median age was 72 years, 50% were men, and mean blood pressure was 143/80 mmHg. Valvular event timings differed between all three modalities and so did all myocardial work indices. Compared with visual assessment, spectral Doppler resulted in a significantly higher GWI (mean difference: 114 +/- 93 mmHg%, P < 0.001), and so did TDI (mean difference: 83 +/- 90 mmHg%, P < 0.001). A higher GWI by spectral Doppler than by TDI was also observed (mean difference: 30 +/- 53 mmHg%, P < 0.001). In the healthy subgroup, a systematic bias was observed for spectral Doppler compared with visual assessment (mean difference: 160 +/- 77 mmHg%, P < 0.001), and a similar trend was noted for TDI vs. visual assessment (mean difference: 124 +/- 74 mmHg%, P < 0.001). Conclusion Myocardial work indices differ depending on the event timing modality used, with visual assessment yielding lower GWI values compared with Doppler-based methods. Serial PSL analyses should apply the same event timing method.

Published
2023

31. Height Explains Sex Difference in Atrial Fibrillation Risk:Copenhagen General Population Study

Author

Marott, Jacob Louis, Jensen, Magnus T., Benn, Marianne, Knegt, Martina Chantal de, O'Keefe, James H., Lavie, Carl J., Schnohr, Peter, Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Marott, Jacob Louis, Jensen, Magnus T., Benn, Marianne, Knegt, Martina Chantal de, O'Keefe, James H., Lavie, Carl J., Schnohr, Peter, Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne, and Jensen, Gorm Boje

Abstract

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in men compared with women is explained by height. Methods: From the Copenhagen General Population Study, we included 106,207 individuals (47,153 men and 59,054 women) from 20 to 100 years of age, without a prior diagnosis of AF, examined between November 25, 2003, and April 28, 2015. The main outcome was AF incidence from national hospital registers until April 2018. The association of risk factors with AF incidence was assessed by cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression and Fine-Gray subdistribution hazards regression analysis. Results: During a maximum of 14.4 years of follow-up (median, 8.9 years), incident AF was observed in 3449 men and 2772 women with 845 (95% CI, 815 to 875) and 514 (95% CI, 494 to 535) events per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The age-adjusted hazard of incident AF was 63% (95% CI, 55% to 72%) higher in men compared with women. Risk factors for AF were generally similar in men and women, except men were taller than women (179 cm vs 166 cm, respectively; P<.001). When controlling for height, the difference in hazard of incident AF between sexes disappeared. For population attributable risk of AF, height was the most important risk factor investigated and explained 21% and 19% of the risk of incident AF in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: A 63% higher risk of incident AF in men compared with women is explained by differences in height.

Published
2023

32. Link between myocardial deformation phenotyping using longitudinal and circumferential strain and risk of incident heart failure and cardiovascular death

Author

Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Sengeløv, Morten, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Shah, Amil, Claggett, Brian Lee, Solomon, Scott D., Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Sengeløv, Morten, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Shah, Amil, Claggett, Brian Lee, Solomon, Scott D., Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Aims: Left ventricular (LV) systolic deformation is altered early in the ventricular disease process despite normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF). These alterations seem to be characterized by decreased global longitudinal strain (GLS) and augmented global circumferential strain (GCS). This study aimed to investigate the link between myocardial deformation phenotyping using longitudinal and circumferential strain and risk of incident heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular death (CD). Methods and results: The study sample was based on the prospective cohort study the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study (2011-15). All participants were examined with echocardiography following a pre-defined protocol. A total of 2874 participants were included. Mean age was 53±18 years and 60% were female. During a median follow-up of 3.5 years, a total of 73 developed HF/CD. A U-shaped relationship between GCS and HF/CD was observed. LVEF significantly modified the association between GCS and HF/CD (P for interaction <0.001). The optimal transition point for the effect modification was LVEF < 50%. In multivariable Cox regressions, increasing GCS was significantly associated with HF/CD in participants with LVEF ≥ 50% (hazard ratio [HR]=1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02; 1.23] per 1% increase), while decreasing GCS was associated with a higher risk of HF/CD in individuals with LVEF < 50% [HR=1.18 (95% CI: 1.05; 1.31) per 1% decrease]. Conclusions: The prognostic utility of GCS is modified by LVEF. In participants with normal LVEF, higher GCS was associated with increased risk of HF/CD, while the opposite was observed in participants with abnormal LVEF. This observation adds important information to our understanding of the pathophysiological evolution of myocardial deformation in cardiac disease progression.

Published
2023

33. Normal Values and Reference Ranges for the Ratio of Transmitral Early Filling Velocity to Early Diastolic Strain Rate:The Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Qasim, Atif N., Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Qasim, Atif N., Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Background: The ratio of transmitral early filling velocity to early diastolic strain rate (E/e'sr) has recently emerged as a measure of left ventricular filling pressure. Reference values are needed for this new parameter for it to be used clinically. Methods: Healthy participants from a prospective general population study, the Fifth Copenhagen City Heart Study, were assessed to establish reference values for E/e'sr derived from two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. The prevalence of abnormal E/e'sr was assessed in participants with cardiovascular risk factors or specific diseases. Results: The population comprised 1,623 healthy participants (median age, 45; interquartile range, 32-56; 61% female). The upper reference limit for E/e'sr in the population was 79.6 cm. Following multivariable adjustment, male participants exhibited significantly higher E/e'sr than female participants (upper reference limit for male participants, 83.7 cm; for female participants, 76.5 cm). For both sexes, E/e'sr increased in a curvilinear fashion with age such that the largest increases in E/e'sr were observed in participants >45 years. In the entire CCHS5 population with E/e'sr available (n = 3,902), increasing age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, male sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and diabetes were associated with E/e'sr (all P <.05). Total cholesterol was associated with a less steep increase in E/e'sr. Abnormal E/e'sr was seldomly observed in participants with normal diastolic function but became more frequent in participants with increasing grades of diastolic dysfunction (normal, mild, moderate, severe [abnormal E/e'sr for each grade: 4.4% vs 20.0% vs 16.2% vs 55.6%, respectively]). Conclusion: The E/e'sr differs between sexes and is age dependent such that E/e'sr increases with advancing age. Therefore, we established sex- and age-stratified reference values for E/e'sr.

Published
2023

34. Changes in Myocardial Tissue Velocities over a Decade:The Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Lind, Jannie Nørgaard, Sengeløv, Morten, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Qasim, Atif N., Jensen, Magnus T., Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Lind, Jannie Nørgaard, Sengeløv, Morten, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Qasim, Atif N., Jensen, Magnus T., Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Published
2023

35. Left Atrial Volumetric/Mechanical Coupling Index in the General Population:Distribution and Prediction of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: From the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Benfari, Giovanni, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Gorm, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Nistri, Stefano, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Benfari, Giovanni, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Jensen, Gorm, Schnohr, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Nistri, Stefano, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Published
2023

37. Changes in cardiac time intervals over a decade and the risk of incident heart failure: The Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Alhakak, Alia Saed, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, Espersen, Caroline, Abildgaard, Ulrik, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Marott, Jacob Louis, Søgaard, Peter, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Subjects
Cardiac time intervals, Heart failure, TDI-echocardiography, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundThe cardiac time intervals include the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and the combination of all the cardiac time intervals in the myocardial performance index (MPI) (defined as [(IVCT+IVRT)/LVET)]. Whether the cardiac time intervals change over time and which clinical factors that accelerate these changes is not well-established. Additionally, whether these changes are associated with subsequent heart failure (HF), remains unknown.MethodsWe investigated participants from the general population (n = 1064) who had an echocardiographic examination including color tissue Doppler imaging performed in both the 4th and 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study. The examinations were performed 10.5 years apart.ResultsThe IVCT, LVET, IVRT and MPI increased significantly over time. None of the investigated clinical factors were associated with increase in IVCT. Systolic blood pressure (standardized = − 0.09) and male sex (standardized = − 0.08) were associated with an accelerated decrease in LVET. Age (standardized =0.26), male sex (standardized =0.06), diastolic blood pressure (standardized =0.08), and smoking (standardized =0.08) were associated with an increase in IVRT, while HbA1c (standardized = − 0.06) was associated with a decrease in IVRT. Increasing IVRT over a decade was associated with an increased risk of subsequent HF in participants aged ConclusionThe cardiac time increased significantly over time. Several clinical factors accelerated these changes. An increase in IVRT was associated with an increased risk of subsequent HF in participants aged The cardiac time intervals include the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), the left ventricular ejection time (LVET), the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and the combination of all the cardiac time intervals in the myocardial performance index (MPI) (defined as [(IVCT+IVRT)/LVET)]. Whether the cardiac time intervals change over time and which clinical factors that accelerate these changes is not well-established. Additionally, whether these changes are associated with subsequent heart failure (HF), remains unknown.MethodsWe investigated participants from the general population (n = 1064) who had an echocardiographic examination including color tissue Doppler imaging performed in both the 4th and 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study. The examinations were performed 10.5 years apart.ResultsThe IVCT, LVET, IVRT and MPI increased significantly over time. None of the investigated clinical factors were associated with increase in IVCT. Systolic blood pressure (standardized = − 0.09) and male sex (standardized = − 0.08) were associated with an accelerated decrease in LVET. Age (standardized =0.26), male sex (standardized =0.06), diastolic blood pressure (standardized =0.08), and smoking (standardized =0.08) were associated with an increase in IVRT, while HbA1c (standardized = − 0.06) was associated with a decrease in IVRT. Increasing IVRT over a decade was associated with an increased risk of subsequent HF in participants aged ConclusionThe cardiac time increased significantly over time. Several clinical factors accelerated these changes. An increase in IVRT was associated with an increased risk of subsequent HF in participants aged

Published
2023
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42. CARDIAC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOSPITALIZED INFLUENZA PATIENTS: AN INTERIM ANALYSIS FROM THE FLUHEART STUDY

Author

Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, primary, Modin, Daniel, additional, Lassen, Mats H⊘jbjerg, additional, Dons, Maria, additional, Jensen, Anne Marie Reimer, additional, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, additional, Vyff, Frederikke, additional, Durukan, Emil, additional, Sengel⊘v, Morten, additional, Davidovski, Filip Soeskov, additional, Landler, Nino Emanuel, additional, Jensen, Gorm B., additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, M⊘gelvang, Rasmus, additional, Nielsen, Lene, additional, Sivapalan, Pradeesh, additional, Jensen, Jens-Ulrik Staehr, additional, and Biering-Sorensen, Tor, additional

Published
2023
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44. Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Author

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), [missing], Mishra, Anu, Zhou, Bin, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Singleton, Rosie K., Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Sheffer, Kate E., Paciorek, Christopher J., Bennett, James E., Lhoste, Victor, Iurilli, Maria L. C., Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Bentham, James, Phelps, Nowell H., Sophiea, Marisa K., Stevens, Gretchen A., Danaei, Goodarz, Cowan, Melanie J., Savin, Stefan, Riley, Leanne M., Gregg, Edward W., Aekplakorn, Wichai, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Baker, Jennifer L., Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fink, Günther, Heinen, Mirjam, Ikeda, Nayu, Kengne, Andre P., Khang, Young-Ho, Laatikainen, Tiina, Laxmaiah, Avula, Ma, Jun, Monroy-Valle, Michele, Mridha, Malay K., Padez, Cristina P., Reynolds, Andrew, Sorić, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Wirth, James P., Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A., Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Abdul Rahim, Hanan F., Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adam, Ishag, Adamczyk, Marzena, Adams, Robert J., Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agbor, Valirie N., Agdeppa, Imelda A., Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguenaou, Hassan, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Imran, Ahmed, Soheir H., Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M., Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Hourani, Huda M., Al Qaoud, Nawal M., Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Aldwairji, Maryam A., Alexius, Sylvia, Ali, Mohamed M., Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala’a, Alkhatib, Buthaina M., Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N., Etxezarreta, Pilar Amiano, Amoah, John, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A., Androutsos, Odysseas, Ängquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anufrieva, Elena, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E., Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K., Aseffa, Nega, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K., Assembekov, Batyrbek, Assunção, Maria Cecília F., Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Avi, Shina, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V., Jørgensen, Maja Bæksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Bakacs, Marta, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Balanova, Yulia, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Banegas, José R., Baran, Joanna, Baran, Rafał, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Filho, Valter Barbosa, Barceló, Alberto, Baretić, Maja, Barkat, Amina, Barnoya, Joaquin, Barrera, Lena, Barreto, Marta, Barros, Aluisio J. D., Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes, Bartosiewicz, Anna, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D., Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M., Batista, Aline P., Batista, Rosangela L., Battakova, Zhamilya, Baur, Louise A., Bayauli, Pascal M., Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Rolandi, Gilda Estela Benitez, Bere, Elling, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berhane, Yemane, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Carrasola, Ximena Berrios, Bettiol, Heloísa, Beutel, Manfred E., Beybey, Augustin F., Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K., Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Biasch, Katia, Lele, Elysée Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M., Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J., Bjerregaard, Anne A., Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B., Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V., Blokstra, Anneke, Magnazu, Moran Blychfeld, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M., Boehm, Bernhard O., Boer, Jolanda M. A., Boggia, Jose G., Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P., Bojesen, Stig E., Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Bovet, Pascal, Boymatova, Khadichamo, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn C. E., Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, João, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M., Brian, Garry R., Briceño, Yajaira, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brito, Miguel, Brophy, Sinead, Brug, Johannes, Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, Buntinx, Frank, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, de León, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Caixeta, Roberta B., Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula C., Cañete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V., Čapková, Naděžda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Rocco, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C., Carlsson, Axel C., Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajús, José A., Casanueva, Felipe F., Casas, Maribel, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A., Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K., Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chee, Miao Li, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J., Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chinapaw, Mai J. M., Chinnock, Anne, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G., Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Cirillo, Massimo, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C., Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C., Corpeleijn, Eva, Cortés, Lilia Yadira, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L., Crampin, Amelia C., Cross, Amanda J., Crujeiras, Ana B., Cruz, Juan J., Csányi, Tamás, Csilla, Semánová, Cucu, Alexandra M., Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V., Cuschieri, Sarah, Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina, D’Arrigo, Graziella, d’Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T., Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M., Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, de Assis, Maria Alice Altenburg, De Backer, Gui, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Curtis, Amalia, de Fragas Hinnig, Patrícia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, De Miguel-Etayo, Pilar, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R., De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D., DeGennaro, Vincent, Delisle, Hélène, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Dereń, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valérie, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Díaz-Sánchez, María Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Fernández, Pedro Díaz, Ripollés, María Pilar Díez, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha T. P., Dobson, Annette J., Dominguez, Liria, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Dong, Guanghui, Dong, Yanhui, Donoso, Silvana P., Döring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Dragano, Nico, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A., Duboz, Priscilla, Duleva, Vesselka L., Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C., Dushpanova, Anar, Dyussupova, Azhar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Echeverría, Guadalupe, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Egbagbe, Eruke E., Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ammari, Laila, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Endevelt, Ronit, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T., Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Ergor, Gul, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G., Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fakhradiyev, Ildar, Fakhretdinova, Albina A., Fall, Caroline H., Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Sant’Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Fawzi, Wafaie W., Feigl, Edit, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J., Ferguson, Trevor S., Fernandes, Romulo A., Fernández-Bergés, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Gerson, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M., Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferreira, Haroldo S., Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiró, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fisberg, Mauro, Fischer, Krista, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M., Francis, Damian K., do Carmo Franco, Maria, Fras, Zlatko, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D., Fuchs, Sandra C., Fujiati, Isti I., Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furdela, Viktoriya, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Cuesta, Manuel Galán, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Gao, Pei, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Mérida, María José García, Solano, Marta García, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P., Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M., George, Ronnie, Ghaderi, Ebrahim, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gieger, Christian, Gill, Tiffany K., Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Glushkova, Natalya, Gluškova, Natalja, Godara, Ramesh, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldberg, Marcel, Goltzman, David, Gómez, Georgina, Gómez, Jesús Humberto Gómez, Gomez, Luis F., Gómez, Santiago F., Gomula, Aleksandra, da Silva, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro, Gonçalves, Helen, Gonçalves, Mauer, González-Alvarez, Ana D., Gonzalez-Chica, David A., González-Gil, Esther M., Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, González-Leon, Margot, González-Rivas, Juan P., González-Villalpando, Clicerio, González-Villalpando, María-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R., Gottrand, Frederic, Graça, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dušan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G., Gregor, Ronald D., Gregório, Maria João, Grøholt, Else Karin, Grøntved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guajardo, Viviana, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L., Gulliford, Martin C., Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J., Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, González, Enrique Gutiérrez, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Gwee, Xinyi, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A., Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjær, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R., Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hanekom, Willem A., Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu A. M., Hantunen, Sari, Hao, Jie, Hardman, Carla Menêses, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Lassen, Tina Harmer, Harooni, Javad, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J., He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felső, Regina, Heier, Margit, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, dos Santos Henrique, Rafael, Henriques, Ana, Cadena, Leticia Hernandez, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella, Herrera, Victor M., Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G., Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C., Hobbs, Michael, Höfelmann, Doroteia A., Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hopman, Wilma M., Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R., Hormiga, Claudia M., Horta, Bernardo L., Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, José María, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Huiart, Laetitia, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Huisman, Martijn, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Iakupova, Ellina M., Ibarluzea, Jesús M., Ibrahim, Mohsen M., Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikram, M. Arfan, Iñiguez, Carmen, Iotova, Violeta, Irazola, Vilma E., Ishida, Takafumi, Isiguzo, Godsent C., Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islek, Duygu, Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y., Iwasaki, Masanori, Jääskeläinen, Tuija, Jackson, Rod T., Jacobs, Jeremy M., Jadoul, Michel, Jafar, Tazeen, Jallow, Bakary, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M., Jamrozik, Konrad, Jansson, Anna, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelaković, Ana, Jelaković, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O., Jöckel, Karl-Heinz, Joffres, Michel, Jokelainen, Jari J., Jonas, Jost B., Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Jørgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Josipović, Josipa, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jóźwiak, Jacek J., Judge, Debra S., Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Simina, Iulia Jurca, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kaducu, Felix O., Kafatos, Anthony, Kaj, Mónika, Kajantie, Eero O., Kakutia, Natia, Kállayová, Daniela, Kalmatayeva, Zhanna, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kameli, Yves, Kampmann, Freja B., Kanala, Kodanda R., Kannan, Srinivasan, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karaglani, Eva, Karakosta, Argyro, Kårhus, Line L., Karki, Khem B., Katchunga, Philippe B., Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T., Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M., Kaze, François F., Ke, Calvin, Keil, Ulrich, Boker, Lital Keinan, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han C. G., Keramati, Maryam, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khaledifar, Arsalan, Khalili, Davood, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kheiri, Bahareh, Kheradmand, Motahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse M. S. L., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Sophia J., Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Kim, Jeongseon, Kindblom, Jenny M., Kingston, Andrew, Klakk, Heidi, Klimek, Magdalena, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, König, Jürgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovács, Éva, Kovacs, Viktoria Anna, Kovalskys, Irina, Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratenova, Jana, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriaucioniene, Vilma, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krizan, Helena, Kroker-Lobos, Maria F., Krokstad, Steinar, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S., Kruger, Ruan, Kryst, Łukasz, Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kujala, Urho M., Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Kumar, R. Krishna, Kunešová, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Kutsenko, Vladimir, Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, La, Quang Ngoc, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Lachat, Carl, Lackner, Karl J., Laid, Youcef, Lall, Lachmie, Lam, Tai Hing, Jimenez, Maritza Landaeta, Landais, Edwige, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Larissa, Simo Pone, Latt, Tint Swe, Laurenzi, Martino, Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle, Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh, Le Port, Agnès, Le, Tuyen D., Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H., Lehmann, Nils, Lehtimäki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Leskošek, Branimir, Leszczak, Justyna, Leth-Møller, Katja B., Leung, Gabriel M., Levitt, Naomi S., Li, Yanping, Liivak, Merike, Lilly, Christa L., Lim, Charlie, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lin, Yi-Ting, Lind, Lars, Lingam, Vijaya, Linkohr, Birgit, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Liu, Lijuan, Lo, Wei-Cheng, Loit, Helle-Mai, Long, Khuong Quynh, Abril, Guadalupe Longo, Lopes, Luis, Lopes, Marcus V. V., Lopes, Oscar, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lopez, Tania, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, José Eugenio, Lukrafka, Janice L., Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lunet, Nuno, Lunogelo, Charles, Lustigová, Michala, Łuszczki, Edyta, M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Xu, Machado-Coelho, George L. L., Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M., Macia, Enguerran, Macieira, Luisa M., Madar, Ahmed A., Madsen, Anja L., Maestre, Gladys E., Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J., Magnacca, Sara, Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahasampath, Gowri, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Mäki, Päivi, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Malyutina, Sofia K., Maniego, Lynell V., Manios, Yannis, Manix, Masimango Imani, Mann, Jim I., Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Manyanga, Taru, Manzato, Enzo, Marcil, Anie, Margozzini, Paula, Mariño, Joany, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Maruszczak, Katharina, Marventano, Stefano, Masala, Giovanna, Mascarenhas, Luis P., Masoodi, Shariq R., Mathiesen, Ellisiv B., Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matłosz, Piotr, Matsha, Tandi E., Matsudo, Victor, Mavrogianni, Christina, Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N., McFarlane, Shelly R., McGarvey, Stephen T., McKee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M., McLean, Scott B., McNairy, Margaret L., McNulty, Breige A., Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jørgen, Meisinger, Christa, Melgarejo, Jesus D., Melkumova, Marina, Mello, João, Méndez, Fabián, Mendivil, Carlos O., Menezes, Ana Maria B., Menon, Geetha R., Mensink, Gert B. M., Menzano, Maria Teresa, Meshram, Indrapal I., Meto, Diane T., Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F., Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Miłkowska, Karolina, Miller, Jody C., Milushkina, Olga, Minderico, Cláudia S., Mini, G. K., Miquel, Juan Francisco, Miranda, J. Jaime, Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A., Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K., Mohamed, Shukri F., Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza, Mohammadi, Zahra, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebbi, Iraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Møllehave, Line T., Møller, Niels C., Molnár, Dénes, Momenan, Amirabbas, Mondo, Charles K., Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A., Monterrubio-Flores, Eric, Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K., Moon, Jin Soo, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Mopa, Hermine T., Moradpour, Farhad, Moreira, Leila B., Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A., Morey, Francis, Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne N., Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Moslem, Alireza, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Mota, Jorge, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André, Movsesyan, Yeva, Msyamboza, Kelias P., Mu, Thet Thet, Muc, Magdalena, Muca, Florian, Mugoša, Boban, Muiesan, Maria L., Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Münzel, Thomas, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Milanović, Sanja Musić, Musil, Vera, Musinguzi, Geofrey, Muyer, Muel Telo M. C., Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Najafi, Farid, Nakamura, Harunobu, Nalecz, Hanna, Námešná, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K., Nangia, Vinay B., Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Naseri, Take, Nauck, Matthias, Neal, William A., Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nekkantti, Chandini, Nelis, Keiu, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Ng, Tze Pin, Nguyen, Chung T., Nguyen, Nguyen D., Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Ni, Michael Y., Nicolescu, Rodica, Nie, Peng, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E., Nikitin, Yury P., Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishi, Nobuo, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A., Nogueira, Helena, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Nsour, Mohannad Al, Nuhoğlu, Irfan, Nunes, Baltazar, Nurk, Eha, Nuwaha, Fred, Nyirenda, Moffat, O’Neill, Terence W., O’Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M., Oda, Eiji, Odili, Augustine N., Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Claes, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A., Oliveira, Isabel O., Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Omar, Saeed M., Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, Ono, Lariane M., Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P., Ortiz, Pedro J., Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M., Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A., Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Pagkalos, Ioannis, Pahomova, Elena, de Paiva, Karina Mary, Pająk, Andrzej, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Paoli, Mariela, Papadopoulou, Sousana K., Papandreou, Dimitrios, Pareja, Rossina G., Park, Soon-Woo, Park, Suyeon, Parnell, Winsome R., Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M., Pasquet, Patrick, Patel, Nikhil D., Pattussi, Marcos, Pavlyshyn, Halyna, Pechlaner, Raimund, Pećin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S., Pedro, João M., Peer, Nasheeta, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C., Peres, Marco A., Pérez, Cynthia M., Peterkova, Valentina, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Kovtun, Olga Petrovna, Pettenuzzo, Emanuela, Peykari, Niloofar, Pfeiffer, Norbert, Phall, Modou Cheyassin, Pham, Son Thai, Pichardo, Rafael N., Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iris, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N., Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Platonova, Alina G., Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Polka, Nadija S., Pop, Raluca M., Popovic, Stevo R., Porta, Miquel, Posch, Georg, Poudyal, Anil, Poulimeneas, Dimitrios, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J., Price, Jacqueline F., Prista, Antonio, Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J., Pudule, Iveta, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margus, Qadir, Muhammed S., Qasrawi, Radwan F., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley K., Quiroga-Padilla, Pedro J., Bao, Tran Quoc, Rach, Stefan, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rajabov, Tamerlan, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rakovac, Ivo, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramadan, Otim P. C., Ramires, Virgílio V., Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rangelova, Lalka S., Rarra, Vayia, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A., Rech, Cassiano Ricardo, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M., Regecová, Valéria, Renner, Jane D. P., Repasy, Judit A., Reuter, Cézane P., Revilla, Luis, Rezaianzadeh, Abbas, Rho, Yeunsook, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Richter, Adrian, Rigo, Fernando, Rigotti, Attilio, Rinaldo, Natascia, Rinke de Wit, Tobias F., Rito, Ana I., Ritti-Dias, Raphael M., Rivera, Juan A., Roa, Reina G., Robinson, Louise, Robitaille, Cynthia, Roccaldo, Romana, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A., Rodríguez, Andrea Y., Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rohloff, Peter, Rohner, Fabian, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L., Rosario, Rafaela V., Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Rouzier, Vanessa, Roy, Joel G. R., Ruano, Maira H., Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rühli, Frank J., Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Moreno, Emma Ruiz, Rusakova, Iuliia A., Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Saamel, Marge, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sabbaghi, Hamideh, Sacchini, Elena, Sachdev, Harshpal S., Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Saghi, Mohammad Hossien, Saidi, Olfa, Saki, Nader, Šalaj, Sanja, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Saleva, Calogero, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T., Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Rodríguez, Inés Sánchez, Sandjaja, [missing], Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santacruz, Ethel, Santos, Diana A., Santos, Ina S., Santos, Lèlita C., Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Santos, Tamara R., Saramies, Jouko L., Sardinha, Luis B., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savvas, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D., Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schindler, Karin, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O., Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schneider, Andrea, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schulze, Matthias B., Schutte, Aletta E., Sebert, Sylvain, Sedaghattalab, Moslem, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Sequera, Guillermo, Serra-Majem, Luis, Servais, Jennifer, Ševčíková, Ľudmila, Shalnova, Svetlana, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K., Shaw, Jonathan E., Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shimony, Tal, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M., Sidossis, Labros S., Silitrari, Natalia, Silva, Antonio M., de Moura Silva, Caroline Ramos, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Kelly S., Sim, Xueling, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A., Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skoblina, Natalia A., Skodje, Gry, Slazhnyova, Tatyana, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemysław, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E., Soemantri, Agustinus, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Soofi, Sajid, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Sørgjerd, Elin P., Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E., Soumaré, Aïcha, Sousa-Poza, Alfonso, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spencer, Phoebe R., Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A., Stamm, Hanspeter, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D., Stergiou, George S., Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanović, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Doris, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sun, Liang, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Sweis, Nabil William G., Swinburn, Boyd A., Sy, Rody G., Sylva, René Charles, Szklo, Moyses, Szponar, Lucjan, Tabone, Lorraine, Tai, E. Shyong, Tambalis, Konstantinos D., Tammesoo, Mari-Liis, Tamosiunas, Abdonas, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B., Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Te Velde, Saskia, Tebar, William R., Tell, Grethe S., Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, K. R., Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thomas, Nihal, Thorand, Barbara, Thuesen, Betina H., Tichá, Ľubica, Timmermans, Erik J., Tjandrarini, Dwi H., Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K., Tolstrup, Janne S., Topbas, Murat, Topór-Mądry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J., Torrent, Maties, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Tremblay, Mark S., Triantafyllou, Areti, Trichopoulos, Dimitrios, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh T. H., Trivedi, Atul, Tsao, Yu-Hsiang, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsintavis, Panagiotis, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuitele, John, Tuliakova, Azaliia M., Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K., Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L., Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzala, Evangelia, Tzotzas, Themistoklis, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora A. M., Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu M. T., Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M., van den Born, Bert-Jan, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Van Herck, Koen, Van Lippevelde, Wendy, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M., van Valkengoed, Irene G. M., Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Vargas, Luz Nayibe, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K., Vasques, Daniel G., Vega, Tomas, Veidebaum, Toomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Verloigne, Maïté, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, W. M. Monique, Victora, Cesar G., Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Vik, Frøydis N., Vilar, Monica, Villalpando, Salvador, Vioque, Jesus, Virtanen, Jyrki K., Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M., Wade, Alisha N., Waldhör, Thomas, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis O. A., Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S. Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Weber, Adelheid, Webster-Kerr, Karen, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Westbury, Leo D., Whincup, Peter H., Wickramasinghe, Kremlin, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S., Więcek, Andrzej, Wild, Philipp S., Wilks, Rainford J., Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojciech, Rusek, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolf, Kathrin, Wong-McClure, Roy A., Wong, Andrew, Wong, Emily B., Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C., Wu, Hon-Yen, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Wyszyńska, Justyna, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yasuharu, Tabara, García, Martha Yépez, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K., Yngve, Agneta, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O., Yu, Yu-Ling, Yu, Yunjiang, Yusof, Safiah Md, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A., Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zayed, Ayman A., Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Żegleń, Magdalena, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhecheva, Yanitsa V., Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Zoghlami, Nada, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Black, Robert E., and Ezzati, Majid

Subjects
Developing world, Public health, Multidisciplinary, Science General, Paediatric research, Nutrition
Abstract

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was

Published
2023

45. Mild-to-Moderate Kidney Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Analyses

Author

Gaziano, Liam, primary, Sun, Luanluan, additional, Arnold, Matthew, additional, Bell, Steven, additional, Cho, Kelly, additional, Kaptoge, Stephen K., additional, Song, Rebecca J., additional, Burgess, Stephen, additional, Posner, Daniel C., additional, Mosconi, Katja, additional, Robinson-Cohen, Cassianne, additional, Mason, Amy M., additional, Bolton, Thomas R., additional, Tao, Ran, additional, Allara, Elias, additional, Schubert, Petra, additional, Chen, Lingyan, additional, Staley, James R., additional, Staplin, Natalie, additional, Altay, Servet, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Arndt, Volker, additional, Ärnlöv, Johan, additional, Barr, Elizabeth L.M., additional, Björkelund, Cecilia, additional, Boer, Jolanda M.A., additional, Brenner, Hermann, additional, Casiglia, Edoardo, additional, Chiodini, Paolo, additional, Cooper, Jackie A., additional, Coresh, Josef, additional, Cushman, Mary, additional, Dankner, Rachel, additional, Davidson, Karina W., additional, de Jongh, Renate T., additional, Donfrancesco, Chiara, additional, Engström, Gunnar, additional, Freisling, Heinz, additional, de la Cámara, Agustín Gómez, additional, Gudnason, Vilmundur, additional, Hankey, Graeme J., additional, Hansson, Per-Olof, additional, Heath, Alicia K., additional, Hoorn, Ewout J., additional, Imano, Hironori, additional, Jassal, Simerjot K., additional, Kaaks, Rudolf, additional, Katzke, Verena, additional, Kauhanen, Jussi, additional, Kiechl, Stefan, additional, Koenig, Wolfgang, additional, Kronmal, Richard A., additional, Kyrø, Cecilie, additional, Lawlor, Deborah A., additional, Ljungberg, Börje, additional, MacDonald, Conor, additional, Masala, Giovanna, additional, Meisinger, Christa, additional, Melander, Olle, additional, Moreno Iribas, Conchi, additional, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, additional, Nitsch, Dorothea, additional, Nordestgaard, Børge G., additional, Onland-Moret, Charlotte, additional, Palmieri, Luigi, additional, Petrova, Dafina, additional, Garcia, Jose Ramón Quirós, additional, Rosengren, Annika, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sakurai, Masaru, additional, Santiuste, Carmen, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, Sieri, Sabina, additional, Sundström, Johan, additional, Tikhonoff, Valérie, additional, Tjønneland, Anne, additional, Tong, Tammy, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, Tzoulaki, Ioanna, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Monique Verschuren, W.M., additional, Völzke, Henry, additional, Wallace, Robert B., additional, Wannamethee, S. Goya, additional, Weiderpass, Elisabete, additional, Willeit, Peter, additional, Woodward, Mark, additional, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, additional, Zamora-Ros, Raul, additional, Akwo, Elvis A., additional, Pyarajan, Saiju, additional, Gagnon, David R., additional, Tsao, Philip S., additional, Muralidhar, Sumitra, additional, Edwards, Todd L., additional, Damrauer, Scott M., additional, Joseph, Jacob, additional, Pennells, Lisa, additional, Wilson, Peter W.F., additional, Harrison, Seamus, additional, Gaziano, Thomas A., additional, Inouye, Michael, additional, Baigent, Colin, additional, Casas, Juan P., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Wareham, Nick, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Gaziano, J.Michael, additional, Danesh, John, additional, Hung, Adriana M., additional, Butterworth, Adam S., additional, Wood, Angela M., additional, Di Angelantonio, Emanuele, additional, Koettgen, Anna, additional, Shaw, Jonathan, additional, Atkins, Robert, additional, Zimmet, Paul, additional, Whincup, Peter, additional, Willeit, Johann, additional, Leitner, Christoph, additional, Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Afzal, Shoaib, additional, Pablos, David Lora, additional, Arriscado, Cristina Martin, additional, Ferreiro, Carmen Romero, additional, Stocker, Hannah, additional, Schöttker, Ben, additional, Holleczek, Bernd, additional, Chetrit, Angela, additional, Welin, Lennart, additional, Svärdsudd, Kurt, additional, Lissner, Lauren, additional, Hange, Dominique, additional, Mehlig, Kirsten, additional, Nagel, Dorothea, additional, Norman, Paul E., additional, Almeida, Osvaldo, additional, Flicker, Leon, additional, Hata, Jun, additional, Honda, Takanori, additional, Furuta, Yoshihiko, additional, Iso, Hiroyasu, additional, Kitamura, Akihiko, additional, Muraki, Isao, additional, Salonen, Jukka T., additional, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, additional, van Zutphen, E. M., additional, van Schoor, N. M., additional, Lo Noce, Cinzia, additional, Kronmal, Richard, additional, Lappas, Georg, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Hedblad, Bo, additional, Shaffer, Jonathan, additional, Schwartz, Joseph, additional, Shimbo, Daichi, additional, Sato, Shinichi, additional, Hayama-Terada, Mina, additional, Jassal, Simerjot, additional, Aspelund, Thor, additional, Thorsson, Bolli, additional, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, additional, Chaker, Layal, additional, Ikram, Kamran M., additional, Kavousi, Maryam, additional, Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh, additional, Can, Günay, additional, Yüksel, Hüsniye, additional, Özkan, Uğur, additional, Nakagawa, Hideaki, additional, Morikawa, Yuko, additional, Ishizaki, Masao, additional, Feskens, Edith, additional, Geleijnse, Johanna M, additional, and Kromhout, Daan, additional

Published
2022
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46. Left Atrial Volumes and Function, and Long‐Term Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in the General Population

Author

Larsen, Bjørn Strøier, primary, Olsen, Flemming Javier, additional, Andersen, Ditte Madsen, additional, Madsen, Christoffer Valdorff, additional, Møgelvang, Rasmus, additional, Jensen, Gorm Boje, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Aplin, Mark, additional, Høst, Nis Baun, additional, Christensen, Hanne, additional, Sajadieh, Ahmad, additional, and Biering‐Sørensen, Tor, additional

Published
2022
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47. Impact of echocardiographic analyses of valvular event timing on myocardial work indices

Author

Olsen, Flemming Javier, primary, Bjerregaard, Caroline Løkke, additional, Skaarup, Kristoffer Grundtvig, additional, Lassen, Mats Christian Højbjerg, additional, Johansen, Niklas Dyrby, additional, Modin, Daniel, additional, Jensen, Gorm Boje, additional, Schnohr, Peter, additional, Søgaard, Peter, additional, Gislason, Gunnar, additional, Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup, additional, Møgelvang, Rasmus, additional, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor, additional

Published
2022
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48. Global and regional wall motion abnormalities and incident heart failure in the general population

Author

Espersen, Caroline, Modin, Daniel, Platz, Elke, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Prescott, Eva, Gislason, Gunnar, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Espersen, Caroline, Modin, Daniel, Platz, Elke, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Prescott, Eva, Gislason, Gunnar, Møgelvang, Rasmus, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

Background: Wall Motion Score Index (WMSI) is a simple method to quantify global and regional systolic function on echocardiography. We sought to investigate the prognostic importance of global and regional WMSI for the development of incident heart failure (HF) in the general population. Methods: We included adults without HF or ischemic heart disease from the 4th Copenhagen City Heart Study (2001–2003). At baseline, participants underwent an echocardiography and physical examination and completed a self-administered health questionnaire. WMSI was assessed by conventional echocardiography using a 16-segment model obtaining WMSI assessments for the anterior, lateral, inferior, septal, and posterior left ventricular (LV) walls and calculating a global WMSI. The primary endpoint was incident HF. Results: Among 3415 participants (mean age 58 years, 42% male, 45% with hypertension), 83 (2.4%) had hypo-, a-, or dyskinesia of at least one LV wall segment at baseline. During a median follow-up of 15.4 years, 297 (8.7%) participants developed HF. After adjusting for important clinical variables, LV ejection fraction and E/A, hypo-, a- or dyskinesia of at least one segment in any of the LV regional walls was associated with a higher risk of incident HF (HR 3.63, 95% CI 2.15–6.12, p < 0.001). Similarly, global WMSI was independently associated with a higher risk of HF (HR 1.38 per 0.1 increase, 95%CI 1.22–1.56, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Wall motion abnormalities in any regional LV wall and global WMSI were associated with incident HF in this general population cohort independent of various baseline clinical data, LV ejection fraction and E/A.

Published
2022

49. Left Atrial Volumes and Function, and Long-Term Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in the General Population

Author

Larsen, Bjørn Strøier, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Andersen, Ditte Madsen, Madsen, Christoffer Valdorff, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Aplin, Mark, Høst, Nis Baun, Christensen, Hanne, Sajadieh, Ahmad, Biering-Sørensen, Tor, Larsen, Bjørn Strøier, Olsen, Flemming Javier, Andersen, Ditte Madsen, Madsen, Christoffer Valdorff, Møgelvang, Rasmus, Jensen, Gorm Boje, Schnohr, Peter, Aplin, Mark, Høst, Nis Baun, Christensen, Hanne, Sajadieh, Ahmad, and Biering-Sørensen, Tor

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) volumes and emptying fraction in the general population may address structural and functional aspects of atrial cardiomyopathy associated with long-term risk of ischemic stroke in the absence of atrial fibrillation or prior stroke. We investigated the association between LA volumes and function and ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a community-based cohort, we measured LA minimal volume, LA maximal volume, and LA emptying fraction by transthoracic echocardiography. The primary end point was ischemic stroke. Participants with known atrial fibrillation or prior ischemic stroke were excluded, which resulted in 1866 participants. The mean age was 58±16 years, and 57% were women. During a median follow-up of 16.5 years (interquartile range: 11.4–16.8 years), 176 (9.4%) ischemic strokes occurred. In multivariable cause-specific regression models and competing risk models with death as a competing risk, LA emptying fraction was associated with ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14 per 10% decrease [95% CI, 1.02–1.28]) and (subdistribution HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.01–1.29]). This association remained when adjusting for participants who developed atrial fibrillation during follow-up (HR, 1.12 per 10% decrease [95% CI, 1.00–1.26]). Indexed LA volumes were not associated with ischemic stroke in the same models. LA emptying fraction and indexed LA volumes were not associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Lower LA emptying fraction measured by transthoracic echocardiography was associated with future ischemic stroke independently of incident atrial fibrillation. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02993172.

Published
2022

50. Physical activity in leisure time and at work and risk of dementia:A prospective cohort study of 117,616 individuals

Author

Juul Rasmussen, Ida, Rasmussen, Katrine Laura, Thomassen, Jesper Q., Nordestgaard, Børge G., Schnohr, Peter, Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Juul Rasmussen, Ida, Rasmussen, Katrine Laura, Thomassen, Jesper Q., Nordestgaard, Børge G., Schnohr, Peter, Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, and Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth

Abstract

Background and aims: Up to 40% of all dementia cases may be preventable, primarily by treating or acting on well-established cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity. Whether physical inactivity is associated with risk of non-Alzheimer's dementia – a disease influenced by cardiovascular risk factors – and whether a given association differs for physical activity in leisure time and at work remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 117,616 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study with up to 43 years of follow-up. Results: Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for low versus high physical activity at leisure time was 1.60 (95% confidence interval 1.40–1.83) for non-Alzheimer's dementia and 0.94 (0.80–1.11) for Alzheimer's disease. Corresponding values for non-Alzheimer's dementia after additional adjustment for physical activity at work or apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype were 1.60 (1.40–1.83) and 1.82 (1.34–2.15). Multifactorially and APOE adjusted hazard ratios for high versus low physical activity at work were 1.50 (1.10–2.05) for non-Alzheimer's dementia and 1.62 (1.14–2.31) for Alzheimer's disease. When combining the two types of physical activity, physical activity in leisure time had the strongest relationship with risk of non-Alzheimer's dementia. Conclusions: Physical inactivity in leisure time was associated with increased risk of non-Alzheimer's dementia, independent of modifiable risk factors and physical activity at work. The present study thus provides evidence for public health advice on physical activity in leisure time for the vascular part of dementia.

Published
2022

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