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Chitosan (Ch), a natural polysaccharide, is known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and various beneficial properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The objective of this study is to investigate the functionalization of zinc oxide (ZnO) with chitosan to develop a novel ZnO@Ch adduct for use in cosmetic formulations, specifically as a sun protection agent. The functionalization was achieved through ionotropic gelation, which enhanced the stability and reduced the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, thereby improving its safety profile for skin applications. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful functionalization, while TGA and DSC characterized the thermal properties and stability. The Zeta potential and particle size analyses demonstrated improved stability of ZnO@Ch across various pH levels compared to uncoated ZnO. The structure of the obtained adduct was also confirmed by SEM analysis. The ZnO@Ch adduct exhibited enhanced stability at neutral and slightly alkaline pH values, reduced photocatalytic activity compared to pure ZnO, and had lower cytotoxicity in 3T3 cells compared to pure ZnO, particularly at higher concentrations. The ZnO@Ch adduct provided a higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) than pure ZnO, indicating enhanced UV protection. The adduct's ability to provide higher SPF at lower ZnO concentrations offers economic and environmental benefits, aligning with sustainable product design principles. Future studies will focus on optimizing the formulation and testing the efficacy and safety at higher concentrations to fully realize its potential as a natural, eco-friendly sunscreen ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the strong interest concerning the responsive façades, today there are still few built examples and few tools to assess their benefits due to the complex description of the phenomenon. Energy simulations should consider the interactions between a time-varying environment and an environment-dependent envelope, increasing the intricacy of the problem; moreover, these strong environment–envelope interlinkages increase the importance of the location and climate scenarios considered. The aim of this study is to provide a tool to easily model these phenomena in different geographical and climate contexts. For this purpose, an innovative interactive computational platform (ICP) was developed based on EnergyPlus as a simulation engine, Python as a simulation manager, and Grasshopper as a user interface. Thanks to a single user-friendly environment, the users can simply select the climate scenario, the location, the responsive technology, and its main properties to set and run the dynamic energy simulation. After an overview of the current state of the art, this study provides a description of the structure and workflow adopted for developing this platform and details regarding its functioning and input management. Finally, the platform was tested to run an evolutionary optimization of an electrochromic window control strategy in different climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major challenge for the construction industry is to design and produce sustainable construction materials that are efficient in their performance and can be affordable for construction projects. The objective of this study is to determine the viability of incorporating waste products such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce concrete with polypropylene (PP) fibers. SCBA is an industry waste that has certain pozzolanic properties, however, it shows limited mechanical properties when used as a cement replacement. To improve the mechanical and durability performance, metakaolin (15%) and PP fiber (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) were incorporated in the SCBA blend as a ternary additive. Some of the important characteristics explored include compressive strength, tensile strength, density, water absorption, acid resistance, and sorptivity. The study reveals that the incorporation of 15% metakaolin in the composite enhanced the compressive strength by 7%, 8.2%, and 9.1% for PP fiber additions of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, while the acid resistance enhanced by 4%, 6% and 8% relative to the control mix for the same value of pp fiber. Furthermore, cost evaluation confirms that the overall costs of concrete with 15% metakaolin and 5% SCBA were 12.2% less than the control concrete, thus making this option economically feasible. This research proves that the inclusion of SCBA, metakaolin, and PP fibers into the concrete mixture brings a sustainable approach that enhances mechanical properties and durability while assisting sugar manufacturing plants in the proper disposal of wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioregenerative food systems that routinely produce fresh, safe-to-eat crops onboard spacecraft can supplement the nutrition and variety of shelf-stable spaceflight food systems for use during future exploration missions (i.e., low earth orbit, Mars transit, lunar, and Martian habitats). However, current space crop production systems are not yet sustainable because they primarily utilize consumable granular media and, to date, operate like single crop cycle, space biology experiments where root modules are sanitized prior to launch and discarded after each grow-out. Moreover, real-time detection of the cleanliness of crops produced in spacecraft is not possible. A significant paradigm shift is needed in the design of future space crop production systems, as they transition from operating as single grow-out space biology experiments to becoming sustainable over multiple cropping cycles. Soilless nutrient delivery systems have been used to demonstrate post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring technologies to enable sequential cropping cycles in spacecraft. Post-harvest cleaning and sanitization prevent the buildup of biofilms and ensure a favorable environment for seedling establishment of the next crop. Inflight microbial monitoring of food and watering systems ensures food safety in spaceflight food systems. A sanitization protocol, heat sterilization at 60°C for 1 h, and soaking for 12 h in 1% hydrogen peroxide, developed in this study, was compared against a standard hydroponic sanitization protocol during five consecutive crop cycles. Each cropping cycle included protocols for the cultivation of a crop to maturity, followed by post-harvest cleaning and inflight microbial monitoring. Microbial sampling of nutrient solution reservoirs, root modules, and plants demonstrated that the sanitization protocol could be used to grow safe-to-eat produce during multiple crop cycles. The cleanliness of the reservoir and root module surfaces measured with aerobic plate counts was verified in near real time using a qPCR-based inflight microbial monitoring protocol. Post-harvest sanitization and inflight microbial monitoring are expected to significantly transform the design of sustainable bioregenerative food and life support systems for future exploration missions beyond low earth orbit (LEO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the low specific surface area and high recombinant light generation carriers of BiOBr, loading BiOBr onto suitable Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) is an effective strategy to unleash its efficient visible light response and intrinsic catalytic activity. In this study, using classic MOF CAU‐17 as a precursor, using a straightforward co‐precipitation technique, four BiOBr/CAU‐17 composites with distinct MOF contents values BCAU‐1, BCAU‐2, BC, AU‐3, and BCAU‐4 were created, and their photo‐catalytic characteristics were examined. The BCAU‐2 composite exhibited much higher photo‐catalytic degradation efficiency for Rhodamine B (RhB) and Tetracycline (TC) than the pristine materials, counter compositions, and early reported materials. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and EDX results revealed the strong synergistic photo‐catalytic effect of BiOBr and CAU‐17. The photocatalytic degradation of TC was significantly enhanced by the BiOBr bimetal modification, with the 2 wt.% BiOBr/CAU‐17 nanocomposite achieving an 87.2 % degradation of TC and 82 % Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal within 60 min. The high photo‐degradation efficiency of BCAU‐2 composite should be attributed to the efficient transfer of photo‐generated carriers at interfaces and the synergistic effect between BiOBr/CAU‐17. Furthermore, the experiments on the capture of the active species proved that the main active free radicals involved in the degradation of RhB and TC are attributed to the photo‐induced holes h+ and ⋅ O2− under visible light. The catalyst's efficacy is corroborated by the outcomes of photoluminescence spectroscopy and photo current response. This study offers a new understanding for the design of green synthesis schemes for photo‐catalytic dye degradation and removal of certain antibiotics from the aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable school design is becoming increasingly important worldwide, particularly in the UAE, where schools are significant energy consumers. This study explores the impact of courtyard orientation on microclimate and energy consumption in UAE schools, utilizing a standardized template applied across 70 existing schools. By employing advanced simulation tools, ENVI-met and IES-ve software, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of air temperature and energy use related to different courtyard orientations, specifically on key dates of September 21st and March 21st, representing seasonal variations. The results indicate that North-facing courtyards consistently provide cooler microclimates compared to other orientations. Specifically, North-facing courtyards showed temperature reductions of 1.31°C in September and 1.9°C in March compared to the least favorable orientations. This orientation recorded the lowest average mass temperatures of 29.36°C in September and 25.13°C in March, surpassing the West-facing orientation by 0.39°C and 0.45°C, respectively. The primary factor for this improvement is the reduced solar radiation exposure on East-West aligned courtyards, which significantly lowers the heat gain. Additionally, the study assessed Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) readings and cooling demands, both of which were found to be lower in North-facing courtyards. Cooling load reductions varied between 1% and 4%, depending on the day, further emphasizing the efficiency of this orientation. These findings suggest that strategic courtyard orientation is a critical design consideration for enhancing thermal comfort and energy efficiency in school buildings. The implications of this research are significant for sustainable design and construction practices. By highlighting the benefits of optimal courtyard orientation, this study offers practical solutions for reducing energy consumption and improving the indoor and outdoor thermal environments of schools. These insights contribute to the broader goal of developing greener, more sustainable educational facilities, particularly in hot climates like the UAE. This research not only informs architects and urban planners but also supports policymakers in implementing effective sustainability strategies in the educational sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of vertical greenery systems (VGSs) applied to several typical wall configurations on indoor thermal conditions in a building module situated in the Mediterranean climate of Catania, Italy. By means of dynamic simulations in TRNSYS vers.18, the research compares the thermal behavior of walls made of either hollow clay blocks (Poroton) or lava stone blocks against a lightweight wall setup already in place at the University of Catania. The primary focus is on evaluating the VGSs' capability of reducing peak inner surface temperatures and moderating heat flux fluctuations entering the building. The findings indicate that adding an outer vertical greenery layer to heavyweight walls can decrease the peak inner surface temperature by up to 1.0 °C compared to the same bare wall. However, the greenery's positive impact is less pronounced than in the case of the lightweight wall. This research underscores the potential of green facades in enhancing the indoor thermal environment in buildings in regions with climates like the Mediterranean one, providing valuable insights for sustainable building design and urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving Urban Flood Resilience (UFR) is essential for modern societies, requiring the implementation of effective practices in different countries to mitigate hydrological events. Green Water Systems (GWSs) emerge as a promising alternative to achieve UFR, but they are still poorly explored and present varied definitions. This article aims to define GWSs within the framework of sustainable practices and propose a regulation that promotes UFR. Through a systematic review of existing definitions and an analysis of international regulations on sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDSs), this study uncovers the varied perceptions and applications of GWSs and their role in Blue–Green Infrastructure (BGI). Furthermore, the research puts forth a standardized definition of GWSs and emphasizes the implementation of SuDSs in Peru. This approach aims to address the existing knowledge gap and contribute to the advancement of sustainable urban infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosques, revered as sacred spaces, are distinguished by their sustainable architectural designs. A critical aspect of these designs is the implementation of daylighting strategies, essential for ensuring adequate light levels, particularly for reading the Holy Quran. Traditional daylighting typologies in mosques, such as multi-lateral lighting, clerestories, skylights, and shading devices, are widely recognized. However, the potential application of electrochromic (EC) switchable glazing within mosque architecture remains underexplored. This study delves into the effectiveness of various daylighting typologies, assessing their performance before and after the integration of EC switchable glazing in the Al-Shagroud Mosque located in Saudi Arabia. Employing comprehensive radiance simulations in accordance with the LEEDv4.1 standards, the study evaluates additional metrics including useful daylight illuminance (UDI300–3000lux), workplane illuminance (WPI), uniformity index (Ui), and daylight glare probability (DGP) under multiple scenarios. The results demonstrate that clerestory lighting effectively meets LEEDv4.1 benchmarks but exhibits limitations in achieving uniform light distribution, particularly in the men's prayer hall. In contrast, the women's prayer hall benefits from a combination of clerestory lighting and shading devices, which improves light quality and mitigates glare issues. However, the use of skylights without adequate shading leads to excessive WPI and high DGP levels, compromising visual comfort. Moreover, managing daylight quantity and quality through the integration of different typologies, including hybrid models, presents substantial challenges. The integration of EC switchable glazing, while maintaining optimal WPI and reducing DGP, offers enhanced visual comfort in prayer areas. Nevertheless, this technology faces difficulties in ensuring even light distribution, as evidenced by lower uniformity index values. This research highlights the critical need for optimizing daylighting in mosques to balance sustainability and comfort, without detracting from their sacred ambiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality built environments significantly enhance residents' health, urban livability, and sustainability. However, the lack of precise pre-evaluation of designs and user perceptions during the design phase often results in suboptimal improvements. This study proposes a method for evaluating and optimizing design schemes based on multidimensional physical environment simulations and virtual perception, using a university campus as a case study. Initially, we establish simulation models for sound, wind, thermal, and light environments and analyze the current state of virtual perception in the campus environment. Subsequently, we integrate the evaluation results of the physical environment and virtual perception to identify three priority intervention areas and develop corresponding design strategies. Finally, we reapply the method for pre-evaluation of the design schemes and further optimize the designs. The results show that the optimized schemes receive positive feedback in virtual perception evaluations. This study leverages the combined use of multidimensional physical environment simulations and VR technology to create an immersive virtual environment with measurable physical perception experiences, providing a new approach for guiding the sustainability of built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global discourse on sustainability has heightened the importance of integrating sustainable design principles into interior architecture education. However, the implementation of such education faces complex challenges. This investigation draws upon Scopus-indexed papers published within the timeframe spanning from 2009 to 2023. Through a comprehensive analysis of these scholarly sources which contributed from 32 referred journals, this study examines these challenges, aiming to provide insights and strategies for effective implementation of Sustainable Interior Architecture Education. A primary challenge is the lack of a structured approach, leading to fragmented learning experiences for students. The wide-ranging concepts within sustainable design, coupled with resistance to change and limited resources, further complicate integration efforts. Additionally, there is a lack of awareness among educators and students about the significance of sustainability in interior architecture, hindering motivation and understanding of sustainable practices. Evaluation methods also prove challenging, as traditional approaches may not adequately assess sustainable design principles. Pedagogical challenges arise from balancing fundamental design skills with sustainability teachings. Industry alignment and cultural variations further impact the implementation process. Addressing these challenges requires collaboration between educational institutions, industry stakeholders, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of sustainable leadership on environmental performance, specifically examining how employee well-being and innovation mediate this relationship, and how organizational resilience moderates this relationship within the information technology sector in Denmark. Utilizing a cross-sectional design and drawing on sustainable leadership theory and social exchange theory, the research employed PLS-SEM analysis. Hypotheses were tested, exploring the variables' direct, moderated and mediated relationships. The results support all hypotheses, revealing positive relationships between sustainable leadership and environmental performance, employee well-being, and innovation. Furthermore, employee well-being and innovation mediate the relationship between sustainable leadership and environmental performance. Organizational resilience moderates the association between sustainable leadership and environmental performance. This research offers valuable insights into the dynamics of sustainable leadership in the IT sector, emphasizing its positive impact on environmental performance and organizational outcomes. The study suggests practical implications for leaders and identifies avenues for future research. This study extends the understanding of sustainable leadership by empirically examining its multifaceted impact in the specific context of Denmark's information technology sector. Incorporating both sustainable leadership theory and social exchange theory enriches the theoretical framework, contributing to the originality of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative approach was pursued for sustainable packaging design using Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks (CycleGANs), tailored for wood packaging engraving. The methodology includes four phases: user participatory design, assembly scheme design, detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) optimization, and computer numerical control (CNC) engraving production. Each phase targets sustainability from design to final product, minimizing environmental impact and economic costs. Emphasizing early user participation helps adapt designs to user needs and environmental standards. Innovations such as real-time updates of packaging patterns via cloud-based iterations and an FEA optimization system enhance durability and aesthetics. This approach improves the environmental footprint and recyclability of conventional wood packaging. The research aims to shift perceptions in the packaging industry towards more sustainable practices, showcasing the practical applications of advanced digital tools in traditional manufacturing. It offers a scalable model for integrating sustainability into packaging design, providing valuable insights and inspiring future innovations in environmentally friendly practices across the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive power has gained acknowledgment as an ancillary service, indispensable for generators to ensure the dependable process of power systems. Moreover, it carries the potential to significantly enhance the effectiveness of delivering active power to consumers. Additionally, a strategic injection of reactive power at specific points holds the capability to alleviate transmission constraints, enabling cost-effective power distribution to heavily loaded regions. Given the inherent characteristics of reactive power provision, it necessitates efficient and dependable local procurement and management strategies. However, prevailing models fail to encompass the diverse dimensions of reactive power costs, leading to inefficiencies. Thus, an optimal resolution is imperative to rectify these complexities. This study introduces an innovative market mechanism for delivering reactive power ancillary services (RPAS), with a specific emphasis on its localized implementation. The proposed approach leverages the Sailfish Optimizer and is implemented on the General Algebraic Modeling System platform. The effectiveness of this novel mechanism is demonstrated through application to the IEEE 30-bus and PJM 5-bus systems, incorporating wind energy sources. The objective function takes into account the critical role of reactive power in maintaining bus voltage within acceptable limits and evaluates the availability of reactive power reserves within the system. The adoption of this utility function results in a noteworthy reduction in the total payment associated with RPAS, concurrently leading to an improvement in system-wide bus voltage and the preservation of necessary reactive power reserves across the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leave-one-out (LOO) green fluorescent protein (GFP) approach to biosensor design combines computational protein design with split protein reconstitution. LOO-GFPs reversibly fold and gain fluorescence upon encountering the target peptide, which can be redefined by computational design of the LOO site. Such an approach can be used to create reusable biosensors for the early detection of emerging biological threats. Enlightening biophysical inferences for nine LOO-GFP biosensor libraries are presented, with target sequences from dengue, influenza, or HIV, replacing beta strands 7, 8, or 11. An initially low hit rate was traced to components of the energy function, manifesting in the over-rewarding of over-tight side chain packing. Also, screening by colony picking required a low library complexity, but designing a biosensor against a peptide of at least 12 residues requires a high-complexity library. This double-bind was solved using a "piecemeal" iterative design strategy. Also, designed LOO-GFPs fluoresced in the unbound state due to unwanted dimerization, but this was solved by fusing a fully functional prototype LOO-GFP to a fiber-forming protein, Drosophila ultrabithorax, creating a biosensor fiber. One influenza hemagglutinin biosensor is characterized here in detail, showing a shifted excitation/emission spectrum, a micromolar affinity for the target peptide, and an unexpected photo-switching ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of support on the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles formed in the bioinspired process, a series of palygorskite (Pal) supported ZnO nanocomposites (ZnO/Pal) were fabricated using licorice extract and the antibacterial actions related to the structure of loaded ZnO nanocomposites was elucidated. The samples were characterized by the means of UV–vis, XRD, TEM, FTIR, TG and XPS, and the antibacterial properties were determined by the agar disk diffusion assay and colony counting assay. The structural analysis revealed that pure ZnO nanoparticles with average grain diameter of about 11 nm were formed in the green bioinspired process and anchored on the surface of Pal nanorods. And with Pal amount decreasing (ZnO loading increased from 10 % to 40 %), the ZnO NPs aggregated intensify and promoted the assembling of ZnO/Pal nanorods into bigger clusters, and four kinds of ZnO/Pal with different morphologies were formed. Among them, 20 % loading of ZnO/Pal showed antibacterial activity comparable to that of 30 % and better than that of 40 %, because ZnO nanoparticles in 20 % ZnO/Pal are monodispersed on Pal nanorods that maintained full exposure and high activity of ZnO NPs as well as better killing efficiency than those with clustered ZnO NPs. The mechanism analysis demonstrated that the bacteria-adsorbed capacity of Pal and the enhanced contact of small ZnO NPs with bacterial cells leading to intensified membrane-damage and intracellular metabolic imbalance are the main bactericidal actions of ZnO/Pal nanocomposites. This study first gave insight into the structure-related antibacterial behavior of ZnO/Pal nanocomposites, and provides an improved green way to design efficient clay-supported ZnO antibacterial nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are at the center of epidemics and are the most affected areas. Disciplines such as architecture, urban planners, and landscape architecture are expected to develop new approaches to socio-spatial lifestyles to make the pandemic period easier. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's lifestyles globally, causing changes in their daily routines and leading to changes in living conditions and places. These changes have revealed the importance of balconies and gardens as living spaces. Balconies and gardens of houses are much more practical and functional spaces in people's physical and social life. The effective use of home balconies and gardens in Kahramanmaras has been a factor in choosing it as a working area. Climate has been influential in the spatial planning of Kahramanmaras city. This research is based on developing suggestions for balcony design by determining the importance, behavior, and wishes given to balconies during the pandemic process. The questionnaire method was adopted in the conduct of the research. Obtained data were evaluated with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 28.0 statistical analysis. To contribute to the development of proposals for urban planning, the relationship between demographic characteristics such as education and age and attitudes and desires toward balconies was examined with the Chi-square (X2) test. As a result of the study, it was determined that the balconies were used effectively during the pandemic process, the open space function of the balconies came to the fore, and plant production contributed esthetically and functionally. It has been determined that plant production contributes esthetically and functionally to balcony design, and growing plants on balconies is effective on people's physical and mental health. As a result of the study, suggestions have been developed for the use of balconies as a component of the green infrastructure system at the city scale and for the adoption of a climate-effective planning approach in traditional houses. On the building scale, it has been suggested to include plant cultivation on the balconies to benefit from the biophilic design and to use light effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, sustainability has become one of the most critical goals to be accomplished in the construction industry to mitigate its environmental impacts, energy consumption, waste, and cost. Therefore, this research aims to assess the sustainability of concrete structures using the Building Information Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment (BIM–LCA) approach. It can aid to rank and select the type of concrete based on sustainability criteria including CO2 emissions, embodied energy, and cost using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. One-Click LCA tool has been used for the recognition of the distinctions in the LCA results by adopting different environmental product declaration databases. HBERT is used as a verification tool for One-Click LCA results. A comparative study is applied to a multi-story car park concrete structure using both traditional concrete and green concrete that includes supplementary waste materials. Three different models of concrete that have the same compressive strength are selected: traditional concrete, green concrete using 30% fly ash, and green concrete using 50% ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). The results showed that using 50% GGBFS in the concrete mix is the most sustainable alternative in terms of CO2 emissions and embodied energy. Finally, it is concluded that using BIM–LCA–AHP integrated approach can help engineers to design computerized models that improve the sustainability of construction by evaluation based on sustainable objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic pretreatment is a crucial step in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as peapods, into valuable products. Ultrasonic pretreatment is a highly effective physical method that utilizes ultrasonic waves to enhance various processes. Biomass pretreatment is achieved through physical effects such as acoustic cavitation, which disrupts the biomass structure, and chemical effects like radical formation, which breaks down complex molecules. This article focuses on the characteristics, types, and applications of ultrasonic pretreatment in peapods, with a particular emphasis on its role in lignin removal and ultrasound design. An innovative mechanical design in a CAD application of a continuous ultrasound treatment with a capacity of 5 L and an FEA analysis of the equipment are presented as results, providing insights for the design and optimization of ultrasonic pretreatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of rural revitalization, the art intervention in rural cultural tourism has become a hot topic recently. With the advent of the new media era, it is particularly important to study the factors that affect the artistic value of environmental graphic design. This study proposes six dimensions of environmental graphic design for rural cultural tourism through literature analysis and experience summary, which are refined into 21 impact indicators. It is based on the case of the environmental graphic publicity of cultural tourism in Chongqing Nanshan Cattle Village, using the SBE beauty evaluation method to evaluate the influencing factors, while using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to measure each indicator. The consistency of the two evaluation methods verifies the feasibility of the influencing factors, and this study found the influence of visuality, cultural nature, artistic nature, interactivity, spatiality, and communicativeness on aesthetic value. Moreover, the core of environmental graphic design lies in information transmission, in which artistic nature occupies an important position, while cultural nature, although it has a relatively small weight in aesthetic value, cannot be ignored in social media communication. In terms of visual design, a reasonable layout of equipment significantly enhances visual appeal, while spatial adaptability is considered a key factor. This paper emphasizes the integration of art principles into design to promote sustainable development, while also pointing out that the identification of rural cultural symbols can enhance visitors' cultural experience. In terms of interactivity, it is crucial to encourage visitors to actively participate and share their experiences, while communication emphasizes the important impact of exposure to rural scenes on brand communication. This research provides systematic theoretical support and practical guidance for the environmental graphic design of rural cultural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This conceptual paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of value creation and value capture with smart resources in the Internet of Things (IoT)-driven business models against the backdrop of an increasingly networked and connectivity-based environment. More specifically, the authors screen strategic management theories and adapt them to the specificities of new types of smart resources by focusing on a conceptual analysis of isolating mechanisms that enable value creation and value capture based upon different types of smart resources. Design/methodology/approach: By adapting the state of the art of the contemporary resource-based discussion (resource-based view, dynamic capabilities view, relational view, resource-based view for a networked environment) to the context of IoT-driven business models, the paper typifies valuable intra- and inter-organisational resource types. In the next step, a discursive discussion on the evolution of isolating mechanisms, which are assumed to enable the translation of value creation into value appropriation, adapts the resource-based view for a networked environment to the context of IoT-driven business models. Findings: The authors find that connectivity shapes both opportunities and challenges for firms, e.g. focal firms, in such business models, but it is notably social techniques that help to generate connectivity and transform inter-organisational ties into effective isolating mechanisms. Originality/value: This paper lays a foundation for a theoretically underpinned understanding of how IoT can be exploited through designing economically sustainable business models. In this paper, research propositions are established as a point of departure for future research that applies strategic management theories to better understand business models that work with the digitisation and connectivity of resources on different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines how different configurations of societal impact are pursued by purpose-driven organizations (PDOs) and how these configurations align with the application of varying supply chain design (SCD) practices. Design/methodology/approach: This multi-method study uses quantitative data from 1588 B Corps and qualitative data from 316 B Corps to examine how PDOs align SCD with the pursuit of diverse types of societal impact. The authors first conduct a cluster analysis to group organizations based on the impact they create. Second, qualitative content analysis connects impact with enabling SCD elements. Findings: The analysis of the five identified clusters provides detailed empirical insights on influencers, design decisions and building blocks adopted by PDOs to drive a range of societal impacts. Specifically, the nature of the impact pursued affects (1) whether a PDO will be more influenced by a need in the political environment or an opportunity in the industry environment, (2) the relative importance of the design of social flows versus material flows and (3) the need to develop new relational resources with beneficiaries versus leveraging existing capabilities to manage inter-firm processes. Originality/value: This study responds to calls to disaggregate different dimensions of societal impact and examines the relationship between SCD and a breadth of sustainability impacts for different stakeholders. In doing so, the authors identify four SCD pathways organizations can follow to achieve specific societal impacts. This study is also the first to employ a supply chain perspective in the study of certified B Corps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biorefineries are novel biotechnological routes designed to generate sustainable processes from renewable raw materials. The valorization of orange peel waste (OPW) provides high-value products based on their composition. The economic optimization of biorefineries through conceptual design and generation of superstructures based on the analysis of processing units is a topic of great interest. This work aimed to obtain the most profitable biorefinery through economic optimization strategies based on high-value-added products from OPW. Two stages were considered: The first stage consisted of the conceptual design of multiple OPW processing units (production of essential oil, mucic acid, phenolic compounds, biogas, among others). An OPW flow rate of 140 kg/h was selected as the base case. From the stand-alone units, a biorefinery superstructure (second stage) was designed. Finally, the units with the best mass and energy results were selected in order to maximize the net present value (NPV) and obtain an optimal biorefinery configuration. The results evidenced that the production of essential oil and biogas presented the best yields (2.61 mL and 0.028 m3 per kg OPW, respectively). This biorefinery configuration obtained an NPV of −7.7 mUSD from the base case. Through the evaluation of the different superstructure configurations, the combined production of essential oil, biogas, and mucic acid and a scale-up of over 22 times the base case generated the minimum processing scale. Under a Colombian context, the implementation of the biorefineries analyzed are promising since the minimum processing scale contemplated only 8.8% of the OPW production. Efforts to increase yields and decrease capital and operating expenses while keeping environmental impacts low should be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) is a critical pillar for designing the sustainable cities of the future. Photovoltaics (PVs) play a significant role in the design of ZEBs, especially in cases with fully electrified buildings. The goal of this analysis was to investigate different advanced PVs with integrated cell cooling techniques that can be incorporated into buildings aiming to transform them into ZEBs. Specifically, the examined cooling techniques were radiative PV cells, externally finned PVs and the combination of PVs with phase-change materials. These ideas were compared with the conventional PV design for the climate conditions of Athens, Barcelona, Munich and Stockholm. At every location, two different building typologies, B1 (a five-story building) and B2 (a two-story building), were investigated and the goal was to design zero-energy buildings. In the cases that the roof PVs could not cover the total yearly electrical load, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) were also added in the south part of every building. It was found that in all the cases, it is possible to design ZEB with the use of roof PVs, except for the cases of B1 buildings in Munich and Stockholm, there is also a need to exploit BIPVs. Moreover, a significant electricity surplus was reported, especially at the warmest locations (Athens and Barcelona). Among the examined cooling techniques, the application of the fins in the back side of the PVs was determined to be the most effective technique, with radiative cooling to follow with a slightly lower performance enhancement. The application of PCM was found to be beneficial only in hot climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized via easy route "green process" using plant extract of Albizia procera. The purpose of this research is to investigate the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye via advanced oxidation process (AOP) in the presence of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the ZnO photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the ZnO NPs had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The average crystalline size of around 20 nm was observed by the Debye–Scherrer formula. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed a range of sizes 23 nm. This study aims to analyze the influence of operating parameters and their interactive effect on the overall removal efficiency of the targeted component by response surface methodology (RSM). The Box–Behnken design (BBD) in RSM was used to optimize several process variables. In order to optimize the responses of MB elimination rate, parameters such as pH (A: 3–11), molar ratio [H2O2]/[ZnO] (B:1–3), concentration dye (C: 10–30 mg L−1), and contact time (D:30–70 min) were used as independent factors. The values obtained from the experiment and model predictions were discovered to be in adequate approval, and the model equation's performance confirmed the experimental observation with only a small divergence. These results confirmed the efficient environmental remediation of heterogeneous photocatalytic process thanks to ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of Midjourney intelligent drawing software in architectural design education, particularly its impact on design efficiency and creativity among sophomore architecture students. While Midjourney serves as a powerful tool for rapid visual concept generation, it does not replace traditional design skills but complements them by enhancing the visualization process. The study also identifies some key limitations of Midjourney, especially in areas of functionality and sustainable design, which require students to integrate additional tools for a more comprehensive design approach. The recommendation to expand the use of intelligent drawing technologies like Midjourney in future research is supported by the observed improvements in student performance, including enhanced creative expression and efficiency in design processes. These conclusions are based on qualitative data derived from student feedback, as well as quantitative measurements of their design outcomes before and after using the software. Furthermore, it highlights the need to broaden the scope of studies to include a wider variety of educational contexts and source materials to improve understanding of the software's potential in design education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more companies strive for net-zero emissions, mitigating indirect greenhouse gas emissions embedded in value chains—especially in logistics activities—has become a critical priority. In the European logistics sector, sustainability and energy efficiency are receiving growing attention, given the sector's intersectional role in both transportation and construction. This transition toward low-carbon logistics design not only reduces carbon emissions but also yields financial benefits, including operational cost savings and new market opportunities. This study examines the impact of passive design strategies and low-carbon technologies in a Swedish logistics center, assessed using the low-carbon design criteria from the BREEAM International standard, version 6. The findings show that passive energy-efficient measures, such as the installation of 47 skylights for natural daylighting, reduced light power density in accordance with AHSHARE 90.1-2019 and the integration of free night flushing, contribute to a 23% reduction in total energy consumption. In addition, the integration of 600 PV panels and 480 batteries with a capacity of 268 ampere-hours and 13.5 kWh storage, operating at 50 volts, delivers a further 56% reduction in carbon emissions. By optimizing the interaction between passive design and active low-carbon technologies, this research presents a comprehensive feasibility analysis that promotes sustainable logistics practices while ensuring a future-proof, low-carbon operational model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's sustainable development and dual carbon goals, research on thermodynamic architecture theory and vernacular architecture increasingly aligns with international trends, developing distinct characteristics. This research addresses the challenge of rapid changes in the built environment by focusing on climate adaptability and passive technologies. However, the development of thermodynamic theory in vernacular architecture faced technical limitations in the early 21st century and was later overshadowed by the industry's reliance on active technologies to meet green building standards, resulting in a reduced role for architects in the green building field. This article traces the origins of passive architecture, rooted in vernacular architecture, and applies thermodynamic theory to explore architectural prototypes. It examines the theoretical feasibility of architectural design in achieving low-carbon and sustainable goals, aiming to fill a gap in thermodynamic theory within the broader context of sustainable architectural development. After demonstrating the various passive prototypes inherent in vernacular architecture, this paper proposes a courtyard prototype focused on residential comfort for design translation and analysis. The research methods employed include bioclimatic charting, balance point temperature analysis in time series, and extensive computer simulations. Through the process of prototype extraction, performance analysis, validation, and optimization, the paper systematically discusses sustainable design methods within the framework of thermodynamic architecture theory. It also provides practical demonstrations of these methods across four distinct climate regions in China. By translating vernacular architectural designs, this research systematically organizes the theoretical framework for architects' early involvement in low-carbon and green building design, offering a theoretical foundation for initiating the design process through prototype translation while guiding the generation of green ecological buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As freshwater supplies decrease, adopting sustainable practices like water- and energy-efficient irrigation is crucial, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Here, farmers often cannot purchase precision irrigation equipment, which achieves high water and energy efficiencies via full automation. Currently, no irrigation methods exist that combine automatic scheduling of events with manual operation of valves, familiar hardware on low-income farms. This work synthesizes functional requirements for a tool that could address efficiency needs while integrating into current manual practices. Then, a design concept for an automatic scheduling and manual operation (AS-MO) human–machine interaction (HMI) that meets these requirements is proposed. Two design stages of the AS-MO HMI were evaluated by farmers and market stakeholders in three countries. Results show that farmers in Kenya and Jordan valued the proposed AS-MO HMI because they could increase efficiency on their farms without the cost or complexity of automatic valves. In Morocco, a possible market was found, but a majority of participants preferred full automation. Interviewees provided feedback on how to improve the tool's design in future iterations. If adopted at scale, the proposed AS-MO tool could increase efficiency on farms that otherwise cannot afford current precision irrigation technology, improving sustainable agriculture worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop the aluminum sheets suitable for the twin-belt continuous casting and direct rolling, the composition optimization of Al-Mg-Mn alloys evolved from AA5052 (Al-2.5 Mg) alloy was firstly carried out via the synergy between the PANDAT software and the micro–hardness test. Subsequently, the influence of Er and Zr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the optimized Al-Mg-Mn sheet (Al-1.5 Mg-0.8Mn) was investigated in this work. The results showed that the tensile properties of Al-1.5 Mg-0.8Mn sheets processed by the rolling and the subsequent annealing were improved by the co-addition of the Zr and Er. The optimized tensile properties (UTS: 320.5 MPa; YS: 231.6 MPa; E.L.: 6.75%) were achieved in Al-1.5 Mg-0.8Mn sheets modified by 0.2 wt.% Zr and 0.3 wt.% Er, which is attributed to the finest fibrous grains, the fine, homogeneously distributed residual Al6Mn, Al3Zr and Al3(Zr, Er) second phases and more nano-sized Al3(Zr, Er) precipitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by population growth, rising living costs, and the urgent need to address climate change, sustainable food production and circular economy principles are becoming increasingly important. Conventional agriculture faces significant challenges, including land scarcity, water shortages, and disrupted supply chains. As a solution, cities are adopting vertical farming to enhance urban food security and promote circularity. This research introduces FLOAT (Farming Lab on a Trough), an innovative vertical farming system made from bio-polymers and recycled polyethylene terephthalate glyco (rPETG) pellets from plastic bottles. FLOAT's design emphasizes sustainability and closed-loop material usage. The study showcases the versatility of additive manufacturing (AM) in creating complex geometries with fully functional 1:1 prototypes. These prototypes highlight FLOAT's potential as a scalable and adaptable solution for sustainable food production in urban settings, contributing to improved food security and environmental sustainability. By integrating FLOAT with conventional practices, we aim to exceed Singapore's 2030 food security targets and achieve lasting urban food resilience. FLOAT aims to scale sustainable food production, fostering community ties with food, and nurturing future responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a relatively novel paradigm known as sustainable development has been introduced in response to concerns regarding the adverse impact of industrial activities on the environment and society. Managers in the food sector have been attempting to incorporate the principle of sustainable development in their supply chains owing to the paramount importance of social and environmental considerations in creating a competitive advantage for food products. To this end, we propose a multi-objective linear mathematical model considering the three dimensions of sustainability, i.e. economic, environmental, and social, to design a sustainable food supply chain. Given today's volatile business environment, we employ a robust optimization model by incorporating Conditional Value-at-Risk into the configuration of two-stage stochastic programming to tackle uncertainty and take up a risk-averse strategy in supply chain design. The model aims to identify the optimal production and delivery times of the products, investigate the effects of their perishability characteristic on inventory decisions, and assess the financial and environmental advantages of transportation decisions to improve the sustainability of logistics operations. A novel version of fuzzy goal programming approach is applied to solve the proposed model. Next, the applicability of the proposed model and its solution method is verified based on computational experiments on a real-world case study of a processed food company. Lastly, conflicts between the sustainability aspects are examined, and several sensitivity analyses on risk-aversion parameters are performed to provide managerial insights for industry executives seeking to optimize their network concerning sustainability issues and well-performance under worst-case scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime countries, including Indonesia, have indicated their interest in developing a national ocean policy and blue economy plan to boost economic growth while promoting sustainability in and from oceanic activities. In 2017, the Government of Indonesia published the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP), the first of its kind since independence, and subsequently developed a series of blue economy documents as an integral part of its national development agenda whilst also indicating its support for the global sustainability objectives stipulated in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, development obstacles such as: declining ocean health; climate crises; fragmented ocean management; inadequate infrastructure and technology; limited data support; low sustainable investment; and the blurred definition of the blue economy, pose risks to successful outcomes of sustainable ocean development in Indonesia. When unaddressed, these challenges can inhibit the policy's effectiveness in delivering its intended outcomes. This qualitative study explores Indonesia's interests in sustainable ocean development and how it pursues them while advancing economic objectives and commitments towards SDGs and net zero emission targets. The study finds that maintaining ocean health and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources are Indonesia's most vital interests for sustainable ocean development. The national ocean policy and the blue economy have been employed as two successive and simultaneous avenues to pursue Indonesia's maritime interests. Unfortunately, to date, both approaches have yet to obtain maturity and ocean affairs are overshadowed by other national development priorities. By focusing on ocean governance and its development in the contemporary context, this article sheds light on the important role of policymaking in modern-day ocean governance. A cautious approach to policy design is crucial to avoid common pitfalls in sustainable ocean development, such as weak implementation strategies and the consequent failure to meet core sustainability objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction using eco-friendly materials reduces environmental impact and promotes sustainable practices. This research uses sawdust and steel fibers to design sustainable concrete. The main goal is to improve mechanical properties and reduce embodied carbon emissions. This study examines the mechanical properties of concrete with different sawdust and steel fiber combinations to fill a gap in the literature. In this research synergistic effect of saw dust and steel fiber on concrete characteristics have been studied. The research also examines these pairings' environmental benefits. This study used a response surface methodology (RSM) to design an experimental program and assess the effects of input variables (sawdust and steel fiber percentages) on output responses like compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), embodied carbon (EC), and eco-strength efficiency (ESE). Established testing methodologies and RSM provided an optimum prediction model based on specimen mechanical properties. Sawdust and steel fibers enhances concrete's mechanical properties. Varying proportions of both materials were added in mix; sawdust (0%-12%) and steel fiber (0%-2%). The experimental findings suggest that the optimized composition achieved the following mechanical properties: 13.85 MPa compressive strength, 1.4 MPa split tensile strength, 3.67 MPa flexural strength, 18.027 GPa modulus of elasticity, 211.272 kg CO2e/m3 embodied carbon, and 0.065487 eco-strength efficiency. This research showed that the aims of improving mechanical properties and reducing embodied carbon were achieved. As per multi-objective optimization, optimal percentages of saw dust and steel fibers in concrete are 11.81% and 0.063% respectively. The investigation yielded many suggestions. To test the optimal blend composition of ecologically friendly concrete in real-world building projects, start with realistic projects. Finally, life cycle evaluations and cost studies are needed to determine the environmental and economic impacts of eco-friendly concrete compared to standard options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing and making sustainable plastics is especially urgent to reduce their ecological and environmental impacts. However, it remains challenging to construct plastics with simultaneous high sustainability and outstanding comprehensive performance. Here, a composite strategy of in situ polymerizing a petroleum‐based monomer with the presence of an industrialized bio‐derived polymer in a quasi‐solvent‐free system is introduced, affording the plastic with excellent mechanical robustness, impressive thermal and solvent stability, as well as low energy, consumes during production, processing, and recycling. Particularly, the plastic can be easily processed into diverse shapes through 3D printing, injection molding, etc. during polymerization and further reprocessed into other complex structures via eco‐friendly hydrosetting. In addition, the plastic is mechanically robust with Young's modulus of up to 3.7 GPa and tensile breaking strength of up to 150.2 MPa, superior to many commercially available plastics and other sustainable plastics. It is revealed that hierarchical hydrogen bonds in plastic predominate the well‐balanced sustainability and performance. This work provides a new path for fabricating high‐performance sustainable plastic toward practical applications, contributing to the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals often evoke negative feelings due to their antiseptic architecture and personal memories. Biophilic hospital design can reduce stress and enhance health and wellness for patients and caregivers, creating sustainable therapeutic environments. This research paper explores these environments and presents case studies demonstrating the positive outcomes of biophilic design on health and wellbeing. This paper systematically reviews and critically assesses literature using secondary data from peer-reviewed journals and reliable sources on sustainable design from 2010-2023. The results show that biophilic design in hospitals reduces hospitalization time, patient mortality, pain levels, and stress for healthcare providers. It alleviates anxiety, improves experiences for patients, families, and staff, reduces patient harm, and supports faster recovery. Overall, it positively influences the psychological and physiological responses of patients and staff. Future research should analyze the impact of individual biophilic design elements separately and explore implementation challenges. It should also quantify benefits such as reduced staff absenteeism and increased productivity. This study fills the gap of the limitation of holistic studies on biophilic design's impact on patient care and service delivery in hospital settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for a plant-based sustainable diet has significant value for promoting future development, posing novel challenges for designers. This study involved a five-step design process, encompassing a case study, an experimental study, prototype conception, user testing, and design refinement, with the aim of developing a "Plant-based Sustainable Diet 3P Emotional Design Method" card set that enables individuals to devise personalized sustainable diet plans. The results demonstrated that the instinctive level originates from the product itself, signifying the efficacy of sensory design cues for plant-based foods. The behavioral level stems from the interactive content generated by the product, denoting the efficacy of design cues and highlighting the advantages of transitioning to healthier ingredients for the body. The reflective level arises from the reflection and contemplation of the product, signifying the efficacy of value perception and design cues pertaining to economic, environmental, and social sustainability knowledge. The study analyzed the influencing factors of diet choices through emotional design and provided insights into the underlying psychological mechanisms. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in the novel integration of emotional design and sustainable diet research, while its practical contribution is the introduction of methods and tools that facilitate the adoption of plant-based sustainable diet practices at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health systems around the globe. Lessons from health systems responses to these challenges may help design effective and sustainable health system responses for future challenges. This study aimed to 1/ identify the broad types of health system challenges faced during the pandemic and 2/ develop a typology of health system response to these challenges. Methods: Semi-structured one-on-one online interviews explored the experience of 19 health professionals during COVID-19 in a large state health system in Australia. Data were analysed using constant comparative analysis utilising a sociotechnical system lens. Results: Participants described four overarching challenges: 1/ System overload, 2/ Barriers to decision-making, 3/ Education or training gaps, and 4/ Limitations of existing services. The limited time often available to respond meant that specific and well-designed strategies were often not possible, and more generic strategies that relied on the workforce to modify solutions and repair unexpected gaps were common. For example, generic responses to system overload included working longer hours, whilst specific strategies utilised pre-existing technical resources (e.g. converting non-emergency wards into COVID-19 wards). Conclusion: During the pandemic, it was often not possible to rely on mature strategies to frame responses, and more generic, emergent approaches were commonly required when urgent responses were needed. The degree to which specific strategies were ready-to-hand appeared to dictate how much a strategy relied on such generic approaches. The workforce played a pivotal role in enabling emergent responses that required dealing with uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era marked by increasing environmental challenges affecting human well‐being, traditional acoustic materials struggle to effectively handle the diverse and multi‐frequency nature of harmful environmental noises. This has spurred a demand for innovative acoustic metamaterial solutions by utilizing sustainable design strategies. This research introduces tunable Schwarz metamaterial capable of transforming into a soft meta‐foam to solve the complex problems of varying environmental noises. This study primarily focuses on adjusting single to multiple sound‐blocking bandgaps mechanism using a multi‐layered approach, incorporating the Schwarz P‐type triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and its elective soft foam counterpart, known as tunable Schwarz meta‐foams (TSMF‐x). The tunable design parameters of the unit cell, multi‐layered TPMS, and soft programmable TSMF‐lichen version are comprehensively explored including a fire‐safety test. The results demonstrate these enhanced flame retardant meta‐foam families have the potential to be used for mid‐to‐high‐frequency environmental noises in industrial equipment and smart homes for sustainable architecture and environmental health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are playing a leading role in today's world. However, integrating these sources into the distribution network through power electronic devices can lead to power quality (PQ) challenges. This work addresses PQ issues by utilizing a shunt active power filter in combination with an Energy Storage System (ESS), a Wind Energy Generation System (WEGS), and a Solar Energy System. While most previous research has relied on complex methods like the synchronous reference frame (SRF) and active-reactive power (pq) approaches, this work proposes a simplified approach by using a neural network (NN) for generating reference signals, along with the design of a five-level reduced switch voltage source converter. The gain values of the proportional-integral controller (PIC), as well as the parameters for the shunt filter, boost, and buck-boost converters in the WEGS and ESS, are optimally selected using the horse herd optimization algorithm. Additionally, the weights and biases for the neural network (NN) are also determined using this method. The proposed system aims to achieve three key objectives: (1) stabilizing the voltage across the DC bus capacitor; (2) reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) and improving the power factor; and (3) ensuring superior performance under varying demand and PV irradiation conditions. The system's effectiveness is evaluated through three different testing scenarios, with results compared against those obtained using the genetic algorithm, biogeography-based optimization (BBO), as well as conventional SRF and pq methods with PIC. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method achieves THD values of 3.69%, 3.76%, and 4.0%, which are lower than those of the other techniques and well within IEEE standards. The method was developed using MATLAB/Simulink version 2022b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the peak of carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, China is placing greater emphasis on energy expenditure. Office buildings occupy a prominent position in building energy consumption, which is one of the main energy consumption areas. Taking an administration building in Chengdu as an example, this article simulates the building energy consumption based on Design Builder software, examines the variables influencing energy consumption, and suggests energy-saving strategies combined with fresh ideas for sustainable architectural design. The results showed that the modeling building was a high-energy-consuming building, with an energy consumption of 724,857.59 kWh, and a unit area energy consumption of 288.17 kWh/m2 in Chengdu. For energy conservation and emission reduction, this article proposes the following three energy-saving measures. The first is to apply heat recovery technology for air conditioning systems. The second is photovoltaic glass, which provides partial electricity demand for buildings and reduces dependence on traditional energy sources. The third is roof greening, which utilizes the plants to purify the air and beautify the environment. The results showed that the heat recovery technology in air conditioning systems reduced the total energy consumption of buildings from 642144.04 kWh/m2 to 502937.83 kWh/m2, photovoltaic glass reduced 552243.87 kWh/m2, and roof greening reduced to 635947.35 kWh/m2. All of these have good energy-saving and emission reduction effects. The above three strategies not only help reduce building energy consumption, but also provide substantial support for China to achieve carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports recent advancements in chitosan‐based antimicrobial biomaterials that aim to address the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Today, AMR is one of the most significant public health challenges the world is facing. To combat the overuse of antibiotics, a range of materials, including advanced nanosized polymers, have been explored as potential antimicrobial agents. In this direction, chitosan scores highly because of its unique combination of properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, non‐toxic, and, most importantly, its intrinsic antibacterial and antifungal activity. Herein, an overview of chitosan and its derivatives as potential alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapeutics is reported. This review starts with understanding the AMR mechanism, which is critical for developing suitable materials for treating infectious diseases. Then, the inherent characteristics, modes of antimicrobial action, and factors that impact the antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan and its derivatives are discussed. The authors further summarize various clinical trial results of chitosan‐based materials as antimicrobial agents. Finally, various antimicrobial applications of chitosan‐based materials are reported. In summary, this review offers new insights into the design of chitosan‐based sustainable materials for various antimicrobial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernacular architecture offers valuable technological and typological solutions rooted in knowledge systems that connect environmental, social, economic, and cultural contexts. This paper introduces the Heritage for People Platform, a collaborative digital tool developed under the VerSus+ project (Creative Europe Program), aimed at organising and disseminating vernacular architectural knowledge with a focus on sustainable practices that are both culturally and environmentally conscious. The platform builds upon lessons learned from similar projects, offering key improvements such as the adoption of a Case-Based Reasoning methodology, which organises examples by geographic location, materials, and intervention types. A structured classification system based on sustainability principles and strategies enables cross-disciplinary research and comparison. The design process was highly participatory, incorporating user feedback at every stage to ensure the platform is accessible to a wide range of users, including designers, scholars, craftspeople, and the general public. A cross-device, user-centered approach further broadens its accessibility. The platform provides a public, web-based geospatial repository where users can create, update, and explore a dynamic collection of artefacts, design models, people, and institutions from across the globe. This tool marks a significant advance in promoting and preserving both physical and intangible heritage, with strong educational and practical applications for sustainable architecture. The paper details the theoretical framework and real-world potential of the platform as a critical resource for promoting sustainability in the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: Japanese prefabricated housing manufacturers have gained international recognition for their innovative approaches to the whole design process, ranging from initial design to innovative cutting-edge technologies, state-of-the-art automated production lines, meticulous workmanship, and mass customisation. In this entry, three manufacturers (Daiwa House, Sekisui House, and Misawa Homes) were selected as case studies for close examination. By studying these leading companies, researchers and industry professionals can gain valuable insights into best practices, challenges, and innovations within the Japanese prefabricated housing sector. The research methods involved a desktop study of available information on websites, articles, and reports, as well as undertaking two study tours on residential sustainable design in Japan in 2022 and 2023. These three manufacturers were discussed and compared with respect to their development trajectories, design customisation, research capabilities and technological advancements, sustainable initiatives and procurement, as well as their after-sale services. They have demonstrated their adaptability and flexibility in response to natural disasters and the transformation of the needs in society. They are all keen on reducing the environmental impacts of their work towards zero carbon emissions and a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach to interdisciplinary education by integrating biology, engineering and art principles to foster holistic learning experiences for middle-schoolers aged 11–12. The focus lies on assembling mycelium bricks as engineered living materials, with promising applications in sustainable construction. Through a collaborative group task, children engage in the hands-on creation of these bricks, gaining insights into mycology, biomaterials engineering and artistic expression. The curriculum introduces fundamental concepts of mycelial growth and its potential in sustainable material development. Children actively participate in fabricating 3D forms (negative and positive) using mycelium bricks, thereby gaining practical knowledge in shaping and moulding living materials. This hands-on experience enhances their understanding of biological processes and cultivates an appreciation for sustainable design principles. The group task encourages teamwork, problem-solving and creativity as children collaboratively compose structures using mycelium bricks. Integrating art into the activity adds a creative dimension, allowing participants to explore aesthetic aspects while reinforcing the project's interdisciplinary nature. Conversations about the material's end-of-life and decomposition are framed within the broader context of Nature's cycles, facilitating an understanding of sustainability. This interdisciplinary pedagogical approach provides a model for educators seeking to integrate diverse fields of knowledge into a cohesive and engaging learning experience. The study contributes to the emerging field of nature-inspired education, illustrating the potential of integrating living materials and 3D-understanding activities to nurture a holistic understanding of science, engineering and artistic expression in young learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objective of this paper is to examine the role of bionic design in advancing sustainable development within industrial design by outlining its theoretical framework; analyzing its applications in morphological, functional, and material aspects; identifying current challenges; and projecting future trends toward eco-integration, resource efficiency, and technological innovation. First, the definition, development history, and theoretical basis of the sustainable development of bionic design are outlined. Secondly, the application of bionic design in sustainable industrial design is analyzed in depth, including the application of morphological bionic design in exploring the combination of nature and innovation, the role of functional bionic design in integrating biological function and product innovation, and the harmonious unification of material bionic and environmental friendliness. Finally, it points out the current challenges faced by bionic design, such as barriers in design practice and market acceptance issues, and looks forward to the sustainable development trend of bionic design, including eco-integration, resource efficiency enhancement, technological innovation, integrated application, etc., to provide new ideas and impetus for the sustainable development of the industrial design field in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical vehicles are finding wide acceptance in the Jordanian transportation market; this has caused an accelerating shift in the emissions of greenhouse gases from the direct burning of fossil fuels consumed by the transportation sector towards the power generation sector. On the other hand, as electric vehicles gain more popularity, an extra load is added to the electrical power generation systems, raising essential concerns such as the capability of the power network to support this massive extra load and the increased emission of greenhouse gases caused by power plants. Studies show that Jordan's weather is known for being bright, sunny, and very suitable for the generation of electric power from solar energy sources. Therefore, with an infrastructure that can support convenient off-grid charging, a huge burden will be taken off the national grid and the environment. Therefore, this work proposes a basic design for an off-grid PV-covered carport and presents a study of the economics and effectiveness of using such a system to charge electric vehicles owned by the students and employees of the Applied Science Private University. The study is based on actual solar irradiance data collected on-site during university working hours (8 a.m.–5 p.m.) to allow students and employees to charge their electric vehicles from an off-grid carport system while on campus. Space limitations for carport design, initial design cost, return on investment, and annual electricity consumption are discussed to demonstrate the benefits of such a system for both the consumer (convenience and low charging cost) and the power company provider (less load to maintain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust method for uncertainty quantification is undeniably leading to a greater certainty in simulation results and more sustainable designs. The inherent uncertainties of the world around us render everything stochastic, from material parameters, over geometries, up to forces. Consequently, the results of engineering simulations should reflect this randomness. Many methods have been developed for uncertainty quantification for linear elastic material behavior. However, real-life structure often exhibit inelastic material behavior such as visco-plasticity. Inelastic material behavior is described by additional internal variables with accompanying differential equations. This increases the complexity for the computation of stochastic quantities, e.g., expectation and standard deviation, drastically. The time-separated stochastic mechanics is a novel method for the uncertainty quantification of inelastic materials. It is based on a separation of all fields into a sum of products of time-dependent but deterministic and stochastic but time-independent terms. Only a low number of deterministic finite element simulations are then required to track the effect of (in)homogeneous material fluctuations on stress and internal variables. Despite the low computational effort the results are often indistinguishable from reference Monte Carlo simulations for a variety of boundary conditions and loading scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-year engineering students are often introduced to the engineering design process through project-based learning situated in a concrete design context. Design contexts like mechanical engineering are commonly used, but students and teachers may need more options. In this article, we show how sustainable building design can serve as an alternative for students of diverse backgrounds and with various interests. The proposed Net Zero Energy Challenge is an engineering design project in which students practice the full engineering design cycle to create a virtual house that generates renewable energy on-site, with the goal to achieve net zero energy consumption. Such a design challenge is made possible by Aladdin, an integrated tool that supports building design, simulation, and analysis within a single package. A pilot study of the Net Zero Energy Challenge at a university in Mid-Atlantic United States suggests that around half of the students were able to achieve the design goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial solid waste generated during the preparation of phosphoric acid, which is produced in large quantities and stockpiled or discharged into the sea. This study aims to design sustainable pavement base materials constituting significant PG content. The physical and chemical properties of the raw materials were first tested. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of specimens were determined by compaction tests. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split tensile strength (STS), freeze-thaw cycles, and shrinkage tests were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of phosphogypsum pavement base material (PPBM). Furthermore, the interaction mechanism was investigated by applying scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) tests. The results showed that the 7-day UCS of PPBM with cement content 8%–12% was greater than 3 MPa. The specimens retained 91.3% unconfined compressive strength over five freeze-thaw cycles. Unlike traditional semirigid base materials, the PPBM exhibited no shrinkage strain, which is manifested by the growth of expansion strain with increasing amounts of PG. Through microscopic observation, the PPBM produced ettringite (AFt) and calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) with the extension of curing time, which is consistent with the analysis of FTIR spectrums. The crystallized water in the PG participates in the hydration reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]