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Food insecurity is highly prevalent and linked to poorer diet and worse metabolic outcomes. Food insecurity can be stressful, and could elicit chronic psychological and physiological stress. In this study, we tested whether stress could be used to identify those at highest risk for worse diet and metabolic measures from food insecurity. Specifically, we hypothesized that cortisol (a physiological marker of stress) and perceived psychological stress would amplify the link between food insecurity and hyperpalatable food intake as well as metabolic measures. In a sample of 624 Black and White women aged 36-43 who participated in the NHLBI Growth and Health Study's midlife assessment, we assessed associations between food insecurity with hyperpalatable food intake (high fat + high sodium foods; high fat + high sugar foods; and high carbohydrate + high sodium foods), and metabolic measures (fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and waist circumference). We found that food insecurity was associated with higher levels of perceived stress (R2 = 0.09), and greater intake of high fat + high sugar (hyperpalatable) foods (R2 = 0.03). In those with higher cumulative cortisol (as indexed by hair cortisol), food insecurity was associated with higher levels of fasting glucose. Neither cortisol nor perceived stress moderated any other relationships, and neither variable functioned as a mediator in sensitivity analyses. Given these largely null findings, further research is needed to understand the role stress plays in the chronic health burdens of food insecurity.

The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) is the dominant Ca2+ extrusion mechanism in cardiac myocytes. NCX1 activity is inhibited by intracellular Na+ via a process known as Na+-dependent inactivation. A central question is whether this inactivation plays a physiological role in heart function. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we inserted the K229Q mutation in the gene (Slc8a1) encoding for NCX1. This mutation removes the Na+-dependent inactivation while preserving transport properties and other allosteric regulations. NCX1 mRNA levels, protein expression, and protein localization are unchanged in K229Q male mice. However, they exhibit reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening, while displaying a prolonged QT interval. K229Q ventricular myocytes show enhanced NCX1 activity, resulting in action potential prolongation, higher incidence of aberrant action potentials, a faster decline of Ca2+ transients, and depressed cell shortening. The results demonstrate that NCX1 Na+-dependent inactivation plays an essential role in heart function by affecting both cardiac excitability and contractility.

BACKGROUND: Information on salt consumption patterns is needed to inform the need for and design of salt reduction strategies. OBJECTIVES: In northern Ghana, this study aimed to estimate household consumption of salt, including salt from bouillon, and compare (estimated) women and childrens salt intake to global recommendations; to estimate the proportion of salt consumed from bouillon; and to identify factors, including knowledge, attitudes, and practices, associated with household salt consumption. METHODS: Employing mixed-methods methodology, we conducted a pilot survey (n = 369 households enrolled) and focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 20) in Tolon and Kumbungu districts (14 urban, 14 rural clusters) (clinicaltrials.gov registry: NCT04632771). Households reported purchases of discretionary salt (DS, table salt) and bouillon cubes. DS and total salt (TS; DS+salt from bouillon) consumption for women (15-49 y) and children (2-5 y) were estimated using the Adult Male Equivalent method and compared with global recommendations (

There is a bidirectional pathophysiological interaction between the heart and the kidneys, and prolonged physiological stress to the heart and/or the kidneys can cause adverse cardiorenal complications, including but not limited to subclinical cardiomyopathy, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Whilst more common in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, cardiorenal complications also occur in the absence of diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) were initially approved to reduce hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Recently, these agents have been shown to significantly improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with and without Type 2 diabetes, demonstrating a robust reduction in hospitalisation for heart failure and reduced risk of progression of chronic kidney disease, thus gaining approval for use in treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Numerous potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiorenal effects of SGLT2i. This review provides a simplified summary of key potential cardiac and renal mechanisms underlying the cardiorenal benefits of SGT2i and explains these mechanisms in the clinical context. Key mechanisms related to the clinical effects of SGLT2i on the heart and kidneys explained in this publication include their impact on (1) tissue oxygen delivery, hypoxia and resultant ischaemic injury, (2) vascular health and function, (3) substrate utilisation and metabolic health and (4) cardiac remodelling. Knowing the mechanisms responsible for SGLT2i-imparted cardiorenal benefits in the clinical outcomes will help healthcare practitioners to identify more patients that can benefit from the use of SGLT2i.

Sodium serves as one of the primary cations in the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in maintaining normal brain function. In this study, we investigated alterations in sodium concentrations in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid across multiple models, including an aging model, a stroke model, a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced rat migraine model, a familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) mouse model, and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our results reveal that older rats exhibited higher sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and various brain regions compared to their younger counterparts. Additionally, findings from the stroke model demonstrated a significant increase in sodium in the ischemic/reperfused region, accompanied by a decrease in potassium and an elevated sodium/potassium ratio. However, we did not detect significant changes in sodium in the NTG-induced rat migraine model or the FHM2 mouse model. Furthermore, AD transgenic mice showed no significant differences in sodium levels compared to wild-type mice in CSF, plasma, or the hippocampus. These results underscore the nuanced regulation of sodium homeostasis in various neurological conditions and aging, providing valuable insights into potential mechanisms underlying these alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electron beam irradiation technology was first used to graft modify propylene separators in sodium metal batteries. • Grafted polyacrylic acid enhances electrolyte affinity and efficiently regulates Na+ ion flux. • The improved anode/separator interface enhances the cyclability and reversibility of sodium metal anodes. Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are considered as strong alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the inherent merits of sodium metal anodes (SMAs) including low redox potential (−2.71 V vs. SHE), high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g−1), and abundant resources. However, the uncontrollable Na dendrite growth has significantly impeded the practical deployment of SMBs. Separator modification has emerged as an effective strategy for substantially enhancing the performance of SMAs. Herein, for the first time, we present the successful grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto polypropylene (PP) separators (denoted as PP-g-PAA) using highly efficient electron beam (EB) irradiation to improve the cyclability of SMAs. The polar carboxyl groups of PAA can facilitate the electrolyte wetting and provide ample mechanical strength to resist dendrite penetration. Consequently, the regulation of Na+ ion flux enables uniform Na+ deposition with dendrite-free morphology, facilitated by the favorable anode/separator interface. The PP-g-PAA separator significantly enhances the cyclability of fabricated cells. Notably, the lifespan of Na||Na symmetric cells can be extended up to 5519 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The stable design of the anode/separator interface achieved through polyolefin separator modification presented in this study holds promise for the further advancement of next-generation advanced battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Sodium (Na) metal anodes receive significant attention due to their high theoretical specific energy and cost-effectiveness. However, the high reactivity of Na foil anodes and the irregular surfaces have posed challenges to the operability and reliability of Na metals in battery applications. In the absence of inert environmental protection conditions, constructing a uniform, dense, and sodiophilic Na metal anode surface is crucial for homogenizing Na deposition, but remains less-explored. Herein, we fabricated a Tin (Sn) nanoparticle-assembled film conforming to separator pores, which provided ample space for accommodating volumetric expansion during the Na alloying process. Subsequently, a seamless Na-Sn alloy overlayer was formed and transferred onto the Na foil during Na plating through a separator-assisted technique, thereby overcoming conventional operational limitations of metallic Na. As compared to traditional volumetrically expanded cracked ones, the present autotransferable, highly sodiophilic, ion-conductive, and seamless Na-Sn alloy overlayer serves as uniform nucleation sites, thereby reducing nucleation and diffusion barriers and facilitating the compact deposition of metallic Na. Consequently, the autotransferable alloy layer enables a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9 % at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2 in the half cells as well as minimal polarization overpotentials in symmetric cells, both during prolonged cycling 1200 h. Furthermore, the assembled Na||Sn-1.0h-PP||Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 @C@CNTs full cell delivers high capacity retention of 97.5 % after 200 cycles at a high cathodic mass loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiCo 2 S 4 with a spherical spinel structure was innovatively synthesized from discarded mobile phone batteries using a simple hydrothermal method, and the surface was coated with N-doped carbon to form NiCo 2 S 4 @NC. The products were used as anode materials of sodium-ion batteries to study the effect of the N-doped carbon layer on the electrochemical properties, structure and morphology. The results of XRD, FESEM and TEM revealed that the N-doped carbon layer derived by carbonizing polypyrrole had a minimal effect on the structure and morphology of NiCo 2 S 4 , but was coated on the surface of NiCo 2 S 4 with different thicknesses to adjust the electrochemical performance. The presence of N-doped carbon in NiCo 2 S 4 @NC was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The mesoporous structure of NiCo 2 S 4 and NiCo 2 S 4 @NC was corroborated by N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, and the optimal specific surface area and pore size were 23.14 cm2/g and 18.0 nm, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that Co2+/Co3+ and Ni2+/Ni3+ coexist in the spinel NiCo 2 S 4 @NC 50 synthesized upon adding 50 μL of pyrrole monomer. NiCo 2 S 4 @NC 50 outperformed other products in terms of its electrochemical properties, where its initial discharge specific capacity under the current density of 0.1 A g−1 was 1099.6 mA h g−1 and the specific capacity following 100 cycles reached 327.5 mA h g−1. NiCo 2 S 4 @NC 50 exhibited an optimal electrochemical performance and demonstrated a competent approach toward recycling discarded mobile phone batteries and building electrodes with high performance for use in energy equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden enhancement in the mesospheric neutral metal layers (Ns) has been studied in different latitudes for decades. Specifically, at 23°S, Sodium Ns layers have been analyzed since their first observation at the end of the seventies. Several studies have reported Sodium Ns during events of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) and the formation of auroral-type sporadic E (Esa) layers at high-latitude stations. The Esa layers are also observed in the Brazilian low-latitude sector during the EPP events due to the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). However, despite extensive studies on the SAMA region, no reports exist about the co-occurrence of the Ns layer and the Esa layer. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, we observed on 26 April 2023 a peculiar Ns layer event synchronously occurring with the development of the Esa layer in the SAMA region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary risk factors are the leading cause of death globally and in New Zealand (NZ). Processed packaged foods are prevalent in the food supply and contribute excess amounts of sodium, saturated fat, and sugar in diets. Improving the nutritional quality of these foods has the potential to reduce population chronic disease risk. We aimed to evaluate the healthiness using the Australasian Health Star Rating (HSR, from 0.5 to 5 stars, with 5 being the healthiest) and nutrient composition (sodium, saturated fat, and total sugar) of packaged products manufactured by the largest NZ-based food and beverage companies in NZ 2015–2019. This analysis relates to a larger study evaluating structured engagement with food companies to improve nutrition-related policies and actions. Methods: Data was sourced from Nutritrack, a NZ-branded supermarket-sourced food composition database. The largest NZ-based companies from annual retail sales revenue (n = 35) were identified using 2019 Euromonitor data. All relevant products of the selected companies were extracted for analysis. Products included totalled 17,795 with a yearly range of 3462–3672 products. The primary outcome was a nutrient profile score estimated using HSR. Healthiness was defined as ≥ 3.5 stars. Secondary outcomes were sodium, total sugar, and saturated fat per 100 g/100 mL. All outcomes were assessed overall, by food company, and food category. Change over time was tested using linear mixed models, adjusting for major food categories and cluster effects of food companies controlling for multiple comparisons. Model-adjusted mean differences between years were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was a small statistically significant increase in mean HSR between 2015 and 2019 (0.08 [0.15,0.01], p = 0.024). Mean total sugar content decreased over the same period (0.78 g/100 g [0.08,1.47], p = 0.020), but there were no significant changes in mean sodium or saturated fat contents. Seven of the 13 categories showed small increases in mean HSR (0.1–0.2). Most categories (9/13) exhibited a reduction in mean total sugar content. Conclusions: Between 2015 and 2019, there were slight improvements in the nutritional quality of selected packaged foods and drinks in NZ. Much more substantive changes are needed to address the health-related burden of unhealthy diets, supported by stronger government action and less reliance on voluntary industry initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lead free Na 0. 5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 (NBT) ceramic is proven as a potential piezoelectric candidate; however, non-stoichiometry NBT serves as an outstanding oxide-ion conductor proposed by (M. Li et al., Nature Materials 13 (2014) 31–35). According to this point here we have systematically report the structural and electrical properties of non-stoichiometry Na 0.5 Bi 0.49 TiO 3 /NB 0. 49 T and B-site Mn3+ acceptor-modified NB 0. 49 T system. Therefore, we are trying to prepare the nominal formula of Na 0.5 Bi 0.49 Ti 1-x Mn x O 3 ; NB 0.49 T ceramic with 0.0≤x ≤ 0.05 by solid state reaction method. The bulk oxide ion conductivity gradually increases with respect to the doping concentration and the maximum value was obtained for x = 0.05 composition. This conductivity maximum is in good consistent with R. A. De Souza's oxygen vacancy diffusivity limit concept for perovskite systems (Advanced Functional Materials, 25 (2015)). On doping of 5mol% of Mn in the Ti-site/B-site NB 0. 49 T system, it was observed that the oxygen-ion conduction inside the grain boundary increased considerably. Grain conductivity of NaBi 0.49 TiO 3 at 500 °C is ∼3.0 ± 0.5 mS cm−1, which is approximately 122 % greater than that pure NBT compositions. Additionally, NB 0.9 T -exhibited a conductivity value of 4.7 mS/cm at 500 °C, which increases to 9.2 mS/cm on 5 mol% Mn-modification. The observed increase in conductivity was ascribed due to the electrostatic interactions between Mn–Ti or Mn–O bond. Therefore, our current findings on NB 0.49 T illustrates that present approach should be applicable to modify the system for SOFC application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High sodium intake has been linked to negative health effects, including cardiovascular and renal diseases. Traditional dietary sodium assessment methods are time-consuming and subjected to errors. Using technology may increase the efficiency and accuracy of dietary assessment. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) screener using software to assess sodium intake among the Palestinian population. Methodology: The study was conducted in four phases. In Phase 1, Palestinian foods were categorized and subcategorized according to their mode of consumption, sodium content, and food groups. The sodium content values were calculated from Palestinian food composition database. Content validity was done in Phase 2, while in Phase 3, a pilot study was conducted to determine test-retest reliability. In Phase 4, the criterion validity of the screener was assessed by comparing the results of sodium intake from the FFQ screener with the results from a 24-hour urinary sodium test and a 3-day diet recall. Correlations between the sodium intake values from the three methods were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests, and the difference was assessed using the Bland-Altman test. Results: The developed FFQ screener sodium screener included 41 food items categorized into nine groups, with photo-based portion size estimation and frequency of consumption. The reliability test showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7, p < 0.01 using test and retest. For criterion validity, the correlation coefficient between dietary sodium intake using the FFQ screener software and the 24-hour urine sodium test was (0.6, p < 0.000). The correlation coefficient between dietary sodium intake using the FFQ screener software and dietary sodium intake using a 3-day recall was (0.3, p < 0.000). Sodium intake was significantly correlated with preferences for low-sodium food and previous salt reduction, p < 0.05. Conclusions: Using the FFQ screener software was a valid and reliable method for assessing dietary sodium intake. Using the photo-based method to estimate portion size improved precision and accuracy in diet assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a lynchpin disorder, as it results in overactive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which has been implicated in a multitude of disease states. TSC is an autosomal dominant disease where 90% of affected individuals develop epilepsy. Epilepsy results from aberrant neuronal excitability that leads to recurring seizures. Under neurotypical conditions, the coordinated activity of voltage-gated ion channels keep neurons operating in an optimal range, thus providing network stability. Interestingly, loss or gain of function mutations in voltage-gated potassium, sodium, or calcium channels leads to altered excitability and seizures. To date, little is known about voltage-gated ion channel expression and function in TSC. However, data is beginning to emerge on how mTOR signaling regulates voltage-gated ion channel expression in neurons. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature describing common seizure types in patients with TSC, and suggest possible parallels between acquired epilepsies with known voltage-gated ion channel dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss possible links towardmTOR regulation of voltage-gated ion channels expression and channel kinetics and the underlying epileptic manifestations in patients with TSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoids are known to improve the condition of the skin. Transepithelial transport of sodium and chloride ions is important for proper skin function. So far, the effect of applying vitamin A preparations to the skin on ion transport has not been evaluated. In the study, electrophysiological parameters, including transepithelial electric potential (PD) and transepithelial resistance (R), of rabbit skin specimens after 24 h exposure to retinol ointment (800 mass units/g) were measured in a modified Ussing chamber. The R of the fragments incubated with retinol was significantly different than that of the control skin samples incubated in iso-osmotic Ringer solution. For the controls, the PD values were negative, whereas the retinol-treated specimens revealed positive PD values. Mechanical–chemical stimulation with the use of inhibitors of the transport of sodium (amiloride) or chloride (bumetanide) ions revealed specific changes in the maximal and minimal PD values measured for the retinol-treated samples. Retinol was shown to slightly modify the transport pathways of sodium and chloride ions. In particular, an intensification of the chloride ion secretion from keratinocytes was observed. The proposed action may contribute to deep hydration and increase skin tightness, limiting the action of other substances on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysnatremia is common in donors and recipients of liver transplantation (LT). However, the influence of dysnatremia on LT prognosis remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate effects of donors' and recipients' serum sodium on LT prognosis. We retrospectively reviewed 248 recipients who underwent orthotopic LT at our center between January 2016 and December 2018. Donors and recipients perioperative and 3-year postoperative clinical data were included. Delta serum sodium was defined as the donors' serum sodium minus the paired recipients' serum sodium. Donors with serum sodium > 145 mmol/L had significantly higher preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.01) and creatinine (Cr) (P < 0.01) than others. Preoperative total bilirubin (TBIL) (P < 0.01), direct bilirubin (DBIL) (P < 0.01), BUN (P < 0.01), Cr (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the hyponatremia group of recipients than the other groups, but both of donors' and recipients' serum sodium had no effect on the LT prognosis. In the delta serum sodium < 0 mmol/L group, TBIL (P < 0.01) and DBIL (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in postoperative 1 week than the other groups, but delta serum sodium had no effect on the postoperative survival rates. Dysnatremia in donors and recipients of LT have no effect on postoperative survival rates, hepatic and renal function, but recipients with higher serum sodium than donors have significantly higher TBIL and DBIL at 1 week postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the first principle, the SDS anions are preferentially adsorbed on the (0 0 2) surface of the Zn anode, forming a protective layer which prevents the adsorption of free water molecules and modifies the electrode/electrolyte interface. The SDS additive significantly inhibits the contact of water molecules with the interface, reduces the generation of by-products, and effectively prevents the growth of dendrites. Consequently, with the assistance of SDS additives, the Zn||Zn symmetrical battery sustains a long cycle life for 2000h. [Display omitted] Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are emerging as powerful candidates for large-scale energy storage, due to their inherent high safety and high theoretical capacity. However, the inevitable hydrogen evolution and side effects of the deposition process limit their lifespan, which requires rational engineering of the interface between anode and aqueous electrolyte. In this paper, an anionic surfactant as electrolyte additive, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), is introduced to deliver highly reversible zinc metal batteries. Unlike traditional surfactants, the solvation structure is not affected by SDS, which tends to adsorb on the (0 0 2) crystal plane of Zn with the purpose of effectively limiting the water molecules adsorption. Attributed to the natural hydrophobic part of SDS, a dynamic electrostatic shielding layer and a unique hydrophobic interface are constructed on the anode. Assisted by the above merits, the adverse surface corrosion, hydrogen evolution and dendrite growth are significantly inhibited without the sacrifice in the deposition kinetics of Zn ions. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries demonstrate an increased cycle life of 2000 h (1 mA cm−2, 1 mA h cm−2) with the presence of SDS additive. Such strategy provides a new avenue for the developing advanced electrolytes to be applied in aqueous energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borophosphosilicate glasses with varying sodium ion concentrations were investigated for their, structural, thermal, and electrical properties. All the obtained glasses were transparent except the glass with the highest sodium content, which exhibited translucency due to inhomogeneities. Increasing sodium content led to reduced boron and silicon content while maintaining a constant B/Si ratio, indicating progressive depolymerization of the glass network. Confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy showed homogeneous and granular structure for samples with lower sodium content, but higher sodium content resulted in visible agglomeration/nanocrystallization. X-ray diffractograms showed amorphous nature for most samples, with samples doped with the highest concentrations of Na 2 O showing several broad reflections suggesting nanoscale crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed shifts in dominant bands with increasing sodium content, indicating depolymerization of the borate network. An observed decrease in glass transition temperature and thermal stability with increasing sodium content was attributed to depolymerization and formation of non-bridging oxygens. Impedance spectroscopy revealed two relaxation processes associated with the transport of Na+ ions through two different regions. DC conductivity and activation energy predominantly increased with the sodium ion content at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contamination of venous blood with a lipid-containing solution on parameters measured by a modern blood gas analyzer. We collected venous blood from 17 healthcare workers (46 ± 11 years; 53 % women) into three blood gas syringes containing 0 , 5 and 10 % lipid-containing solution. Blood gas analysis was performed within 15 min from sample collection on GEM Premier 5000, while triglycerides and serum indices were assays on Roche COBAS C702. Triglycerides concentration increased from 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L in the uncontaminated blood gas syringe, to 39.4 ± 7.8 and 65.3 ± 14.4 mmol/L (both p<0.001) in syringes with 5 and 10 % final lipid contamination. The lipemic and hemolysis indices increased accordingly. Statistically significant variation was noted for all analytes except hematocrit and COHb in the syringe with 5 % lipids, while only COHb did not vary in the syringe with 10 % lipids. Significant increases were observed from 5 % lipid contamination for pO2, SO2 and lactate, while the values of pH, pCO2, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, glucose, hematocrit (10 % contamination), hemoglobin and MetHB decreased. All these changes except lactate and CoHb exceeded their relative performance specifications. Artifactual hyperlipidemia caused by contamination with exogenous lipids can have a clinically significant impact on blood gas analysis. Manufacturers of blood gas analyzers must be persuaded to develop new instruments equipped with serum indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial aspect of successful conservation strategies is the identification of critical aspects of local habitats required for species preservation in a given region, such as salt licks. Tangkahan is adjacent to the Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The park collaborates with the Indonesia Conservation Response Unit using captive Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus for forest patrols, mitigation of human-elephant negative interactions, public education, and ecotourism in the area. An initial study on the daily activities of captive Sumatran Elephants revealed their search for salt licks, which are essential for maintaining their optimal daily sodium intake. Information on salt licks in Tangkahan is limited and deserves further investigation. Ethical clearance is deemed unnecessary, as the research employs a non-invasive approach, exclusively observing the natural behaviors, and daily activities of elephants. The well-being of the elephants takes precedence over invasive technologies, with continuous monitoring ensuring their care throughout the research process. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytic methodology, tracking the daily movements of Sumatran Elephants to identify the locations of salt licks in the area. Four salt licks--Encepan-1, Encepan-2, Namo Cencen, and Hot Spring--were identified by participating in the elephants' territorial exploration. Although the salt licks were located adjacently, Encepan-1 was most frequently visited by the elephants. The salt licks were characterized as waterholes containing Na+ (Sodium ion) rich waters from springs. However, according to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method, the sodium concentration in these salt licks ranged 34-55 ppm, which is estimated to be insufficient for the physiological requirements of the elephants. Therefore, further investigations are needed to explore other complementary salt licks and the incidence of geophagy to support the mineral needs of Sumatran Elephants in the Tangkahan region. A crucial aspect of successful conservation strategies is the identification of critical aspects of local habitats required for species preservation in a given region, such as salt licks. Tangkahan is adjacent to the Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The park collaborates with the Indonesia Conservation Response Unit using captive Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus for forest patrols, mitigation of human-elephant negative interactions, public education, and ecotourism in the area. An initial study on the daily activities of captive Sumatran Elephants revealed their search for salt licks, which are essential for maintaining their optimal daily sodium intake. Information on salt licks in Tangkahan is limited and deserves further investigation. Ethical clearance is deemed unnecessary, as the research employs a non-invasive approach, exclusively observing the natural behaviors, and daily activities of elephants. The well-being of the elephants takes precedence over invasive technologies, with continuous monitoring ensuring their care throughout the research process. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytic methodology, tracking the daily movements of Sumatran Elephants to identify the locations of salt licks in the area. Four salt licks--Encepan-1, Encepan-2, Namo Cencen, and Hot Spring--were identified by participating in the elephants' territorial exploration. Although the salt licks were located adjacently, Encepan-1 was most frequently visited by the elephants. The salt licks were characterized as waterholes containing Na+ (Sodium ion) rich waters from springs. However, according to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method, the sodium concentration in these salt licks ranged 34-55 ppm, which is estimated to be insufficient for the physiological requirements of the elephants. Therefore, further investigations are needed to explore other complementary salt licks and the incidence of geophagy to support the mineral needs of Sumatran Elephants in the Tangkahan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method for the synthesis of a self‐supporting carbon framework (denoted Gra‐GC‐MoSe2) is proposed with a triple‐gradient structure—in sodiophilic sites, pore volume, and electrical conductivity—which facilitates the highly efficient regulation of Na deposition. In situ and ex situ measurements, together with theoretical calculations, reveal that the gradient distribution of Se heteroatoms in MoSe2, and its derivatives tailor the sodiophilicity, while the gradient distribution of porous nanostructures homogenizes the Na+ diffusion. Therefore, Na deposition occurs from the bottom to the top of the Gra‐GC‐MoSe2 framework without dendrite formation. In addition, the gradient in electrical conductivity ensures the stripping process does not lead to dead Na. As a result, a Gra‐GC‐MoSe2 modified Na anode (Na@Gra‐GC‐MoSe2) shows impressive cycling stability with a high average Coulombic efficiency in an asymmetric cell. In symmetric cells, it also exhibits a long cycling life of 2000 h with a low polarization voltage and works stably even under a large capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, a Na@Gra‐GC‐MoSe2|| Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell delivers a high energy density with an excellent cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Blood pressure (BP) is characterized by a circadian rhythm (Circr) with lower nighttime values, called dipping. Non-dipping is associated with higher CVD risk. The Circr of urinary sodium excretion (NaCle), peaking during the day, is linked to BP patterns. Physical activity (PA) is known to improve BP control and enhance the dipping phenomenon, but its possible effect on NaCle remains unclarified. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between PA and the Circr of NaCle and to determine if the relationship is independent of age, sex, BP values, dipping pattern, and salt intake. Methods: A pilot cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Ticino Epidemiological Stiffness Study, involving 953 participants in Switzerland. Data collection included standardized questionnaires, blood samples, 24 h urine collections, and ambulatory BP monitoring. Participants were categorized into sedentary, partially active, and active. The effect of PA, NaCl intake, and dipping on the day/night NaCle ratio was assessed with multivariable linear regressions. Results: Participants' median age was 49 years, with 78% having normal BP values and 47% exhibiting a dipping pattern; 51% were classified as sedentary and 22% as partially active. The median NaCl intake was 7.9 g/day. The youngest subjects had a higher hourly NaCle ratio compared to older subjects. Higher NaCl intake correlated with increased BP, a phenomenon more pronounced in men and younger subjects. The hourly day/night NaCle ratio positively correlates with dipping; however, PA did not show a significant correlation with the NaCle ratio. Conclusions: This study indicates that while the day/night NaCle ratio correlates with the dipping pattern, PA is unrelated to the circadian rhythm of renal sodium handling. The beneficial effects of PA on BP and cardiovascular health thus appear to be mediated through mechanisms other than NaCle. These are explorative findings only but relativize the need for further investigations on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in the electronic structural properties of a sodium atom confined inside a fullerene cage are investigated in this manuscript; the engineered atom is explored to suit for the quantum technique applications. A Gaussian annular square well (GASW) model has been used to mimic the fullerene environment. Electronic properties such as energy levels, probabilities, the lifetime of the levels, etc, have been studied for various confinement depths of GASW using the multi-configuration Dirac Hartree–Fock technique. The wavelengths of the D lines of the sodium atom have been shifted from the typical yellow to the blue and then to the ultraviolet region upon confinement. Using the range-shifted blue D lines of the engineered atom, a typical Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency configuration is proposed. Furthermore, we have shown the explicit dependency of relevant atomic parameters on the confinement depth, which showcases the tunability to suit the engineered atoms for various applications; for instance, increasing the confinement depth increases the lifetime of 3 D 5 / 2 and 3 D 3 / 2 states significantly from the typical lifetime value, which has potential applications in quantum technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic CsPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) exhibit substantial potential in optoelectronics, rendering them valuable materials for next-generation lighting. However, the high cost and substantial usage of Cs present challenges. This study investigates the impact of NaF and/or ZnO modifiers on the network topological structure of CsPbBr 3 QDs-embedded sodium borosilicate (SBS) glass. The incorporation of NaF and ZnO not only reduces Cs consumption and energy requirements during heat treatment but also enhances the stability and optical properties of CsPbBr 3 QDs. Through a combination of experimental analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we explore the changes in the SBS glass network topology induced by these modifiers. The results demonstrate that the addition of these modifiers effectively alters the topological structure of SBS glass, providing outstanding water and heat resistance for the embedded CsPbBr 3 QDs. This suggests that the NaF and ZnO co-modified CsPbBr 3 QDs-embedded SBS glass, with improved stability and optical characteristics, exhibits great promise for applications in optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Croatia, are linked to the high prevalence of hypertension. Both are associated with high salt intake, which was determined almost two decades ago when Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH) was launched. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate salt, potassium, and iodine intake using a single 24 h urine sample in a random sample of the adult Croatian population and to analyse trends in salt consumption after the CRASH was intensively started. Methods: In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Results: Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2–11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1–3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8–3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. Conclusion: In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-pore channels are pathophysiologically important Na+-and Ca2+-permeable channels expressed in lysosomes and other acidic organelles. Unlike most other ion channels, their permeability is malleable and ligand-tuned such that when gated by the signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2, they are more Na+-selective than when gated by the Ca2+ mobilizing messenger nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate. However, the structural basis that underlies such plasticity and single-channel behavior more generally remains poorly understood. A recent Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of TPC2 bound to PI(3,5)P2 in a proposed open-channel conformation provided an opportunity to address this via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. To our surprise, simulations designed to compute conductance through this structure revealed almost no Na+ permeation events even at very high transmembrane voltages. However further MD simulations identified a spontaneous transition to a dramatically different conformation of the selectivity filter that involved expansion and a flip in the orientation of two core asparagine residues. This alternative filter conformation was remarkably stable and allowed Na+ to flow through the channel leading to a conductance estimate that was in very good agreement with direct single-channel measurements. Furthermore, this conformation was more permeable for Na+ over Ca2+. Our results have important ramifications not just for understanding the control of ion selectivity in TPC2 channels but also more broadly in terms of how ion channels discriminate ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypertension is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Existing recommendations suggest reduction of sodium load, but the effect of dialysate sodium on blood pressure (BP) is not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of different dialysate sodium concentrations on 72-h ambulatory BP in hemodialysis patients. Methods This prospective study included patients on standard thrice-weekly hemodialysis. All patients initially underwent six sessions with dialysate sodium concentration of 137 meq/L, followed consecutively by another six sessions with dialysate sodium of 139 meq/L and, finally, six sessions with dialysate sodium of 141 meq/L. At the start of the sixth hemodialysis session on each sodium concentration, 72-h ABPM was performed over the long interdialytic interval to evaluate ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) during the overall 72-h, different 24-h, daytime and night-time periods. Results Twenty-five patients were included in the final analysis. A significant increase in the mean 72-h SBP was observed with higher dialysate sodium concentrations (124.8 ± 16.6 mmHg with 137 meq/L vs 126.3 ± 17.5 mmHg with 139 meq/L vs 132.3 ± 19.31 mmHg with 141 meq/L, P = 0.002). Similar differences were noted for DBP; 72-h DBP was significantly higher with increasing dialysate sodium concentrations (75.1 ± 11.3 mmHg with 137 meq/L vs 76.3 ± 13.7 mmHg with 139 meq/L vs 79.5 ± 13.9 mmHg with 141 meq/L dialysate sodium, P = 0.01). Ambulatory BP during the different 24-h intervals, daytime and night-time periods was also progressively increasing with increasing dialysate sodium concentration. Conclusion This pilot study showed a progressive increase in ambulatory BP with higher dialysate sodium concentrations. These findings support that lower dialysate sodium concentration may help towards better BP control in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical value of Vitamin-D combined with budesonide/formoterol (BF) and theophylline sodium glycinate (TSG) sustained-release tablets in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Medical records of 114 patients with CODP, treated in Wenzhou Geriatric Hospital from October 2020 to February 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, 59 received treatment with Vitamin-D combined with BF and TSG sustained-release tablets (Group-A), and 55 patients received treatment with BF combined with TSG sustainedrelease tablets (Group-B). Lung function indicators, blood gas status, inflammatory factors, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels before and after the treatment in both groups were collected. Results: After the treatment, lung function indicators, blood gas status, inflammatory factors, FeNO, and 25 (OH) D levels in both groups were significantly improved compared to pretreatment levels, and were significantly better in the Group-A compared to Group-B (P<0.05). Conclusions: The combination of Vitamin-D, BF, and TSG sustained-release tablets can effectively regulate the blood gas status of patients with COPD, improve lung function, regulate FeNO and 25 (OH) D, and effectively downregulate the levels of inflammatory factors, thus reducing the degree of inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ion chromatography studies, the matrix effect of other inorganic ions present in the sample is a well-known phenomenon. In this work, the behavior of inorganic and organic ions was studied in a system overloaded with ammonium ions. The ammonium ions came from a solution of ammonium hydroxide in various concentrations (0.25–1.25%). In this system, which was significantly overloaded with ammonium ions, the behavior of three ions were tested (lithium, tris, and sodium cations). The measurements were performed at different eluent concentrations (6–17 mM), chromatographic column temperatures (25–40 °C), and injected volumes (15–40 µ L). The retention times of sodium and lithium ions increased with increasing amounts of injected ammonium, while tris remained essentially unchanged, indicating that the resolution of these ions can be influenced by varying the concentration of the matrix. The results suggested that the observed effect was due to a combination of the pH change caused by the injected matrix, the dissociation of tris ions, the dissociation of the carbocylic ion-exchange groups of stationary phase, the change in buffer capacity, and the amount of ammonium ion introduced. It has been shown that in a well-designed experiment, the addition of ammonium hydroxide to the sample at concentrations greater than 1% can improve the efficiency of organic and inorganic cation separation. It was found that 8 mM methanesulfonic acid eluent, 30 °C, 1% ammonium hydroxide matrix concentration, and 25 µ L injection were optimal for the baseline separation of tris and sodium ions on the high-capacity Dionex CS16 column. These ions could not be separated on this column without the presence of the ammonium matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Blood pressure variability, in acute stroke, may be an important modifiable determinant of functional outcome after stroke. In a large international cohort of participants with acute stroke, it was sought to determine the association of blood pressure variability (in the early period of admission) and functional outcomes, and to explore risk factors for increased blood pressure variability. Patients and methods: INTERSTROKE is an international case–control study of risk factors for first acute stroke. Blood pressure was recorded at the time of admission, the morning after admission and the time of interview in cases (median time from admission 36.7 h). Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was employed to determine the association of blood pressure variability (standard deviation [SD] and coefficient of variance) with modified Rankin score at 1‐month follow‐up, and logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for blood pressure variability. Results: Amongst 13,206 participants, the mean age was 62.19 ± 13.58 years. When measured by SD, both systolic blood pressure variability (odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.24 for SD ≥20 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure variability (odds ratio 1.15; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.26 for SD ≥10 mmHg) were associated with a significant increase in the odds of poor functional outcome. The highest coefficient of variance category was not associated with a significant increase in risk of higher modified Rankin score at 1 month. Increasing age, female sex, high body mass index, history of hypertension, alcohol use, and high urinary potassium and low urinary sodium excretion were associated with increased blood pressure variability. Conclusion: Increased blood pressure variability in acute stroke, measured by SD, is associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcome at 1 month. Potentially modifiable risk factors for increased blood pressure variability include low urinary sodium excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signaling complex around voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels includes accessory proteins and kinases crucial for regulating neuronal firing. Previous studies showed that one such kinase, WEE1—critical to the cell cycle—selectively modulates Nav1.2 channel activity through the accessory protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Here, we tested whether WEE1 exhibits crosstalk with the AKT/GSK3 kinase pathway for coordinated regulation of FGF14/Nav1.2 channel complex assembly and function. Using the in-cell split luciferase complementation assay (LCA), we found that the WEE1 inhibitor II and GSK3 inhibitor XIII reduce the FGF14/Nav1.2 complex formation, while the AKT inhibitor triciribine increases it. However, combining WEE1 inhibitor II with either one of the other two inhibitors abolished its effect on the FGF14/Nav1.2 complex formation. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of sodium currents (INa) in HEK293 cells co-expressing Nav1.2 channels and FGF14-GFP showed that WEE1 inhibitor II significantly suppresses peak INa density, both alone and in the presence of triciribine or GSK3 inhibitor XIII, despite the latter inhibitor's opposite effects on INa. Additionally, WEE1 inhibitor II slowed the tau of fast inactivation and caused depolarizing shifts in the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. These phenotypes either prevailed or were additive when combined with triciribine but were outcompeted when both WEE1 inhibitor II and GSK3 inhibitor XIII were present. Concerted regulation by WEE1 inhibitor II, triciribine, and GSK3 inhibitor XIII was also observed in long-term inactivation and use dependency of Nav1.2 currents. Overall, these findings suggest a complex role for WEE1 kinase—in concert with the AKT/GSK3 pathway—in regulating the Nav1.2 channelosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects more than 10.5% of the world's adult population. Biochemical and hematological parameters, such as albumin (ALB) and red cell distribution width (RDW), have been shown to be altered in diabetic patients. This study aimed to correlate hematological and biochemical parameters with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). A total of 777 adults (372 women and 405 men, aged 19–85 years) were divided into three groups: 218 participants with HbA1c < 5.7% (group A: non-diabetic), 226 with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% and <6.5% (group B: prediabetic) and 333 with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (group C: diabetic). Biochemical and hematological parameters were compared among the three groups. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the correlations of the parameters among the groups. The ALB and sodium (Na) levels were significantly lower in group C than in groups A (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.1 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and B (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.0 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.6 mmol/L, p < 0.0001), whereas the RDW-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and urea were increased in group C as compared to group A (RDW: 45.8 vs. 43.9 fL, p < 0.0001, urea: 55.6 mg/dL vs. 38.5 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). The mean platelet volume (MPV) was increased in group C as compared to group A (9.3 fL vs. 9.1 fL, p < 0.05, respectively). Τhe increase in RDW-SD in group A as compared to B and C demonstrates the impact of hyperglycemia on red blood cells. Albumin and RDW might improve risk assessment for the development of diabetes. These results highlight the potential role of these parameters as an indication for prediabetes that would alert for measurement of HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine the sodium correction factor for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. SAMPLE Retrospective analysis of 76 hospitalization episodes from 67 different dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2023. METHODS For each hospitalization episode, paired blood sodium and glucose concentration measurements were recorded from the time of presentation until glucose concentration was ≤ 201 mg/dL. Therapies administered, primary diagnosis, and concurrent diseases were also recorded for each episode. A linear mixed model was used to determine the sodium correction factor per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose. Piecewise linear mixed models were also constructed for blood glucose measurements ≤ 400 mg/dL and > 400 mg/dL to explore potential correction factor differences between low and high glucose concentrations. RESULTS A sodium correction factor of a 1.6-mEq/L (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9 mEq/L) decrease in sodium concentration per 100-mg/dL increase in blood glucose concentration was calculated. Differences in the correction factor between conditions of low and high glucose concentrations could not be determined due to a small sample size of blood glucose values > 400 mg/dL. Most dogs received similar treatments throughout the study period, including balanced isotonic crystalloids (97% [74/76]), electrolyte supplementation (84% [64/76]), and regular insulin (97% [74/76]). Almost all patients (93% [71/76]) had 1 or more concurrent diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A sodium correction factor of 1.6 mEq/L (decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose) is recommended for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium sodium niobates (KNNs) have garnered significant attention owing to their lead-free nature and potential for use in self-cleaning membranes. This paper presents the synthesis of (K 0.5 Na 0.5)NbO 3 materials for the fabrication of porous membranes, which enable in situ ultrasonic resonance to effectively eliminate contaminants from the membrane surface. KNN powder was synthesized via solid-state reactions, and the membranes were prepared using conventional sintering techniques. The effects of ball-milling time and calcination temperature on the phase structure, pore size, permeance, flexural strength, chemical stability, and piezoelectric properties were comprehensively investigated. The optimal membranes exhibited an average pore size of approximately 300 nm, a porosity of 23 %, and permeance of 220 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 at a sintering temperature of 1050 °C. A polarized electrical field with a strength of 1 kV/mm was applied to the membranes, resulting in an ultrasonic response of 20 mV at an excitation voltage of 20 V with a frequency of 200 kHz. Furthermore, the in situ anti-fouling performance was evaluated by conducting filtration tests on a 500 ppm oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, demonstrating that the stationary flux increased by 46.7 % when subjected to an excitation voltage of 60 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin aging can be observed at various levels in the epidermis, dermis, and dermo‐epidermal junction. Reducing the cosmetic effects of skin aging in the facial region is a widespread demand due to common aesthetic concerns. Consequently, many injectable products on the market promise antiaging effects and cosmetic improvements. We aimed to evaluate the cosmetic efficacy of a high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate and amino acids mixture for the facial region using morphometric analysis. Methods: This study evaluates the morphometric effectiveness of an injectable mixture (high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate, glycine, L‐Proline, L‐leucine, L‐lysine HCL, L‐valine, and L‐alanine collagen active ingredient) on the mid‐face and jawline in women aged 30–55. We used morphological measurements and digital image data to assess changes and determine effectiveness. Various computational methods were applied simultaneously with statistical tests for validation. Results: The hydration assessment showed a significant increase on both sides of the face. A noticeable decrease was observed in gonion angle, bitragion breadth, bigonion breadth, and marionette wrinkle scale. These results suggest combining mechanical and chemical stimulation from the injection and its components (hyaluronic and amino acids) effectively enhances skin quality. Conclusions: The study indicates that the mechanical stimulation of the injection improves skin quality. Combining hyaluronic and amino acids (collagen, elastin, and pro‐synthetic) is a safe and effective alternative for antiaging treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have investigated the hemodynamic mechanism whereby primary hyperaldosteronism causes hypertension. The traditional view holds that hyperaldosteronism initiates hypertension by amplifying salt-dependent increases in cardiac output (CO) by promoting increases in sodium retention and blood volume. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is said to increase only as a secondary consequence of the increased CO and blood pressure. Recently, we investigated the primary hemodynamic mechanism whereby hyperaldosteronism promotes salt sensitivity and initiation of salt-dependent hypertension. In unilaterally nephrectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats given infusions of aldosterone or vehicle, we found that aldosterone promoted salt sensitivity and initiation of salt-dependent hypertension by amplifying salt-induced increases in SVR while decreasing CO. In addition, we validated mathematical models of human integrative physiology, derived from Guyton’s classic 1972 model - Quantitative Cardiovascular Physiology-2005 and HumMod-3.0.4. Neither model accurately predicted the usual changes in sodium balance, CO, and SVR that normally occur in response to clinically realistic increases in salt intake. These results demonstrate significant limitations with the hypotheses inherent in the Guyton models. Together these findings challenge the traditional view of the hemodynamic mechanisms that cause salt-sensitive hypertension in primary aldosteronism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report focuses on what patients and family members may experience when a neurological trauma transpires and resultant intensive care (ICU) delirium occurs. It is the personal account of the patient (A.B.) and spouse's (R.G.B.) perspectives when the patient (A.B) suffered a vertebral artery aneurysm and hemorrhage and experienced intensive care unit (ICU) delirium after being in the ICU for 22 days. This case report provides the patient's and spouse's perspectives regarding delirium, i.e., A.B.'s inability to discern reality, loss of memory, paranoia and hallucinations, agency and recovery, post-ICU syndrome, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical diagnosis by the neurosurgeon indicated delirium, with treatment consisting of sleep sedation and uninterrupted sleep. A.B. was able to regain consciousness yet experienced post-traumatic stress disorder up to one year afterward. Consistent family participation in the patient's delirium care is crucial. Family member care and family-centered strategies are provided with implications for future research and health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a soil amendment that has the potential to effectively improve soil salinization. However, there is a paucity of studies on sodium adsorption using biochar, and the adsorption mechanism remains unclear. To better understand the adsorption mechanism of Na+ on the surface of biochar, both pyrochar and hydrochar were produced at different temperatures. The capacity and influencing factors of Na+ adsorption in biochar were analyzed via batch adsorption experiments. Pore filling dominated the Na+ adsorption in the concentration of the NaCl solution when it was ≤100 mg/L, where wheat straw pyrochar (WB, 3.95–4.94 mg/g Na) and poplar wood chip pyrochar (PB, 0.62–0.70 mg/g Na) presented the release and adsorption of Na+, respectively. When the concentration of the NaCl solution was >100 mg/L, the adsorption capacity of WB (25.44–36.45 mg/g) was significantly higher than PB (4.46–6.23 mg/g). Both the adsorption and release of Na+ in hydrochar was insufficient. In a high concentration of NaCl solution, ion exchange became the key mechanism determining the adsorption of Na+ in pyrochar, in which K+ contributed to more than 94% of the Na+ adsorption. The findings proposed strategies for the structural design of biochar used for Na adsorption. These will promote the utilization of solid biowaste for sodium adsorption and the potential of soil salinization amendment for agriculture in arid lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare the effect of two methods of maintenance intravenous fluid therapy on hyponatremia in hospitalized infants with sepsis. Methods: In a double-blinded randomized clinical trial, 60 term infants with sepsis were enrolled. Blood samples were taken to determine sodium, potassium, Creatinine, and BUN levels before the initiation of treatment. Urine samples were taken to assess specific gravity and urinary output. Infants in the intervention group received half saline in 10% dextrose and infants in the control group were assigned to receive the conventional solution as maintenance. The above indicators were re-evaluated 24 and 48 h after the initiation of treatment. Two groups were compared concerning the incidence of hyponatremia, and other criteria such as urinary output and urinary specific gravity, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels. Results: Hyponatremia was more common in the control group. Sodium levels were significantly higher in half saline recipients 24 h (137.83 ± 2.86 vs. 134.37 ± 1.91 mmol/L), and 48 h (138.10 ± 2.41 vs. 133.66 ± 1.98 mmol/L) after treatment (P < 0.001). Although BUN in the intervention group was significantly higher in comparison to the control group, the difference in urinary output, urine specific gravity, potassium, and Creatinine levels were not significant in the two groups. Conclusions: The use of a half-saline solution as maintenance fluid reduces the risk of hyponatremia after 48 h when compared to 0.18%NaCl. Trial registration: This has been registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Retrospectively registered, Registration date: 2017-10-12, identifier: IRCT2017053034223N1, https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/26204). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol hangover (veisalgia) is a fairly common phenomenon. The pathogenesis of veisalgia is not understood and treatment has not yet been established. Occasionally, students take N-acetylcysteine (NAC) before binge drinking to alleviate hangover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NAC on serum levels of electrolytes, enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers and symptoms of veisalgia in binge drinking. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy students were randomly assigned into two groups: one receiving NAC and the other receiving a placebo. Blood samples were taken before drinking, 30 min after a 1.5 h long drinking session, and the subsequent morning. Serum levels of electrolytes, urea, enzymes, ethanol, 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and N-epsilon-hexanoyl-lysine were measured. The participants completed the Acute Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS) assessment based on symptoms, and 40 students (20 male), aged 23 ± 2 years, were included in the study. Their mean blood ethanol concentration was 1.4 g/kg. Serum sodium levels were increased after drinking, and urea decreased the following morning compared to their levels before drinking in both groups. Serum 8-OHdG levels were increased after drinking and remained elevated until the following morning, compared to the levels before drinking, in both groups. NAC had no effect on sodium, urea and 8-OHdG levels or the symptoms of veisalgia. In conclusion, binge drinking causes a transient increase in serum sodium and as a prolonged increase in oxidative marker 8-OHdG levels. NAC had no effect on the sodium and 8-OHdG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases account for almost 18 million deaths annually, the most of all non-communicable diseases. The reduction of dietary salt consumption is a modifiable risk factor. The WHO recommends a daily sodium intake of <2000 mg but average consumption exceeds this in many countries globally. Strategies proposed to aid effective salt reduction policy include product reformulation, front of pack labelling, behavioural change campaigns and establishing a low-sodium-supportive environment. Yet, salt for household and processed food use is, in countries wholly or partially adopting a universal salt iodisation policy, the principal vehicle for population-wide iodine fortification. With salt reduction policies in place, there is concern that iodine deficiency disorders may re-emerge. Recognising the urgency to tackle the rising prevalence of NCDs yet not risk the re-emergence and detrimental effect of inadequate iodine intakes, this review lays out the feasibility of integrating both salt reduction and salt iodine fortification strategies. Reducing the burden of health risks associated with an excessive sodium intake or inadequate iodine through population-tailored, cost-effective strategies involving salt is both feasible and achievable, and represents an opportunity to improve outcomes in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) emerged early in vertebrates and has played a role in Na+ and fluid homeostasis throughout vertebrate evolution. We previously showed that proteolytic activation of the channel evolved at the water-to-land transition of vertebrates. Sensitivity to extracellular Na+, known as Na+ self-inhibition, reduces ENaC function when Na+ concentrations are high and is a distinctive feature of the channel. A fourth ENaC subunit, δ, emerged in jawed fishes from an α subunit gene duplication. Here, we analyzed 849 α and δ subunit sequences and found that a key Asp in a postulated Na+ binding site was nearly always present in the α subunit, but frequently lost in the δ subunit (e.g. human). Analysis of site evolution and codon substitution rates provide evidence that the ancestral α subunit had the site and that purifying selection for the site relaxed in the δ subunit after its divergence from the α subunit, coinciding with a loss of δ subunit expression in renal tissues. We also show that the proposed Na+ binding site in the α subunit is a bona fide site by conferring novel function to channels comprising human δ subunits. Together, our findings provide evidence that ENaC Na+ self-inhibition improves fitness through its role in Na+ homeostasis in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The endothelial glycocalyx is closely associated with various physiological and pathophysiological events. Significant modification of the endothelial glycocalyx is an early process in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. High dietary salt and HIV infection damages the endothelial glycocalyx causing endothelial dysfunction and increasing the risk for salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The two factors, HIV infection and dietary salt are critical independent predictors of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and often synergize to exacerbate and accelerate disease pathogenesis. Salt-sensitive hypertension is more common among people living with HIV and is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart attack and even death. However, the underlying mechanisms linking endothelial glycocalyx damage to dietary salt and HIV infection are lacking. Yet, both HIV infection/treatment and dietary salt are closely linked to endothelial glycocalyx damage and development of saltsensitive hypertension. Moreover, the majority of individuals globally, consume more salt than is recommended and the burden of HIV especially in sub-Sahara Africa is disproportionately high. In this review, we have discussed the missing link between high salt and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. We have further elaborated the role played by HIV infection and treatment in modifying endothelial glycocalyx integrity to contribute to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicory is a food with high nutritional. The use of beneficial elements in plants, such as sodium (Na) and silicon (Si), may be important to mitigate nutritional disorders, such as potassium (K) deficiency, but research is lacking on this topic. The objective was to evaluate the effects of sodium and nano-silicon on the nutritional, physiological, growth, and quality parameters of chicory under K deficiency and sufficiency. We used a concentration for sufficient K (3.0 mmol L−1), K-deficiency (1.5 mmol L−1), combined with the lack or presence of Na (2.0 mmol L−1) and Si (2.0 mmol L−1). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with six treatments corresponding to K sufficiency, K-sufficiency with Na, K-sufficiency with Si, K deficiency, K-deficiency with Na, and K-deficiency with Si, with six replications. The following growth variables were evaluated: (i) plant height, (ii) stem diameter, (iii) number of leaves, (iv) leaf area, and (v) plant biomass. Potassium and Si contents in the above ground part and K utilization efficiency were assessed, and the accumulation of K, Na, and Si was calculated. The efficiency of the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the photosynthetic pigments was determined. Electrolyte leakage index and relative water content, as well as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and leaf firmness index were also determined. We found that supplying nano-Si and Na to a K-deficient nutrient solution increased K accumulation by 60% and 50% and K use efficiency by 79% and 62% compared to plants without supply of those elements. Nano-Si reduced electrolyte leakage, being 41% less than Na in K-deficient chicory. However, when Na was added to a nutrient solution with sufficient potassium, the K use efficiency decreased by 48% compared to sufficient potassium without Na. Under the same condition of sufficient supply of potassium and Na, K accumulation decreased by 20% in chicory compared to sufficient potassium without Na, and the photosynthetic pigments—total chlorophyll and carotenoids—were reduced by 5% and 10%, respectively. Our findings contribute to improve cultivation systems with low supply of K as the supply of Na and nano-Si mitigates the damage caused to the metabolism of chicory under K deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently reconciling the substantial volume strain with maintaining the stabilities of both interfacial protection and three‐dimensional (3D) conductive networks is a scientific and technical challenge in developing tin‐based anodes for sodium ion storage. To address this issue, a proof‐of‐concept self‐adaptive protection for the Sn anode is designed, taking advantage of the arbitrary substrate growth of graphdiyne. This protective layer, employing a flexible chain doping strategy, combines the benefits of 2D graphdiyne and linear chain structures to achieve 2D mechanical stability, electronic and ion conductions, ion selectivity, adequate elongation, and flexibility. It establishes close contact with the Sn particles and can adapt to dynamic size changes while effectively facilitating both electronic and ion transports. It successfully mitigates the detrimental effects of particle pulverization and coarsening induced by large‐volume changes. The as‐obtained Sn electrodes demonstrate exceptional stability, enduring 1800 cycles at a high current density of 2.5 A g−1. This strategy promises to address the general issues associated with large‐strain electrodes in next‐generation of high‐energy‐density batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resurgent sodium current (INaR) activates on membrane repolarization, such as during the downstroke of neuronal action potentials. Due to its unique activation properties, INaR is thought to drive high rates of repetitive neuronal firing. However, INaR is often studied in combination with the persistent or noninactivating portion of sodium currents (INaP). We used dynamic clamp to test how INaR and INaP individually affect repetitive firing in adult cerebellar Purkinje neurons from male and female mice. We learned INaR does not scale repetitive firing rates due to its rapid decay at subthreshold voltages and that subthreshold INaP is critical in regulating neuronal firing rate. Adjustments to the voltage-gated sodium conductance model used in these studies revealed INaP and INaR can be inversely scaled by adjusting occupancy in the slow-inactivated kinetic state. Together with additional dynamic clamp experiments, these data suggest the regulation of sodium channel slow inactivation can fine-tune INaP and Purkinje neuron repetitive firing rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) prognosis, although their efficacy in patients with bone metastases (BMs) remains poorly understood. We investigated the prognostic role of natremia in pretreated RCC patients with BMs receiving immunotherapy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included RCC patients with BMs receiving nivolumab as second-line therapy or beyond. Inclusion criteria involved baseline sodium levels (pre-ICI) and sodium levels after 4 weeks of nivolumab initiation (post-ICI). The population was divided into two groups based on the median value, and response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results: Among 120 eligible patients, those with pre-treatment sodium levels =140 mEq/L showed longer OS (18.7 vs. 12.0 months, p=0.04). Pre-treatment sodium levels =140 mEq/L were associated with better OS compared to levels <140 mE/L (18.7 vs. 12.0, p=0.04). Post-treatment sodium levels =140mEq/L were associated with improved PFS (9.6 vs. 3.2 months) and OS (25.1 vs. 8.8 months) (p=0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Patients with consistent sodium levels =140 mEq/L at both time points exhibited the best outcomes compared to those with lower values (PFS 11.5 vs. 3.3 months and OS 42.2 vs. 9.0 months, respectively, p<0.01). Disease control rate was significantly higher in the latter group (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of sodium levels. Conclusion: Elevated sodium levels (=140 mEq/L) pre- and post-ICI treatment correlate with better survival outcomes in mRCC patients with BMs. This finding suggests sodium level assessment as a potential prognostic factor in these patients and warrants further investigation, particularly in combination immunotherapy settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Well-complexed PEGDA generates extra Na+ transport pathways. • The optimized quasi-solid PPE-50 exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.42 × 10–4 S cm−1. • PPE-50 displays high electrochemical oxidation stability and mechanical strength. • PPE-50 guides the formation of flexible and rigid SEI and dense and homogeneous CEI. • Na|PPE-50|Na and Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 |PPE-50|Na cells demonstrate excellent long-term cyclability and capacity. Sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) are ideal for large-scale energy storage due to their stable operation and high capacity. However, they have safety issues caused by severe dendrite growth and side reactions, particularly when using liquid electrolytes. Therefore, it is critically important to develop electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and improved safety that are non-flammable and resistant to dendrites. Here, we developed polymerized polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)-modified poly(vinylidene fluoride- co -hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) electrolytes (PPEs) with highly conductive sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and corrosion-inhibitive sodium bis(oxalato)borate salts for SMBs. Well-complexed PEGDA not only increases the amorphicity of the PVDF matrix, but also offers numerous Lewis basic sites through the polar groups of carbonyl and ether groups (i.e., electron donors). The presence of the Lewis basic sites facilitates the dissociation of sodium salt and transportation of Na+ within the PVDF matrix. This results in the generation of additional Na+ transport pathways, which can enhance the performance of the battery. Among PPEs, the optimized PPE-50 exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.42 × 10–4 S cm−1 and a mechanical strength of 14.0 MPa. A Na||Na symmetric cell with PPE-50 displays high stability at 0.2 mA cm−2 for 800 h. PPE-50 further displays high capacity, e.g., a Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 |PPE-50|Na battery delivers a decent discharge capacity of 101.5 mAh g−1 at 1.0C after 650 cycles. Our work demonstrates the development of high-performance quasi-solid polymer electrolytes with multiple transport pathways suitable for room-temperature SMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]